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Abstract The relationship between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and mortality among survivors of myocardial infarction (MI) remains understudied. This study aims to evaluate the association between the TyG index and mortality among adult MI patients in the US. Our study included 986 MI patients, sourced from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 1999 to 2018. Employing a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, we examined the association between the TyG index and mortality. To explore potential nonlinear relationships, we employed restricted cubic splines in our analysis. Additionally, we applied a two-piecewise Cox proportional hazards model for a more nuanced analysis of the data, using key turning points as boundaries. To validate the robustness of our research findings, we also performed subgroup analyses. During a 7,342 person-years follow-up period, 434 MI survivors succumbed to various causes, including 158 cardiovascular disease-related deaths. The study revealed a U-shaped pattern between the TyG index and mortality. At TyG index levels below the thresholds (8.85 for all-cause mortality and 9.02 for cardiovascular mortality), mortality exhibited a negative correlation with the TyG index (HR = 0.56, 95%CI 0.39–0.82; HR = 0.67, 95%CI 0.39–1.14). Conversely, mortality rates increased when the TyG index surpassed these thresholds (HR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.08–1.76; HR = 1.56, 95%CI 1.02–2.38). Furthermore, among diabetic patients, subgroup analyses demonstrated that the U-shaped pattern between the TyG index and cardiovascular mortality was particularly pronounced. Our research indicates that among MI survivors, a U-shaped pattern exists between the TyG index and mortality rates, which is particularly pronounced in the diabetic patient subgroup. The corresponding threshold values for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality are 8.85 and 9.02, respectively.

ObjectiveTo study the combined use of preservatives in food in China and to evaluate the intake level of common preservatives and their cumulative exposure risk.MethodsThe exposures of common preservatives were calculated by simple distribution assessment method based on the maximum allowable usage of preservatives of National Food Safety Standards the Use of Food Additives GB 2760—2014 and consumption data from the fifth Chinese Total Diet Study. The cumulative exposure risk was evaluated by the hazard index method （HI） based on the combined use of preservatives in Chinese food in the global new product database， the exposures and acceptable daily intake （ADI） of preservatives.Results43.36% of foods that use preservatives in China use two or more preservatives， the highest utilization rate is binary combination （31.78%）， with a maximum of 6 combinations. Consider only the population exposure risk of one preservative alone， the daily average exposure in the diet of the general population and the high food consumption group （P95） in sodium benzoate， potassium sorbate and sodium diacetate were lower than their corresponding ADI. The daily average exposure in the diet of the general population in nisin， sodium nitrate and sodium dehydroacetate were lower than their corresponding ADI， but the high food consumption group （P95） were higher than their corresponding ADI. Cumulative assessment shows that the average exposure of the most common binary and ternary preservative combinations in the general population has an HI of less than 1， but the mean value of HI of the most common quaternary and quintuple and the P95 of HI of binary， ternary， quaternary and quintuple preservative combinations in the general population has an HI of greater than 1. Cumulative assessment shows that the preservatives of common preservative combinations are used alone， and some individuals have the problem of excessive intake， but if used in combination， there may be 1.47~1.75 times the health risks of individuals.ConclusionFood preservatives are often used in combination in China. The cumulative exposure risk of the most common binary， ternary， quaternary， and quintuple preservative combinations has gradually increased. Cumulative assessment shows that the use of the most quaternary and quintuple preservative combinations has created health risks for some people， and practical usage of these preservatives should be monitored and more accurately evaluated. When the food additives with the same anticorrosive function are mixed， each of which accounted for the maximum use of their dosage should not exceed 1.

Abstract As one of the most important food and feed crops worldwide, maize suffers much more tremendous damages under heat stress compared to other plants, which seriously inhibits plant growth and reduces productivity. To mitigate the heat-induced damages and adapt to high temperature environment, plants have evolved a series of molecular mechanisms to sense, respond and adapt high temperatures and heat stress. In this review, we summarized recent advances in molecular regulations underlying high temperature sensing, heat stress response and memory in maize, especially focusing on several important pathways and signals in high temperature sensing, and the complex transcriptional regulation of ZmHSFs (Heat Shock Factors) in heat stress response. In addition, we highlighted interactions between ZmHSFs and several epigenetic regulation factors in coordinately regulating heat stress response and memory. Finally, we laid out strategies to systematically elucidate the regulatory network of maize heat stress response, and discussed approaches for breeding future heat-tolerance maize.

Fungal peritonitis, an uncommon complication in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), has recently garnered increased attention due to its incidence and potential mortality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first confirmed case of Neosartorya hiratsukae (N. hiratsukae) causing CAPD-related peritonitis in a patient with chronic nephrotic syndrome in Guangzhou, China. After prompt removal of the peritoneal catheter and active antifungal therapy, no clinical manifestations of peritonitis were observed. Our report underscores the importance of enhancing clinical awareness regarding N. hiratsukae and ensuring timely diagnosis in cases of CAPD-related fungal peritonitis.

Oligonucleotide drugs are shining in clinical therapeutics, but efficient and safe delivery systems severely limit their widespread use. A disulfide unit technology platform based on dynamic thiol exchange chemistry at the cell membrane has the potential for drug delivery. However, the alteration of the disulfide unit CSSC dihedral angle induced by different substituents directly affects the effectiveness of this technology and its stability. Previously, we constructed a trivalent low dihedral angle disulfide unit that can effectively promote the cellular uptake of small molecules. Here, we constructed a novel disulfide unit-masked oligonucleotide hybrid based on a low dihedral angle disulfide unit, motivated by prodrug design. Cellular imaging results showed that such a system exhibited superior cellular delivery efficiency than the commercial Lipo2000 without cytotoxicity. The thiol reagents significantly reduced its cellular uptake (57–74%), which proved to be endocytosis-independent. In addition, in vivo distribution experiments in mice showed that such systems can be rapidly distributed in liver tissues with a duration of action of more than 24 h, representing a potential means of silencing genes involved in the pathogenesis of liver-like diseases. In conclusion, this trivalent disulfide unit-masked system we constructed can effectively deliver large oligonucleotide drugs.

Ileostomy diverts the flow of feces, which can result in malnutrition in the distal part of the intestine. The diversity of the gut microbiota consequently decreases, ultimately leading to intestinal dysbiosis and dysfunction. This condition can readily result in diversion colitis (DC). Potential treatment strategies include interventions targeting the gut microbiota. In this case study, we effectively treated a patient with severe DC by ileostomy and allogeneic fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). A 69-year-old man presented with a perforated malignant tumor in the descending colon and an iliac abscess. He underwent laparoscopic radical sigmoid colon tumor resection and prophylactic ileostomy. Follow-up colonoscopy 3 months postoperatively revealed diffuse intestinal mucosal congestion and edema along with granular inflammatory follicular hyperplasia, leading to a diagnosis of severe DC. After two rounds of allogeneic FMT, both the intestinal mucosal bleeding and edema significantly improved, as did the diversity of the gut microbiota. The positive outcome of allogeneic FMT in this case highlights the potential advantages that this procedure can offer patients with DC. However, few studies have focused on allogeneic FMT, and more in-depth research is needed to gain a better understanding.

Lung cancer ranks among the primary contributors to cancer-related fatalities on a global scale. Multiple research investigations have demonstrated that there exists a dysbiosis within the intestinal bacteria and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) is linked with immune responses in lung cancer. Qingfei mixture (QFM) has been widely used in treating lung cancer, yet the active ingredients and roles of the QFM on immune responses by targeting gut microbiota remain to be elucidated. The chemical constituents of QFM were qualitatively examined by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. Additionally, we evaluated the therapeutic impact of the organic substance QFM on lung cancer, aiming to elucidate its mechanisms for improving the tumor-immune microenvironment. Herein, we constructed a Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-bearing mice model with QFM treatment to observe tumor growth and immune cell changes. Then, the feces were collected and a combinatory study using metagenomes, non-targeted metabonomics, and targeted metabonomics of SCFAs was performed. In vitro experiments have been conducted to estimate the roles of acetate and sodium propionate in CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, we treated tumor-bearing mice with QFM, QFM + MHY1485 (an mTOR activator), and QFM + an antibiotic mixture (ABX) to explore the potential therapeutic benefit of regulation of the tumor microenvironment. A total of 96 compounds were obtained from QFM by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. Besides, the findings demonstrated that QFM exhibited significant efficacy against lung cancer, manifesting in reduced tumor growth and improved immune responses. In investigating its mechanisms, we integrated gut microbiota sequencing and fecal metabolomics, revealing that QFM effectively restored disruptions in gut microbiota and SCFAs in mice with lung cancer. QFM, acetate, or sodium propionate contributed to the up-regulation of IFN-γ, Gzms-B, perforin, IL-17, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α expressions and decreased HDAC and IL-10 levels in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, MHY1485 and ABX weakened the effects of QFM on immunomodulation. Collectively, these results suggest that QFM may facilitate immune responses in the LLC-bearing mice via regulating the gut microbiota-derived SCFAs at least partially through targeting the mTOR signaling pathway.

Abstract Background The impact of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a surrogate marker for insulin resistance, on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in general populations remains controversial. We aimed to comprehensively study the relationship between TyG index with the risk of incident CVD events in the general population in Shanghai. Methods A total of 42,651 participants without previous history of CVD events from Shanghai Suburban Adult Cohort and Biobank (SSACB) were included. SSACB was a community-based natural population cohort study using multistage cluster sampling method. TyG index was calculated as Ln [fasting serum triglyceride (mg/dL) * fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)/2]. Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank test and cox proportional hazards model were used to calculate the association between TyG index and incident CVD, including stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD). Restricted cubic spline analyses were used to determine whether there was a non-linear relationship between TyG index and CVD events. Results During a median follow-up of 4.7 years, 1,422 (3.3%) individuals developed CVD, including 674 (1.6%) cases of stroke and 732 (1.7%) cases of CHD. A one unit increment higher TyG index was associated with [HR(95%CI)] 1.16(1.04–1.29) in CVD and with 1.39(1.19–1.61) in stroke. Only linear relationships between TyG and CVD/stroke were observed, while no relationship was observed with CHD after adjustments for confounders. In subgroup analyses, younger (

A small molecule disulfide unit technology platform based on dynamic thiol exchange chemistry at the cell membrane has the potential for drug delivery. However, the alteration of the CSSC dihedral angle of the disulfide unit caused by diverse substituents directly affects the effectiveness of this technology platform as well as its own chemical stability. The highly stable open-loop relaxed type disulfide unit plays a limited role in drug delivery due to its low dihedral angle. Here, we have built a novel disulfide unit starship based on the 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl skeleton through trigonometric bundling. The intracellular delivery results showed that the trigonometric bundling of the disulfide unit starship effectively promoted cellular uptake without any toxicity, which is far more than 100 times more active than that of equipment with a single disulfide unit in particular. Then, the significant reduction in cell uptake capacity (73–93%) using thiol erasers proves that the trigonometric bundling of the disulfide starship is an endocytosis-independent internalization mechanism via a dynamic covalent disulfide exchange mediated by thiols on the cell surface. Furthermore, analysis of the molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that trigonometric bundling of the disulfide starship can significantly change the membrane curvature while pushing lipid molecules in multiple directions, resulting in a significant distortion in the membrane structure and excellent membrane permeation performance. In conclusion, the starship system we built fully compensates for the inefficiency deficiencies induced by poor dihedral angles.

ObjectiveTo assess the risk of exposure in the population in 7 provinces and cities in China， the intake of glutamates （calculated for glutamic acid） in Chinese restaurant diners was calculated and compared with the recommended intake.MethodsA multi-stage stratified and population-proportional whole-group random sampling method was used to randomly select condiments in seven provinces/municipalities： Beijing， Chongqing， Liaoning， Shandong， Guangxi， Jiangsu， and Shaanxi. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was used to determine the glutamate content of collected condiments. The glutamate intake was calculated based on individual consumption and body weight data obtained during the investigation based on a simple distribution model of restaurant diners.ResultsThe highest levels of glutamates were found in flavoring agents and enhancers， followed by chicken essence/chicken powder， solid compound condiments other than chicken essence， liquid compound condiments， soy sauce， semi-solid compound condiments based on animal ingredients， spices， and brewing preparation sauces， etc. The lowest levels of glutamates were found in salt and salt substitutes. The mean glutamate intake of a meal for restaurant diners was 47.87 mg/kg·BW， accounting for 39.89% of the ADI set by JECFA. The mean glutamate intake for a day was 61.33 mg/kg·BW when considering food consumed outside the restaurant during the day， accounting for 51.11% of the ADI. Among diners of different restaurant sizes， medium-sized restaurants had the highest intake of glutamates during a meal， with a median intake of 44.46 mg/kg·BW， followed by large restaurants and small restaurants， with significant differences （P0.05）， and the mean values as a proportion of ADI were

ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination levels of anthraquinone （9，10-anthraquinone as representative） in tea for sale in border areas in China， and to assess the exposure level and health risk of anthraquinone for residents.MethodsThe content of anthraquinone （9，10-anthraquinone as representative） in samples of tea for sale in border areas was determined by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS）. Based on food safety risk monitoring data of 9，10-anthraquinone in tea for sale in border areas from 2016 to 2017， combined with the consumption data of tea for sale in border areas for residents in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region， the Tibet Autonomous Region， and Qinghai Province， the exposure level of residents to anthraquinone through the consumption of tea for sale in border areas was estimated by deterministic estimate methods. Exposure results were compared with the acceptable daily intake （ADI： 6.8 µg/kg·BW）.ResultsAmong 141 samples， the anthraquinone detection rate was 75.18%， and the average content was 0.029 2 mg/kg. Up to now， the limit standard for anthraquinone has not yet been set in China. The maximum residue levels （MRLs）of anthraquinone in tea are set at 0.02 mg/kg by European Union （EU） No 1146/2014. The total over-standard rate was 57.45%. In addition， the over-standard rate of stereotyped packaging and bulk packaging was 64.63% and 47.46%， respectively. The results of the deterministic evaluation show that the average daily exposure of anthraquinone from tea for sale in border areas of the whole population in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region， the Tibet Autonomous Region， and Qinghai Province in China was 9.37×10-4 µg/kg·BW， 0.013 8% of the ADI. High consumer exposure （95th percentile， P95） was 3.12×10-3 µg/kg·BW， 0.045 9% of the ADI. Among the different sex-age groups， the average daily exposure and P95 daily exposure of women in the age group of 45-59 years were the highest， which were 1.41×10-3 and 6.16×10-3 µg/kg·BW， respectively. However， neither exceeded the ADI.ConclusionThe results of the exposure assessment showed that the health risk for the residents of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region， the Tibet Autonomous Region， and Qinghai Province due to dietary exposure to anthraquinone through tea for sale in border areas was low and at an acceptable level. As anthraquinone contamination is prevalent in tea for sale in border areas， it is necessary to identify the source of anthraquinone residue， and some effective measures should be taken to control it. In addition， to respond positively to the limits of anthraquinone content in tea from China exported to the EU and other countries， it is recommended that the relevant authorities should study reasonable limits for anthraquinone in tea as soon as possible.

ObjectiveTo establish the risk assessment method of food disinfectant with the peroxyacetic acid disinfectant for poultry slaughtering and processing as the model disinfectant.MethodsReferring to the risk assessment methods of food disinfectants from international organizations， the risk assessment method of food disinfectants suitable for China was established by considering the health effects， efficacy， and antimicrobial resistance. The safety of peroxyacetic acid disinfectant used for carcass disinfection during poultry slaughtering was assessed using the established method.ResultsUnder the setting condition， the health risk of the ingredients of the peroxyacetic acid disinfectant （peroxyacetic acid， acetic acid， hydrogen peroxide， and 1-hydroxyethylidine-1，1-diphosphonic acid） and the disinfection byproducts and reaction products after the treatment did not need priority attention. Based on the literature search results， the use of peroxyacetic acid disinfectants may not lead to decreased efficacy of fungicides and/or be associated with antimicrobial resistance.ConclusionThe risk assessment method for food disinfectants in China was established， which can be used as a methodological reference for the safety assessment of the new food disinfectant products in the future.

Background Carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT) has been widely used as a predictor of future cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, various definitions of cIMT exist. This study provides a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the associations between different cIMT definitions and CVD. Methods and results A systematic review of the different cIMT definitions used in prospective cohort studies was performed. The relationships between cIMT of different definitions (common carotid artery IMT [CCA‐IMT], internal carotid artery IMT [ICA‐IMT], combined segments [combined‐IMT], mean CCA‐IMT, and maximum CCA‐IMT) with future stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and CVD events were analyzed using random effects models. Among 2287 articles, 18 articles (14 studies) with >10 different cIMT definitions were identified and included in our meta‐analysis. After adjusting for age and sex, a 1‐SD increase in CCA‐IMT was associated with future stroke (hazard ratio [HR], 1.32 [95% CI, 1.27–1.38]), MI (HR, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.22–1.33]), and CVD events (HR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.19–1.37]). A 1‐SD increase in ICA‐IMT was related to future stroke (HR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.11–1.42]) and CVD events (HR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.04–1.50]) but not MI (HR, 1.26 [95% CI, 0.98–1.61]). A 1‐SD increase in combined‐IMT was associated with future stroke (HR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.08–1.57]) and CVD events (HR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.23–1.49]). Maximum CCA‐IMT was more strongly related than mean CCA‐IMT with risk of MI, and both measures were similarly associated with stroke and CVD events. Conclusions Combined‐IMT is more strongly associated with CVD events compared with single‐segment cIMT definitions. Maximum CCA‐IMT shows a stronger association with MI than mean CCA‐IMT. Further research is warranted to validate our findings and to standardize the cIMT measurement protocol, as well as to explore underlying mechanisms.

In a cold and high humidity environment, ice and frost are easy to condense on the surfaces of aircraft, railway transportation, wind turbine blades, transmission lines and other equipment, thus reducing work efficiency, affecting the proper use of equipment, and causing huge security risks. Therefore, how to effectively delay the formation of frost on the surfaces of solid materials and promote the removal of ice has become a research hot topic in the field of high-performance materials. Conventionalde-icing methods including mechanical, chemical, and thermal de-icing have the problems of high energy consumption, excessive de-icing waste liquidlow de-icing efficiency, and easy to damage the surface of equipment, which are contrary to the sustainable development concept of “green, environmental protection, high efficiency and energy saving”. Inspired by natural biology, researchers have developed some new passive superhydrophobic anti-icing technologies, which have the advantages of low cost, low energy consumption and excellent anti-ice performance, and perform high application prospect. In this paper, for the new superhydrophobic anti-icing materials, the theoretical progress of superhydrophobic wetting of solid surfaces and the icingand anti-icing mechanism of solid surfaces were reviewed. The top-down preparation methods (laser etching, chemical etching, template method, etc.) and bottom-up preparation methods (coating technology, magnetron sputtering technology, sol-gel technology and electrodeposition technology, etc.) of superhydrophobic anti-icing surface were summarized. Finally, the limitations of superhydrophobic anti-icing materials were discussed, and their application prospect and development trend were forecasted.

Constructing surface micro/nano structures and preparing nano-coatings could endow the material surface with special performance. In this work, the special functions of surface micro/nano structures, as well as the main methods and processing technologies for preparing surface micro/nano structures and nano-coatings were mainly reviewed. Firstly, the applications of surface micro/nano structures in superhydrophobicity, optical superlens, friction and wear were introduced. Secondly, the research progress of lithography technology, laser processing technology, self-assembly technology, additive manufacturing technology (3D printing), processing methods of surface micro/nano structures and nano-coatings, such as deposition method and sol-gel method, was described, respectively. Finally, the problems and development trend of different preparation methods of surface micro/nano structures and nano-coatings were summarized.

Obesity and type II diabetes mellitus affect millions of people both in Malaysia and worldwide due to sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy diets. Intermittent fasting reduces calorie intake by interweaving eating periods with prolonged fasting periods on a recurring basis. Therefore, it could be a potential solution to induce weight loss, leading to improved blood glucose level as observed in type II diabetes mellitus individuals. However, its feasibility remains unclear. This review aimed to compare the beneficial effects and adverse reactions from different types of intermittent fasting in obese and type II diabetes mellitus studies. The review was carried out by combing through several online databases. Keywords such as "Intermittent fasting", "Obesity", "Type II Diabetes Mellitus" were used and relevant articles were selected. The findings of this review showed that intermittent fasting is feasible and effective in reducing body weight and improving blood glucose. The beneficial effects of intermittent fasting appear to outweigh the adverse reactions. Having said that, intermittent fasting is unsuitable for individuals with packed schedules and certain health conditions such as pregnancy. This review will hopefully shed light on intermittent fasting as a potential intervention to combat obesity and type II diabetes mellitus. Further exploration of intermittent fasting could reduce both the morbidity and mortality rates from non-communicable diseases globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WAAM has emerged as a promising technique for manufacturing medium- and large-scale metal parts due to its high material deposition efficiency and automation level. However, its high heat accumulation and complex thermal evolution strongly affect the resulting microstructures and mechanical properties. The heterogeneous and unpredictable nature of these properties hinder the widespread application of WAAM in the steel construction industry. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) hardness model is developed, based on a thermal–metallurgical model for mild steel. The objective is to establish non-linear relationships between the input process parameters and the desired output, i.e., hardness. The thermal–metallurgical model utilizes a well-distributed heat source model, a death-and-birth algorithm, and a metallurgical model to simulate the temperature field and to calculate the microstructure phase fraction. The temperature prediction errors at four thermocouple positions are mostly below 20%. Because of the limited experimental data, twenty-five simulation experiments are performed using the L25 orthogonal array based on the Taguchi method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals that the travel speed has the greatest impact on hardness. With the dataset from the thermal–metallurgical model, an ANN model to predict hardness is developed. A comparison to experimental data shows excellent performance and accuracy, with the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of ANN predictions within 10% of the targeted hardness.

The accurate diagnosis and effective therapy of malignant tumors is still a challenge owing to its poor prognosis, recurrence, and drug resistance. In this study, a tumor microenvironment responsive and high O2-economic effect nano-theranostic agent GOx@NPs was constructed through the self-assembly of GOx and CDDO-Fe, which was synthesized by coupling natural chemotherapeutic drug CDDO-Me blocked by ferrocene (Fc) with near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence probe hemicyanine (I-CyOH) via redox-responsive linker dimercaptoisopropionyl, and then introducing tamoxifen (estrogen receptor target fragment) to hemicyanine to enhance the active targeting ability. The NIR fluorescence probe I-CyOH not only achieved an accurate diagnosis, but also possessed photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect. The active targeting fragment tamoxifen enhanced the accumulation of pathological site and alleviated the hypoxia microenvironment through the inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory to reinforce the PDT efficiency of I-CyOH. Moreover, the combination of Fc and GOx could achieve starvation therapy and enhance chemodynamic therapy (CDT). In vitro and vivo experiments exhibited that the effective dual sensitive synergistic therapy possessed significant therapy efficiency and lower side effects. This study provides a valuable strategy for constructing dual sensitization and high economic of intelligent nano-theranostic agents for tumor diagnosis and synergistic cancer therapy.

MXenes are a class of two-dimensional inorganic materials comprising transition-metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides of several atomic layers thick. Their general formula is (Mn+1XnTx), where M is a transition metal, such as Ti, n is the number of atomic layers, X is carbon and/or nitrogen, and Tx is the functional group introduced in the reaction process, such as OH, H, or F. They are obtained from the MAX precursor (Mn+1AXn, where A is a group of 13 or 14 elements, such as Al and Si). In 2011, Gogotsi, Barsoum, et al. first reported the synthesis of Ti3C2Tx by selective etching of the Al layer using a Ti3AlC2 MAX phase precursor impregnated with HF solution. The advantageous properties of MXenes, such as large specific surface area, fast charge–discharge performance, and small volume change, have made them attractive for lithium-ion battery anode materials, as first reported by the group Simon and Gogotsi in 2012. Since then, much attention has been paid to MXenes. Researchers hope to use MXenes for lithium-ion battery anode materials with high capacity, high safety, and improved energy density and battery life. However, a multilayer MXene material will collapse or accumulate during the preparation process, resulting in a large reduction in the contact area, thus reducing the electron and ion transport capacity of the MXene material perpendicular to the layer structure. Hence, MXenes are usually combined with other materials to improve the obtained structure, expand the layer spacing, and help enhance their electrochemical properties. This paper reviews the approaches to improving the electrochemical properties of MXenes by doping with transition-metal oxides, transition-metal sulfides, and silicon, as well as the scheme to achieve a stable and dendrite-free metal anode by using MXenes and high-capacity anode materials. Last, future challenges faced by MXenes as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries are analyzed and prospected.

Abstract Background Studies on the effect of sleep duration on cardiovascular health have contradictory findings. Underlying health issues may have led to inconsistent results and warrant consideration. We aim to assess the relationship of night sleep duration with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a general population, taking into consideration underlying chronic diseases. Methods Data from Shanghai Suburban Adult Cohort and Biobank with a median follow-up of 5.1 years was used, including 33,883 adults aged 20–74 years old. Incident CVD cases were reported and recorded by the Center for Disease Prevention and Control in Songjiang, Shanghai. We used Cox proportional hazard regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis to explore the relationship between different sleep groups and sleep duration with incident CVD outcomes, through stratification by gender and age, as well as different health conditions, with adjustments for potential confounders. Results Long sleep duration (> 9 h) compared to > 7 to ≤ 8 h was associated with overall incident CVD in participants aged ≥ 50 years old: HR(95%CI) = 2.07 (1.15, 3.74) for 50-59y and 1.43 (1.04, 1.93) for 60-74y. RCS analysis showed a J-shaped relationship between sleep and CVD risk in those ≥ 50y, which was confirmed only in those with a chronic health condition. Non-linear relationships between sleep and CVD risk factors, such as BMI, blood glucose and glycated haemoglobin, were observed. Conclusions Long sleep duration is associated with increased risk of CVD in people ≥ 50y. However, CVD risk factors and underlying health conditions such as hypertension, and diabetes, may play a driving role in the relationship.

This article is devoted to study the existence of global solutions and finite time blow-up of local solution for nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation with variable coefficient nonlinear source term. By applying the potential well and energy estimation method, in low initial energy and critical initial energy, we derive some sufficient conditions which are global existence and explosion of the solutions for this type of Klein-Gordon equation.

BackgroundCardiovascular tissue engineering (CTE) is a promising technique to treat incurable cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Plenty of studies related to CTE have been published in the last 30 years. However, an analysis of the research status, trends, and potential directions in this field is still lacking. The present study applies a bibliometric analysis to reveal CTE research trends and potential directions.MethodsOn 5 August 2022, research articles and review papers on CTE were searched from the Web of Science Core Collection with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Publication trends, research directions, and visual maps in this field were obtained using Excel (Microsoft 2009), VOSviewer, and Citespace software.ResultsA total of 2,273 documents from 1992 to 2022 were included in the final analysis. Publications on CTE showed an upward trend from 1992 [number of publications (Np):1] to 2021 (Np:165). The United States (Np: 916, number of citations: 152,377, H-index: 124) contributed the most publications and citations in this field. Research on CTE has a wide distribution of disciplines, led by engineering (Np: 788, number of citations: 40,563, H-index: 105). “Functional maturation” [red cluster, average published year (APY): 2018.63, 30 times], “cell-derived cardiomyocytes” (red cluster, APY: 2018.43, 46 times), “composite scaffolds” (green cluster, APY: 2018.54, 41 times), and “maturation” (red cluster, APY: 2018.17, 84 times) are the main emerging keywords in this area.ConclusionResearch on CTE is a hot research topic. The United States is a dominant player in CTE research. Interdisciplinary collaboration has played a critical role in the progress of CTE. Studies on functional maturation and the development of novel biologically relevant materials and related applications will be the potential research directions in this field.