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Abstract Background Although previous studies have found that parenting style significantly predicts emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs) among Chinese adolescents, the mechanism between different parenting styles and EBPs requires in-depth investigation. In our study, we aimed to investigate the mediating effect of resilience, a positive psychological characteristic, between parenting style and EBPs among Chinese adolescents. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we used a multistage stratified cluster random sampling method to collect data in Shenyang, Liaoning Province from November to December 2019. Self-developed questionnaires were distributed to 1028 adolescents aged 10–18. Finally, the study consisted of 895 participants. The bootstrap method was used to investigate the role of resilience as a mediator in the relationship between different parenting styles and EBPs from a positive psychology perspective. Results The mean score of EBPs was 12.71 (SD = 5.77). After controlling for variables such as gender, age, left-behind children, family type and family income, resilience partially played a mediating role in the associations of paternal rejection (a × b = 0.051 BCa95%CI:0.023,0.080), maternal rejection (a × b = 0.055 BCa95%CI: 0.024, 0.086), paternal emotional warmth (a × b = -0.139 BCa95%CI: -0.182, -0.099) and maternal emotional warmth (a × b = -0.140 BCa95%CI: -0.182, -0.102), with EBPs. The effect sizes were11.28%, 11.51%, 40.76%, and 38.78%, respectively. Conclusions Resilience could partially mediate the relationship between parenting style and EBPs, highlighting that parents should adopt a positive parenting style and that resilience improvement could be effective in reducing EBPs among Chinese adolescents.

IntroductionAdolescent suicide is a prevalent issue globally, with various factors contributing to this phenomenon. This study aimed to investigate these factors and their interrelationships to better understand the causes of adolescent suicide and provide evidence for its prevention.MethodsThis study conducted among middle school students in Liaoning Province, China, from April to May 2016, A cross-sectional survey was administered to 1,028 students aged 10–19, using instruments such as the Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale (CPIC), and revised version of Inventory of Parent Attachment (IPPA-R).ResultBinary logistic regression analysis revealed that adolescents aged 15–19, adolescents with strong perceptions of parental conflict were at high risk of suicide intention. Adolescents living in rural areas, adolescents with high mother-child attachment, adolescents with high father-child attachment were at low risk of suicide intention. Furthermore, parent-child attachment played a mediating role between two dimensions of parental conflict perception (resolved situations and response effect) and suicide intention.DiscussionThe study concludes that adolescents living in urban areas, older adolescents, adolescents with a high level of parental conflict intensity, and those with low levels of parent-child attachment are at high risk of suicide intention. parent-child attachment played a mediating role between two dimensions of parental conflict perception (resolved situations and response effect) and suicide intention. Interventions aimed at reducing family conflicts and improving parent-child relationships are recommended to decrease the incidence of adolescent suicide.

Abstract Background Unintentional injuries among children and adolescents are a major public health problem worldwide. These injuries not only have negative effects on children’s physiology and psychology, but also bring huge economic losses and social burdens to families and society. Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of disability and death among Chinese adolescents, and left-behind children (LBC) are more prone to experience unintentional injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the type and incidence of unintentional injury among Chinese children and adolescents and explore the influences of personal and environmental factors by comparing the differences between LBC and not left-behind children (NLBC). Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in January and February 2019. Additionally, 2786 children and adolescents from 10 to 19 years old in Liaoning Province in China were collected in the form of self-filled questionnaires, including Unintentional Injury Investigation, Unintentional Injury Perception Questionnaire, Multidimensional Subhealth Questionnaire of Adolescent (MSQA), Negative life events, “My Class” questionnaire and Bullying/victim Questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors associated with unintentional injury among children and adolescents. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors affecting unintentional injuries between LBC and NLBC. Results The top three unintentional injuries were falling injuries (29.7%), sprains (27.2%) and burns and scalds (20.3%) in our study population. The incidence of unintentional injuries in LBC was higher than that in NLBC. Burn and scalds, cutting injury and animal bites in LBC were higher than those in NLBC. The results show that junior high school students (odds ratio (OR) = 1.296, CI = 1.066–1.574) were more likely to report multiple unintentional injuries than primary school students. Girls (OR = 1.252, CI = 1.042–1.504) had higher odds of reporting multiple unintentional injuries. The odds of multiple injuries in children and adolescents with low levels of unintentional injury perception were higher than those in children and adolescents with high levels of unintentional injury perception (OR = 1.321, C = 1.013–1.568). Children and adolescents with a higher levels of mental health symptoms (OR = 1.442, CI = 1.193–1.744) had higher odds of reporting multiple unintentional injuries. Compared with teenagers who had never experienced negative life events, teenagers who had experienced negative life events many times (OR = 2.724, CI = 2.121–3.499) were more likely to suffer unintentional injuries many times. Low-level discipline and order (OR = 1.277, CI = 1.036–1.574) had higher odds of reporting multiple unintentional injuries. In-school adolescents who were bullied were more likely to report being injured multiple times than their counterparts who were not bullied (OR = 2.340, CI = 1.925–2.845). Low levels of unintentional injury perception, experienced negative life events and bullying had greater impacts on LBC than on NLBC. Conclusion The survey found that the incidence of at least one unintentional injury was 64.8%. School level, sex, unintentional injury perception, subhealth, negative life events, discipline and order and bullying were associated with incidents of unintentional injury. Compared with NLBC, LBC had a higher incidence of unintentional injury, and special attention should be given to this group.

Abstract Background To examine whether the levels of aggressive behaviors and other individual and contextual variables differ between left-behind adolescents (LBA) and not left-behind adolescents (NLBA) and explore associations between aggression and other constructs among them. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted and 4530 school adolescents aged 9–18 years in north and south of China were randomly selected. The levels of aggressive behavior, personality and family and classroom environment were compared between LBA and NLBA and also the associated factors of aggression. Results The total scores of aggressive behaviors were 6.33 ± 6.35 (Mean ± SD) in LBA and 5.78 ± 6.16 (Mean ± SD) in NLBA. Multiple linear regression models revealed that neuroticism and psychoticism were positively associated with aggressive behaviors for LBA with similar results of NLBA. Cohesion was negatively associated with aggressive behaviors, and conflict and achievement had positive effects in NLBA. Organization had a negative effect in LBA. Uncertainty and dissatisfaction had positive effects on aggression both in LBA and NLBA. Conclusion This study found a slightly higher level of aggressive behaviors in LBA comparing with NLBA. Personality was the mainly associated factor of aggression, but class-based interventions were more practical for aggressive behaviors in Chinese LBA.

It has been observed that when the multi-frequency Raman scattering process is pumped by two frequency chirped pulses in the transient regime, the anti-Stokes orders are spectrally broadened on the lower-frequency side, causing each of the orders to have a broader spectrum with double-peak pattern. In this article, we employ frequency-resolved optical gating to study the spectral shift of the first anti-Stokes Raman order. A double-pulse model is introduced to determine the electric field of the anti-Stokes orders from the experimental FROG spectrogram. With the help from the double-pulse model, we demonstrate that the double-peaked spectrum comes from linear Raman scattering between manifolds in the two-photon dressed states.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has some advantages, such as a multi-component, multi-target, and overall action, which makes the research on the compatibility of TCM formula a key and difficult point. On the contrary, network pharmacology (NP) uses high-throughput screening, computer simulation, and network database retrieval to reveal the drug–gene–target–disease interaction network, predict the mechanism of action of drugs through network relationships, and evaluate the efficacy and adverse reactions of drugs, thereby determining drugs with high efficiency and low toxicity. Therefore, the TCM formula has its unique TCM theories, and this paper primarily introduces the status quo of TCM compound prescriptions using TCM theories and NP, namely, the treatment theory of TCM (the core of TCM treatment and the principle of compatibility of TCM), as the theoretical guidance to evaluate drug's properties, efficacy, and toxicity. In addition, this study aims to predict drug's mechanism of action, interaction relationship, and matching selection to provide a high-efficiency and low-toxicity TCM formula and new insights into the follow-up study of TCM formula.

In this work, a thiol–ene coupling reaction was employed to prepare the semi-interpenetrating polymer network AEMs. The obtained QP-1/2 membrane exhibits high hydroxide conductivity (162.5 mS cm−1 at 80 °C) with a relatively lower swelling ratio, demonstrating its mechanical strength of 42 MPa. This membrane is noteworthy for its improved alkaline stability, as the semi-interpenetrating network effectively limits the attack of hydroxide. Even after being treated in 2 M NaOH at 80 °C for 600 h, 82.5% of the hydroxide conductivity is maintained. The H2/O2 fuel cell with QP-1/2 membrane displays a peak power density of 521 mW cm−2. Alkaline water electrolyzers based on QP-1/2 membrane demonstrated a current density of 1460 mA cm−2 at a cell voltage of 2.00 V using NiCoFe catalysts in the anode. All the results demonstrate that a semi-interpenetrating structure is a promising way to enhance the mechanical property, ionic conductivity, and alkaline stability of AEMs for the application of alkaline fuel cells and water electrolyzers.

As a mental disease in modern society, depression shows an increasing occurrence, with low cure rate and high recurrence rate. It has become the most disabling disease in the world. At present, the treatment of depression is mainly based on drug therapy combined with psychological therapy, physical therapy, and other adjuvant therapy methods. Antidepressants are primarily administered peripherally (oral and intravenous) and have a slow onset of action. Antidepressant active ingredients, such as neuropeptides, natural active ingredients, and some chemical agents, are limited by factors such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB), first-pass metabolism, and extensive adverse effects caused by systemic administration. The potential anatomical link between the non-invasive nose–brain pathway and the lesion site of depression may provide a more attractive option for the delivery of antidepressant active ingredients. The purpose of this article is to describe the specific link between intranasal administration and depression, the challenges of intranasal administration, as well as studies of intranasal administration of antidepressant active ingredients.

Due to the mismatch between the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of two adjacent films, the residual stress was growing up during thermal cycling. The aim of this work is to extend the Stoney equation for the multilayer thin films with heterostructure (voids filled with gas or other solids) or unsmooth interface. The general theoretical models were built for elastic and elastic-plastic deformation in the multilayer films with void region filled with other solid or gas. The proposed closed solution (CS) was simplified for analyzing the micro/nano devices with the micromachined multilayered multilayer films structure that thin films locate on a much thicker substrate. One model of through silicon via (TSV) has been built and analyzed. Based on the finite element method (FEM) and the initial CS, a modified CS is built up. The influence of the location and thickness of void, CTE and Young’s modulus (YM) on the normal stress of the thin films was analyzed by the simplified CS and FEM. Based on the FEM and CS the linear and coupled relationship has been set up. With the FEM analysis, the equivalent CTE and YM influenced by the void can be described by equation. The difference of critical temperature for the film from elastic deformation to plastic deformation was studied.

Background: Although previous studies have found that parenting style significantly predicts emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs) among Chinese adolescents, the mechanism between different parenting styles and EBPs requires in-depth investigation. In our study, we aimed to investigate the mediating effect of resilience, a positive psychological characteristic, between parenting style and EBPs among Chinese adolescents. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used a multistage stratified cluster random sampling method to collect data in Shenyang, Liaoning Province from November to December 2019. Self-developed questionnaires were distributed to 1028 adolescents aged 10–18. Finally, the study consisted of 895 participants. The bootstrap method was used to investigate the role of resilience as a mediator in the relationship between different parenting styles and EBPs from a positive psychology perspective. Results: The mean score of EBPs was 12.71 (SD = 5.77). After controlling for variables such as gender, age, left-behind children, family type and family income, resilience partially played a mediating role in the associations of paternal rejection (a × b = 0.051 BCa95%CI:0.023,0.080), maternal rejection (a × b = 0.055 BCa95%CI: 0.024, 0.086), paternal emotional warmth (a × b = -0.139 BCa95%CI: -0.182, -0.099) and maternal emotional warmth (a × b = -0.140 BCa95%CI: -0.182, -0.102), with EBPs. The effect sizes were11.28%, 11.51%, 40.76%, and 38.78%, respectively. Conclusions: Resilience could partially mediate the relationship between parenting style and EBPs, highlighting that parents should adopt a positive parenting style and that resilience improvement could be effective in reducing EBPs among Chinese adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been observed that when the multi-frequency Raman scattering process is pumped by two frequency chirped pulses in the transient regime, the anti-Stokes orders are spectrally broadened on the lower-frequency side, causing each of the orders to have a broader spectrum with double-peak pattern. In this article, we employ frequency-resolved optical gating to study the spectral shift of the first anti-Stokes Raman order. A double-pulse model is introduced to determine the electric field of the anti-Stokes orders from the experimental FROG spectrogram. With the help from the double-pulse model, we demonstrate that the double-peaked spectrum comes from linear Raman scattering between manifolds in the two-photon dressed states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of alkaline fuel cells is severely limited by substandard anion exchange membranes (AEMs) due to the lower ionic conductivity compared to the proton exchange membranes. The ionic conductivity of AEMs can be effectively improved by regulating the microphase structure, but it still cannot meet the practical use requirements. Here, enhanced microphase‐separated structures are constructed by the cooperativity of highly hydrophilic dual cations and highly hydrophobic fluorinated side chains. Meanwhile, the introduction of O enhances the flexibility of side chains and facilitates the formation of ion transport channels. The dual piperidinium cation functionalized membrane (PB2Pip‐5C8F) which is grafted with the ultra‐hydrophobic fluorocarbon chain exhibits a high conductivity of 74.4 mS cm−1 at 30 °C and 168.46 mS cm−1 at 80 °C. Furthermore, the PB2Pip‐5C8F membrane achieves the highest peak power density of 718 mW cm−2 at 80 °C under a current density of 1197 mA cm−2 without back pressure. A long‐term life cell test of this AEM shows a low voltage decay rate of 1.68 mV h−1 over 70 h of operation at 80 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a thiol–ene coupling reaction was employed to prepare the semi-interpenetrating polymer network AEMs. The obtained QP-1/2 membrane exhibits high hydroxide conductivity (162.5 mS cm−1 at 80 °C) with a relatively lower swelling ratio, demonstrating its mechanical strength of 42 MPa. This membrane is noteworthy for its improved alkaline stability, as the semi-interpenetrating network effectively limits the attack of hydroxide. Even after being treated in 2 M NaOH at 80 °C for 600 h, 82.5% of the hydroxide conductivity is maintained. The H2/O2 fuel cell with QP-1/2 membrane displays a peak power density of 521 mW cm−2. Alkaline water electrolyzers based on QP-1/2 membrane demonstrated a current density of 1460 mA cm−2 at a cell voltage of 2.00 V using NiCoFe catalysts in the anode. All the results demonstrate that a semi-interpenetrating structure is a promising way to enhance the mechanical property, ionic conductivity, and alkaline stability of AEMs for the application of alkaline fuel cells and water electrolyzers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unintentional injuries among children and adolescents are a major public health problem worldwide. These injuries not only have negative effects on children's physiology and psychology, but also bring huge economic losses and social burdens to families and society. Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of disability and death among Chinese adolescents, and left-behind children (LBC) are more prone to experience unintentional injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the type and incidence of unintentional injury among Chinese children and adolescents and explore the influences of personal and environmental factors by comparing the differences between LBC and not left-behind children (NLBC). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in January and February 2019. Additionally, 2786 children and adolescents from 10 to 19 years old in Liaoning Province in China were collected in the form of self-filled questionnaires, including Unintentional Injury Investigation, Unintentional Injury Perception Questionnaire, Multidimensional Subhealth Questionnaire of Adolescent (MSQA), Negative life events, "My Class" questionnaire and Bullying/victim Questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors associated with unintentional injury among children and adolescents. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors affecting unintentional injuries between LBC and NLBC. Results: The top three unintentional injuries were falling injuries (29.7%), sprains (27.2%) and burns and scalds (20.3%) in our study population. The incidence of unintentional injuries in LBC was higher than that in NLBC. Burn and scalds, cutting injury and animal bites in LBC were higher than those in NLBC. The results show that junior high school students (odds ratio (OR) = 1.296, CI = 1.066–1.574) were more likely to report multiple unintentional injuries than primary school students. Girls (OR = 1.252, CI = 1.042–1.504) had higher odds of reporting multiple unintentional injuries. The odds of multiple injuries in children and adolescents with low levels of unintentional injury perception were higher than those in children and adolescents with high levels of unintentional injury perception (OR = 1.321, C = 1.013–1.568). Children and adolescents with a higher levels of mental health symptoms (OR = 1.442, CI = 1.193–1.744) had higher odds of reporting multiple unintentional injuries. Compared with teenagers who had never experienced negative life events, teenagers who had experienced negative life events many times (OR = 2.724, CI = 2.121–3.499) were more likely to suffer unintentional injuries many times. Low-level discipline and order (OR = 1.277, CI = 1.036–1.574) had higher odds of reporting multiple unintentional injuries. In-school adolescents who were bullied were more likely to report being injured multiple times than their counterparts who were not bullied (OR = 2.340, CI = 1.925–2.845). Low levels of unintentional injury perception, experienced negative life events and bullying had greater impacts on LBC than on NLBC. Conclusion: The survey found that the incidence of at least one unintentional injury was 64.8%. School level, sex, unintentional injury perception, subhealth, negative life events, discipline and order and bullying were associated with incidents of unintentional injury. Compared with NLBC, LBC had a higher incidence of unintentional injury, and special attention should be given to this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Without insight into the correlation between the structure and properties, anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for fuel cells are developed usually using the empirical trial and error method or simulation methods. Here, a virtual module compound enumeration screening (V‐MCES) approach, which does not require the establishment of expensive training databases and can search the chemical space containing more than 4.2×105 candidates was proposed. The accuracy of the V‐MCES model was considerably improved when the model was combined with supervised learning for the feature selection of molecular descriptors. Techniques from V‐MCES, correlating the molecular structures of the AEMs with the predicted chemical stability, generated a ranking list of potential high stability AEMs. Under the guidance of V‐MCES, highly stable AEMs were synthesized. With understanding of AEM structure and performance by machine learning, AEM science may enter a new era of unprecedented levels of architectural design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To examine whether the levels of aggressive behaviors and other individual and contextual variables differ between left-behind adolescents (LBA) and not left-behind adolescents (NLBA) and explore associations between aggression and other constructs among them.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted and 4530 school adolescents aged 9-18 years in north and south of China were randomly selected. The levels of aggressive behavior, personality and family and classroom environment were compared between LBA and NLBA and also the associated factors of aggression.Results: The total scores of aggressive behaviors were 6.33 ± 6.35 (Mean ± SD) in LBA and 5.78 ± 6.16 (Mean ± SD) in NLBA. Multiple linear regression models revealed that neuroticism and psychoticism were positively associated with aggressive behaviors for LBA with similar results of NLBA. Cohesion was negatively associated with aggressive behaviors, and conflict and achievement had positive effects in NLBA. Organization had a negative effect in LBA. Uncertainty and dissatisfaction had positive effects on aggression both in LBA and NLBA.Conclusion: This study found a slightly higher level of aggressive behaviors in LBA comparing with NLBA. Personality was the mainly associated factor of aggression, but class-based interventions were more practical for aggressive behaviors in Chinese LBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a mental disease in modern society, depression shows an increasing occurrence, with low cure rate and high recurrence rate. It has become the most disabling disease in the world. At present, the treatment of depression is mainly based on drug therapy combined with psychological therapy, physical therapy, and other adjuvant therapy methods. Antidepressants are primarily administered peripherally (oral and intravenous) and have a slow onset of action. Antidepressant active ingredients, such as neuropeptides, natural active ingredients, and some chemical agents, are limited by factors such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB), first-pass metabolism, and extensive adverse effects caused by systemic administration. The potential anatomical link between the non-invasive nose–brain pathway and the lesion site of depression may provide a more attractive option for the delivery of antidepressant active ingredients. The purpose of this article is to describe the specific link between intranasal administration and depression, the challenges of intranasal administration, as well as studies of intranasal administration of antidepressant active ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ionomer binder is crucial for the preparation of homogeneous catalyst layers for anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). However, the dense stacking of the ionomer on the catalyst surface results in large resistance to gas (especially O2) penetration in the three-phase boundary (TPB). Here, an in situ UV-driven gas "expressway" for the catalyst layer of AEMFCs was prepared by a rigid anthracene-based cross-linkable ionomer. The gas permeability of the catalyst layer was increased by 130% after crosslinking due to the high free volume between the ionomer chain segments. Meanwhile, the electrochemical and identical location transmission electron microscopy (IL-TEM) characterizations showed that the crosslinked ionomer binders played an anchoring role for the catalyst particles. The performance of an H2/O2 AEMFC (based on commercialized FAA-3-50 membranes) containing the crosslinked ionomer is much better than that of the uncrosslinked PPOAN ionomer. The in situ UV-driven crosslinking strategy of catalyst layers provides new insights into the preparation of homogeneous mesoscopic structures for the catalyst particles. More importantly, the rigid anthracene-based crosslinked structure constructs microscopic gas channels in the ionomer–catalyst interface, which has been overlooked in previous work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel high-order graph convolutional network (GCN) for pedestrian trajectory prediction. Specifically, the walking state of a target pedestrian depends on both its historical trajectory, which encodes its speed, walking direction and acceleration information, as well as the movement of its neighbors. Thus we propose to leverage GCNs to aggregate the trajectory features of the target pedestrian and its neighbors to predict the movement of the target pedestrian. Considering that the movement of the neighbors' neighbors affects the movement of the target pedestrian's neighbors, thus indirectly affecting the movement of the target pedestrian, we propose to use a high-order GCN for human–human interaction modelling. Such a high-order GCN considers the target pedestrian's neighbors as well as its neighbors' neighbors. Further, a pedestrian avoids collision with others by estimating its locations and its neighbors' upcoming locations, and it slows down or changes direction if it believes a collision may occur, especially in very crowded scenes. In light of this, we propose to model such anticipation-based decision making behavior as attention and combine it with our high-order GCN. Thus we first roughly estimate the future trajectories of all pedestrians with a simple method. By using the coarse predicted future trajectory and GCN outputs, we calculate the attention in our attention-based high-order GCN and predict future trajectory. Extensive experiments validate the effectiveness of our approach. In addition, our model shows a higher data efficiency. On the ETH&UCY dataset, using only 5 % of the training data for each training epoch, our model outperforms the state of the art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted much attention in the field of high-temperature anhydrous proton conduction due to their high specific surface area and ordered one-dimensional nanochannels. Herein, a high density sulfonic acid (–SO3H) functionalized proton conducting COF (TB-COF) was designed and synthesized via anchoring of sulfonic acid groups on the pore walls as a proton source. To the best of our knowledge, the synthesized TB-COF presents the highest intrinsic proton conductivity (1.52 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 120 °C) reported, due to the presence of high density –SO3H groups on the ordered 1D nanochannels. Further incorporation of a protic ionic liquid (PIL), 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl) imidazolium hydrogensulphate ([PSMIm][HSO4]), into the TB-COF greatly improved its proton conductivity to 2.21 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 120 °C. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations proved the directional migration of protons along the stacked nanochannels of the COFs with the assistance of O atoms on the keto groups. This work provides innovative structural design ideas and performance improvement methods for COFs as proton conducting materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]