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The notion of learning dispositions has extended conceptions of learning in early childhood education to incorporate dimensions such as habits of mind and patterns of behaviour. This paper conceptualizes learning dispositions through a Chinese lens, and with conceptualizing this notion, explores associated pedagogical practices. The data are drawn from the field notes in an early childhood classroom and focus group interviews with sixteen early childhood teachers and three early childhood experts. The evidence indicates that disposition is an essential component on the participants' construction of children's learning as well as a deliberate focus of teachers' teaching. However, it is also revealed that children's learning dispositions are something of paradox, offering the potential of a learner-centred pedagogy and yet are grounded in teaching plans, prescribed goals and specific activities. Findings interrogate the positioning of learning dispositions in relation to the wider discourse of children's learning in the Chinese early childhood context.

Home-school cooperation in children's education is complex. It could be even more complex in rural contexts, due to the potential contributions of isolated location, insufficient resources, a lack of teachers' professional competence, parental absence or parents' limited understandings about education. A questionnaire survey was designed to explore the views of 1526 Chinese rural kindergarten teachers on home-kindergarten cooperation. The purposes of the study were to analyse 1) how the rural teachers perceived and experienced home-kindergarten cooperation; 2) what personal and professional factors influenced teachers' perspectives and experiences; and 3) similarities and differences of teachers' views. Two results emerged from the study. Firstly, common themes concerning teachers' regular communications with parents were identified. Secondly, it is also the case that home-school cooperation was subjected to limited cooperative activities and a lack of organisational structures in the kindergartens. The study concludes with a discussion of some implications of the positive and challenging factors for encouraging cooperative home-school relationships in rural kindergartens.

For improving the performance of K-means on the nonconvex cluster, a multiple-means clustering method with specified K clusters partitions the original data into multiple subclasses, and formalizes the multiple-means clustering problem as an optimization problem and achieves a better clustering result. To solve the problem of being sensitive to initial prototypes and unstable clustering results caused by random selection of initial prototypes, a stable K multiple-means clustering algorithm is proposed. The computation complexity and convergence analysis of the proposed algorithm are shown briefly in this paper. The algorithm constructs graph based on the first neighbor relationship of data samples, divides data into several groups with connected branches of a graph, and takes the mean point of each group of data as the initial prototypes. Then the optimization problem is solved by alternating iteration method and the final clustering result is obtained. Experiments on artificial data sets and real data sets show that the proposed algorithm has a more stable and superior clustering effect.

All‐solid‐state rechargeable batteries are regarded as one of the most promising next‐generation energy storage devices, while their cycling stability is still a great challenge due to the nonuniform lithium ion transportation and the loss of active lithium during cycling. Herein, a LiF embedded prelithiated graphite interface layer is designed and inserted between Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte layer and graphite anode layer. The presence of LiF, C−F bonds and prelithiated graphite in this unique interface layer can facilitate uniform lithium ion migration and compensate the loss of active lithium, thus significantly improving the cyclic performances of both monopolar and bipolar all‐solid‐state lithium ion batteries. After 100 cycles at 0.1 C, the capacity retention increases from 58 % to 78.5 % for the monopolar LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2|Li6PS5Cl|LiF@2.5 %Li@G|graphite all‐solid‐state lithium ion battery. Besides, the bipolar all‐solid‐state lithium ion batteries show a high discharge plateau of ~7.6 V with a capacity retention of 60.2 % after 190 cycles at 0.1 C. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of LiF embedded prelithiated graphite interface layer for improving the electrochemical performances of all‐solid‐state lithium ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shipping industry faces a pressing challenge with carbon emissions, prompting a focus on speed optimization for energy conservation and emission reduction. While much research has centered on optimizing speeds in oceans and rivers, canals have received less attention, despite their unique challenges of narrow waterways and busy locks. This study fills this gap by establishing a fuel consumption prediction model integrating key environmental factors such as water depth, width, and flow velocity. Drawing upon established methodologies in speed optimization, this study augments these models with waiting time limits for each canal segment. To validate the efficacy of the model, three representative ships are selected as case studies. The findings reveal a high predictive capability of the fuel consumption model, as evidenced by R2 values exceeding 0.97 across all cases. Notably, the optimization approach yields a fuel consumption reduction ranging from 4% to 5% for short waiting times. Furthermore, compared to conventional methods, the proposed optimization strategy achieves an 8.19% enhancement in fuel consumption and carbon emission reduction for long waiting times, culminating in an overall optimization rate of 11.54%. These results underscore the significance of employing the proposed speed optimization methodology, particularly during peak periods of canal congestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First‐principles calculations based on density functional theory were used to study the adsorption behaviors of Na on metallic mono‐layered C4N as electrode materials for Na‐ion batteries. The adsorption energy of Na atom was calculated to be 2.05 eV, which is much higher than Na bulk cohesive energy and sufficiently ensure stability and safety. It is worth noting that the Dirac‐type band structure of mono‐layered C4N has a ultrahigh capacity of 1945.89 mAh/g for Na‐ion batteries anode in theory. Remarkably, 2D C4N has a low diffusion barrier 0.071 and 0.075 eV for path I and path II, respectively. The average open circuit voltage is 1.383 eV when nine Na ions adsorbed on one side of mono‐layered C4N. All the excellent properties show that the mono‐layered C4N will be a potential development of anode materials for Na‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bolt may undergo a process from slight preload perturbation to significant preload reduction during its service life, it is a challenge to simultaneously detect both slight and significant bolt looseness based on the same waveform. Previous studies were prone to use direct wave or coda waves individually, which is suitable for a narrow range of bolt preload and cannot realize the full-range bolt preload reduction. To address this challenge, this article proposes a novel full-range bolt preload monitoring approach with multi-resolution using the time shifts of the direct wave and coda waves. Due to the difference in propagation paths, preload reduction induced time shift varies considerably between the direct wave and coda waves. By calculating the time shifts of the direct wave and coda waves, bolt looseness, including the slight preload perturbation and the significant preload reduction, can be simultaneously estimated. Based on the acoustoelastic effect and the wave path summation, a theoretical model is established, and the monitoring principles are presented. The analytical results show that the time shifts of the direct wave and coda waves are proportional to the preload variations. Validation experiments are carried out, and the results show that at specific preloading levels, the ultimate detectable resolutions of bolt preload (DRBP) using direct wave and coda waves are 1.68% and 0.32%, respectively. Therefore, the ultimate DRBP of the direct wave is 5.25 times that of the coda waves, indicating that the coda waves can be used as the "probe" with high resolution to detect tiny perturbations of preload, and the direct wave can function as a low-resolution "probe" to monitor significant preload deterioration. By calculating the time shifts of the direct wave and the coda waves, bolt looseness with different degrees can be monitored simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous development of China’s economy, people’s quality of life is constantly improving. As a matter of course, more and more attention is paid to home design. In particular, the space design of small apartments is welcomed by everyone. Among them, soft cloth decoration is a very popular form of home design now, which is very suitable for the design and use of small apartment. But the diversity of small family space brings difficulties to the design. The design and calculation of the simple home space in the small apartment with the RANSAC algorithm is fully satisfied with the requirements of the use of the algorithm and can achieve the accuracy of our calculation and facilitate communication with customers. The RANSAC algorithm has the powerful ability of image processing, which can help us to establish the visualization research of space design.

There is converging evidence that young children's development of peer collaboration is crucial for their later success in life. However, little attention has been paid to how children develop collaboration as a lifelong capability. Drawing on the notion of learning disposition, this study explored Chinese children's dispositions of collaboration. Our aim was to identify the characteristics of these dispositions and considered how they might suggest a possible direction of growth. The research was conducted in a preschool classroom. Findings reveal an interwoven relation between children's collaboration and their learning decisions, where ideas of interest, fun, friend, help and responsibility were embedded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]