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The micro foaming performance, moisture resistance and dynamic viscosity of scCO2-aid glutaraldehyde/hexametaphosphate/thermoplastic tapioca starch (GA/SHMP/TOS) foams were considerably improved by proper NaOH treatment. The expansion ratio, resilience rate, dynamic viscosity values of these NaOH modified foams improved to a maximum, as the time for NaOH treatment approached a proper value. The dynamic viscosity, expansion ratio and resilience rate of the scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS foams modified using 110 atm scCO2-pressure, the proper alkali treatment time, SHMP loading and varying montmorillonite (MMT) loadings improved further, as their MMT loadings approached a proper value of 2.5 part per hundred parts of tapioca starch (PHTOS). Relatively large dynamic viscosity (7.1x104 Pa·s), extremely large expansion ratio (∼75), cell density (1.1x109 cells/cm3) and/or resilience rate (∼80%) were acquired for the scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT foam modified using the proper alkali treatment time and MMT loading. Thermal analyses results showed that crystallization onset temperatures and crystallization rates of scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT foams modified using the proper alkali treatment time and varying MMT loadings improved to a highest value by adding 2.5 PHTOS of MMT nano-platelets. Possible reasons accounting for the considerably improved micro foaming performance of scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT foams modified using the proper alkali treatment time and MMT loading are proposed in this study.

The progression of breast cancer is closely related to obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Low concentrations of cannabinoids promote tumor proliferation. However, the role of cannabinoid receptors (CBs) in chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-induced breast cancer has not been reported. The migration and invasion of breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and T47D) were measured by scratch assay and transwell assay. Gene and protein expressions were analyzed by qPCR and western blotting. Tumor xenograft mice model were established to evaluate the function of CBs. We observed that chronic hypoxia (CH) and CIH increased CBs expression and promoted migration and invasion in breast cancer. Mice grafted with MCF-7 exhibited obvious tumor growth, angiogenesis, and lung metastasis in CIH compared with CH and control. In addition, CIH induced CBs expression, which subsequently activated insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R)/AKT/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) axis. Knockdown of CBs alleviated CIH-induced migration and invasion of breast cancer in vitro. Furthermore, CIH exaggerated the malignancy of breast cancer and silencing of CBs suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Our study contributed to understanding the role of CIH in breast cancer development modulation., Graphical abstract, The role of CBs in CIH-induced breast cancer remains unknown. In this study, we found that CIH induced CBs expression via activating IGF-1R/AKT/GSK-3β signaling. CBs knockdown inhibited CIH-induced progression of breast cancer. Our study revealed that CBs might be a new therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.

Although observational studies have reported a positive association between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and breast cancer (BC) risk, causality remains inconclusive. We aim to explore whether OSAS is associated with etiology of BC by conducting a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study in a Chinese population and Asian population from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). We found a detrimental causal effect of OSAS on BC risk in the primary analysis of our samples (IVW OR, 2.47 for BC risk per log-odds increment in OSAS risk, 95% CI = 1.86-3.27; P = 3.6×10-10). This was very similar to results of the direct observational case-control study between OSAS and BC risk (OR = 2.80; 95% CI = 2.24-3.50; P =1.4×10-19). Replication in the Asian population of the BCAC study also supported our results (IVW OR, 1.33 for BC risk per log-odds increment in OSAS risk, 95% CI = 1.13-1.56; P = 0.0006). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of our findings. We provide novel evidence that genetically determined higher risk of OSAS has a causal effect on higher risk of BC. Further studies focused on the mechanisms of the relationship between OSAS and breast carcinogenesis are needed.

Renewable thermoplastic starch (TPS) was modified by poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with varying degrees of polymerization (DPs) or scCO2-assisted processing to prepare TPSxPVAyz or scCO2TPSxPVAyz fully biodegradable blends. The TPSxPVAyz (or scCO2TPSxPVAyz) films showed the smallest free volume characteristics and oxygen transmission rates (OTRs), as their PVA loadings approached an optimum value. The smallest free volume characteristics and OTRs evaluated for each optimal TPSxPVAyz (or scCO2TPSxPVAyz) films reduced noticeably as their DPs reduced from 2400 to 300. Considerably smaller OTRs and free volume characteristics were acquired for scCO2TPSxPVAyz films than those of corresponding TPSxPVAyz films prepared without the assistance of scCO2. An essential result is that the OTR of the optimal scCO2TPSxPVAyz film with a moisture content of 4wt% was merely 4.6 cm3/m2∙day∙atm. This OTR is as good as that of the polyvinylidene chloride oxygen barrier packaging. Dynamic mechanical relaxations and WAXD characterizations revealed that TPS and PVA are miscible, as PVA loadings were ≤ the optimum values. The enhanced oxygen barrier resistance and reduced free volume characteristics for optimal TPSxPVAyz and scCO2TPSxPVAyz films are partly ascribed to the strengthened molecular interactions between O–H groups of TPS and PVA, as they were processed with the assistance of scCO2, optimum PVA loadings or diminished DPs.

The diversity of Panophrys horned toads is considered highly underestimated with a large number of undescribed cryptic species. In this work, we describe four Panophrys species from eastern China which were proposed as cryptic species by molecular data in previous study, additionally provide new information on the biogeography of these four species. Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. from southern Fujian, Panophrys daoji sp. nov. from eastern Zhejiang, Panophrys sanmingensis sp. nov. from the hilly area among Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong, and Panophrys tongboensis sp. nov. from northeastern Jiangxi, can be distinguished from all recognized congeners by a combination of morphological characteristics. The descriptions of these four new species take the recognized species of Panophrys to 51, which is the largest genus within the Asian horned toads subfamily Megophryinae. Considered as an appropriate arrangement for the Asian horned toads currently and applied in this study to describe the new species, the generic recognition of Panophrys is also discussed.

BACKGROUND Studies have shown that intermittent hypoxia mimics obstructive sleep apnea in causing pulmonary inflammation, but the mechanism is not yet clear.TLR-4 is a recognized proinflammatory factor, so the purpose of this study was to assess the function of TLR-4 in pulmonary inflammation induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia simulating obstructive sleep apnea. MATERIAL AND METHODS Healthy male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (8 in each group): the normoxia control group (CG), the intermittent hypoxia group (IH), and the TLR4 antagonist TAK242 treatment group (3 mg/kg, daily), with exposure durations of 12 weeks and 16 weeks (HI). The morphological changes of lung tissue were determined with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The expressions of the TLR-4 pathway in lung tissue were tested by Western blotting and RT-PCR. The levels of IL-6 and TNF-a in serum and lung tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of SOD and MDA in lung tissue were detected by use of SOD and MDA kits, respectively. RESULTS After TAK242 treatment, damage to lung tissue was increased, and the expressions of TLR-4, MYD88, P65, IL-6, TNF-α, MDA, and SOD were decreased. Intermittent hypoxic exposure caused alveolar expansion, thickening of alveolar septum, and fusion of adjacent alveoli into larger cysts under intermittent hypoxia in a time-dependent manner. Compared with the CG and HI groups, the mean lining interval (MLI) become more thickened and the alveolar destruction index (DI) increased significantly in the IH group. CONCLUSIONS Chronic intermittent hypoxia causes pulmonary inflammatory response and the inflammatory pathway involved in TLR4 receptor may be one of the mechanisms that trigger lung inflammation.

Breast cancer is known as the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, and has an undeniable negative impact on public health, both physically, and mentally. This study aims to investigate the effects of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene silencing on proliferation and apoptosis of human breast cancer cells to explore for a new theoretical basis for its treatment. TLR4 small interference RNA (siRNA) fragment recombinant plasmids were constructed, including TLR4 siRNA-1, TLR4 siRNA-2, and TLR4 siRNA-3. Human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were assigned into blank, negative control (NC), TLR4 siRNA-1, TLR4 siRNA-2, and TLR4 siRNA-3 groups. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell growth was detected by MTT assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle were determined by flow cytometry. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis were conducted to determine the expression of TLR4, CDK4, cyclin D1, Livin, Bcl-2, p53, c-FLIP, and caspase-3. In comparison with the NC and blank groups, the TLR4 siRNA-1, TLR4 siRNA-2, and TLR4 siRNA-3 groups showed decreased the expression of TLR4, inhibited proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and promoted MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell apoptosis, and the cells were blocked in G1 phase. In comparison with the NC and blank groups, in the TLR4 siRNA-1, TLR4 siRNA-2, and TLR4 siRNA-3 groups, siRNA-TLR4 significantly increased expression of p53 and caspase-3 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, while it decreased the expressions of CDK4, cyclinD1, Livin, Bal-2, and c-FLIP. The study demonstrates that TLR4 gene silencing inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is prevalent in obesity and is associated with many metabolic abnormalities. The relationship between OSAS and bone metabolism is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the severity of OSAS and bone metabolic markers. Methods: A total of 119 obese males were enrolled in this study in spring months from 2015 to 2017. All candidates underwent polysomnography, and their bone mineral density (BMD) and the serum levels of total procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (t-P1NP), N-terminal midfragment of osteocalcin (N-MID), β-C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX), vitamin D (VD), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured. The analysis of variance and Pearson correlation analysis were performed for data analyses. Results: No significant differences in the mean values of BMD were observed among the obesity, mild-to-moderate OSAS, and severe OSAS groups; and the serum levels of t-P1NP and β-CTX in the severe OSAS group were significantly higher than those in the obesity group (48.42 ± 23.78 ng/ml vs. 31.98 ± 9.85 ng/ml, P < 0.001; 0.53 ± 0.24 ng/ml vs. 0.41 ± 0.13 ng/ml, P = 0.011, respectively). The serum level of VD in the obesity group was significantly higher than those in the mild-to-moderate and severe OSAS groups (both P < 0.001), and decreased as the severity of OSAS increased (P < 0.001). The serum level of PTH in the severe OSAS group was significantly higher than those in the obesity and mild-to-moderate OSAS groups (both P < 0.001). The results of correlation analysis indicated that the level of apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was correlated with the levels of t-P1NP (r = 0.396, P < 0.001), VD (r = –0.404, P < 0.001), and PTH (r = 0.400, P < 0.001), whereas the level of minimum O2 saturation (SaO2min) was correlated with the levels of VD (r = 0.258, P = 0.016) and PTH (r = –0.376, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The levels of bone resorption and formation markers in patients with severe OSAS were significantly increased compared to obese men, and the severity of OSAS was correlated with the serum levels of t-P1NP, VD, and PTH. Key words: Bone Metabolic Markers; Bone Mineral Density; Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Fully bio-based polyamide 1010 (PA1010) was successfully melt-blended with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA03, PVA05, PVA08 and PVA14) to prepare PA1010xPVAzy blends. The PA1010xPVA03y, PA1010xPVA05y, PA1010xPVA08y and PA1010xPVA14y films demonstrated the lowest oxygen transmission rates (OTR), free volume fraction (Fv), mean volume of the free volume holes (Vf) and mean number of free volume holes per unit volume (I3) values, when the PVA concentration in each PA1010xPVAzy series reached a corresponding critical value of 22.5, 20, 17.5 and 12.5 wt%, respectively. OTR, Fv, Vf and I3 values obtained for the best PA101087.5PVA1412.5, PA101082.5PVA0817.5, PA101080PVA0520 and PA101077.5PVA032.25 films reduced gradually as the degree of polymerization of PVA reduced. The results of dynamical mechanical and other experimental characterizations demonstrated that PA1010 and PVA are compatible to some extent, when the PVA are ≤ the corresponding critical concentration. The significantly enhanced oxygen permeation resistance and free volume characteristics for optimal PA1010xPVAzy films is at least partly due to the improved hydrogen-bonded molecular interactions between PA1010 C=O groups and PVA O-H groups.

Oxygen transmission rates and free volume properties (i.e. average volumes of free-volume-cavities (Vf), mean number of the free volume cavities per unit volume (I3) and fractional free volume (Fv)) values of bio-based polyamide 612 (PA612)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (i.e. PA612xPVA03y, PA612xPVA05y, PA612xPVA08y and PA612xPVA14y) blend films were reduced to a minimum value, when their PVA content reached corresponding optimal values of 25, 20, 15 and 10 wt%, respectively. The minimum oxygen transmission rate, Vf, I3 and Fv value obtained for the best PA61290PVA1410, PA61285PVA0815, PA61280PVA0520 and PA61275PVA0325 bio-based blown films reduced considerably with decreasing PVA degrees of polymerization. As evidenced by the results of dynamical mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, wide angle X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic experiments, PA612 and PVA are miscible to some extent at the molecular level when their PVA contents are ≤ the corresponding optimal values. The significantly improved oxygen barrier and free volume properties for the PA612xPVAzy blend films with optimized compositions is at least in part to the enhanced intermolecular interactions between PA612 carbonyl groups and PVA hydroxyl groups.

This study investigated the effect of rimonabant, a cannabinoid receptor type 1 antagonist, on calcium/calmodulin- dependent protein kinase II and cannabinoid receptor type 1 in chronic intermittent hypoxia.Healthy male rats were divided into control group, intermittent hypoxia group for 4 or 6 weeks, hypoxic intervention group that received rimonabant (1 mg/kg/d) before exposure to hypoxia for 4 or 6 weeks (n = 10/group). Morphological changes and expressions of the two indexes in the cerebral hippocampus cells were determined by haematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry, respectively.In the intermittent hypoxia group at 4 weeks, the hippocampal cells were damaged with sparse cytoplasm and unclear boundaries, which are even worse at 6 weeks. In contrast, the hippocampal cells of the hypoxic intervention group were neatly arranged at 4 weeks. At 6 weeks, cells were larger with scarce cytoplasm and nuclear changes indicative of cell death. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and cannabinoid receptor type 1 expression in the cerebral hippocampus was elevated in the intermittent hypoxia group at 4 weeks with even greater at 6 weeks. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 expression was reduced in the hypoxic intervention group compared to the intermittent hypoxia group. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlation of them in the intermittent hypoxia group.Chronic intermittent hypoxia induced structural damage in the hippocampus and increased cannabinoid receptor type 1 and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II expression, which may mediate cognitive impairment associated with chronic intermittent hypoxia. Rimonabant had a protective effect against chronic intermittent hypoxia.

As a temperature-sensitive-discoloration hydrogel based on NIPAAm/HHPC was fabricated via two steps of electron beam radiation. Small nanomaterial such as GO and Fe2O3 were also added severally into the system of hydrogel as chromogenic agent. Different colors can be displayed in nanocomposite hydrogel system at the low, medium and high temperature respectively. The LCST of hydrogel system can be also adjusted precisely by the changes of irradiation dose of the prepolymer and composition ratio. Experimental results showed that the hydrogel can be changed quickly itself color in its near LCST. The microstructure and composition of nanocomposite hydrogel were characterized further by NMR, FTIR, TG, DSC, XRD, FE-SEM and XPS so as to reveal the mechanism of temperature-sensitive- discoloration. The novel NIPAAm/HHPC-based nanocomposite hydrogel is suitable especially to indicate different fever temperatures for fever patients and can be expected to as a new type of temperature-sensitive sensor and replace the traditional clinical thermometer.

Sepsis, as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) subtype, is generally characterized by infection. Emerging evidence has highlighted dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the progression of sepsis. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of miR-335-5p on inflammatory responses in a septic mouse model. The hypothesis was subsequently asserted that the FASN gene and AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway may participate in the regulation of miR-335-5p. A septic mouse model was established in order to validate the effect of miR-335-5p on the inflammatory response by means of suppressing the endogenous expression of FASN by siRNA against FASN in endothelial cells. A target prediction program and luciferase activity was employed to ascertain as to whether miR--335-5p targets FASN. The levels of inflammatory factors including IL-6 and IL-1β were determined by means of ELISA assay. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were used to determine the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway-, apoptosis- and autophagy-related genes. Flow cytometry was employed in order to evaluate sepsis-induced cell apoptosis in response to miR-335-5p and FASN alternations. FASN was identified as a target gene of miR--335-5p. Gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that miR-335-5p acted to enhance autophagy, reduce cell apoptosis, promote cell cycle entry in endothelial cells, and reduce inflammatory response through the modulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors in endothelial cells. The effect of miR-335-5p on endothelial cells was increased when FASN was suppressed by siRNA as well as when the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway was activated, suggesting that miR-335-5p influences sepsis by targeting and inhibiting FASN, and activating the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway. Our study provides evidence indicating that overexpressed miR-335-5p enhances autophagy by targeting FASN through activation of the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway working to alleviate the inflammatory response in septic mouse models, emphasizing the value of the functional upregulation of miR-335-5p as therapeutic strategy for sepsis.

Mastitis is most critical disease in dairy cows and causes huge cost in the dairy industry. To prevent and treat it, it is important to understand the mechanisms of immune function in the mammary gland. Innate immunity is non-specific acute-response immune function. Some components of innate immunity in the mammary gland are found, e.g. Lingual Antimicrobial Peptide (LAP), Lactoferrin (LF). These components are found to be localized in the alveolar epithelium of mammary gland. LAP belongs to the β-defensin family, and plays a crucial role in killing a large variety of microorganisms. LF belongs to an iron-binding glycoprotein and has antibacterial activity. It is reported that LF has been localized immunohistochemically in mammary epithelial cells of lactating cows. Our previous study revealed that secretion of LAP into milk proceeded to that of LF after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection into the mammary gland. From this result, it is hypothesized that immunohistochemistry probably shows positive to either LF or LAP but not both in the alveolus vs epithelium in the mammary gland. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the immunolocalization of LAP and LF in the same bovine mammary tissue. Bovine mammary tissues were collected in the slaughterhouse and were fixed with neutralized formalin immediately. Paraffin sections (2-um thickness) were processed with antigen retrieval treatment followed by blocking with casein milk. Sections were cultured with LF antibody or LAP antibody. Immunoreaction products were visualized by incubation with a DAB. LAP and LF were localized in the cytoplasm of epithelial cell of alveolus. In some cases, LAP and LF were seen clearly in the same alveoli of section. In other cases, some epithelial cells were stained only LAP, but not LF, and other epithelial cells of alveolus were stained only LF, but not LAP. These results suggest the possibility that LAP and LF are differentially synthesized in the alveolar epithelium and may support our previous findings that their secretion occurs at the different time course.

With the rapid development of modern biology and technology, Genetically Engineered Pharmaceutics has become the most important field in modern medicinal industry. Currently, we have taken concern that the Genetically Engineered Pharmaceutics has been a subject of research. As advanced genetically engineered technology, genetic therapy, the point mutation techniques, DNA shuffling, RNA interference (RNAi) technology, the bioinformatics for genome and proteome analyses, the high throughput screening technology, etc. can be applied in the treatment of cancer, and other targeted therapies. A great deal of advanced technologies accelerates the development of genetically engineered pharmaceutics, and plays a key role in genetically engineered pharmaceutics. With the advances in genetically engineered pharmaceutics, we look forward to finding more new drugs, such as the high-value peptides, small functional molecular groups, proteins, especially antibodies, vaccines, enzymes, and therapeutic peptides. These developments continue to secure greater health outcomes of human being at all aspects in the long run. In this article, the development and prospect of Genetically Engineered Pharmaceutics are reviewed, and furthermore, the potential development and huge prospects are also presented.

Lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), one of the β-defensins in bovines, and lactoferrin (LF) are synthesized in mammary epithelium and have bactericidal and bacteriostatic functions. However, it is not known whether they have similar expression patterns. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to compare (1) immunolocalization of LAP and LF in the mammary gland and (2) changes in concentration of these two components in milk after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Bovine mammary tissues without LPS challenge were collected and their sections were immunostained with antibodies to LAP or LF. Milk from our previous study was collected every hour up to 12h and twice daily from d 1 to 7 after LPS challenge (the day of infusion was considered as d 0). These milk samples were measured for LAP but not LF in our previous report. Therefore, concentration of LF was measured by enzyme immunoassay in the present study. Epithelial cells of some alveoli showed immunopositive reaction for LF, but negative for LAP. Conversely, some alveoli were LAP positive in their epithelial cells but LF negative. Many alveoli had immunoreactions for neither LAP nor LF. The concentration of LAP in milk was elevated significantly at 3h after LPS infusion compared with pre-infusion values and remained at a high level until 12h. However, LF concentration in milk remained low at d 0 and increased at d 2. These results suggest that LAP and LF were mostly differentially localized in the alveolar epithelium in mammary glands. The different spatial expressions between them may be associated with their different temporal expression mechanisms.

Panophrys daiyunensis Lyu, Wang & Wang sp. nov. Chresonymy. Megophrys sp18— Liu et al. 2018 Holotype: SYS a001733 (Fig. 3 A–D), adult male, collected by Run-Lin Li on 22 May 2012 from Daiyun Village (25.6362°N, 118.2139°E; ca 1040 m a.s.l.), Daiyun Mountain Nature Reserve, Dehua County, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, PR China. Paratypes: Three adult males (SYS a001730/ CIB 116075, SYS a001731–1732), collected at the same time from the same locality as the holotype; one adult female (SYS a006002), collected by Jian Wang on 26 June 2017 from the same locality as the holotype; two adult females (SYS a006000, 6003), collected by Zhi-Tong Lyu, Ying-Yong Wang, and Ya-Qiong Huang on 26 June 2017 from Jiuxianshan (25.7101°N, 118.1200°E; ca 1200 m a.s.l.), Daiyun Mountain Nature Reserve. Etymology. The specific epithet daiyunensis refers to the type locality of the new species, the Daiyun Mountain Nature Reserve. Common names. Daiyun Horned Toad (in English) / Dài Yún Jiǎo Chán (&abreve;ủfflḃ in Chinese) Diagnosis. (1) body size small, with SVL 27.6–28.7 mm (n = 4) in adult males and 33.7–35.6 mm (n = 3) in adult females; (2) tympanum edge distinct, upper margin in contact with supratympanic fold, TD/ED 0.45–0.53; (3) vomerine teeth present; (4) margin of tongue not notched; (5) heels overlapping or meeting; (6) tibio-tarsal articulation reaching just posterior to eye; (7) TIB/SVL 0.36–0.42, FTL/SVL 0.51–0.60; (8) narrow lateral fringes on fingers present, one subarticular tubercle present at the base of each finger, relative finger lengths I = II Comparisons. Comparative data of Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. with 47 recognized Panophrys congeners are given in Table 3. Six Panophrys species occur in eastern China, namely P. boettgeri, P. huangshanensis, P. kuatunensis, P. lishuiensis, P. ombrophila, and P. xianjuensis. Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. differs from P. boettgeri by the smaller body size, SVL 27.6–28.7 mm in males and 33.7–35.6 mm in females (vs SVL 34.5–37.8 mm in males and 39.7– 46.8 mm in females), vomerine teeth present (vs absent), tongue not notched (vs notched), and round light patches on the shoulder absent (vs present). Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. differs from P. huangshanensis by its smaller body size (vs SVL 36.0– 41.6 mm in males and 44.2 mm in female), vomerine teeth present (vs absent), tongue not notched (vs notched), narrow lateral fringes and rudimentary web on toes present (vs both absent), and round light patches on the shoulder absent (vs present). Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. differs from P. kuatunensis by its vomerine teeth present (vs absent), tongue not notched (vs notched), heels overlapping or meeting (vs not meeting), and rudimentary web on toes present (vs absent). Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. differs from P. lishuiensis by the smaller body size (vs SVL 30.7–34.7 mm in males and 36.9–40.4 mm in female), vomerine teeth present (vs absent), and narrow lateral fringes and rudimentary web on toes present (vs both absent). Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. differs from P. ombrophila by its vomerine teeth present (vs absent), heels overlapping or meeting (vs not meeting), and narrow lateral fringes and rudimentary web on toes present (vs both absent). Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. differs from P. xianjuensis by the smaller body size (vs SVL 31.0– 36.3 mm in males and 41.6 mm in female), and vomerine teeth present (vs absent). With a small body size, SVL 27.6–28.7 mm in adult males and 33.7–35.6 mm in adult females, Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from 32 congeners whose SVL> 31 mm in males or> 38 mm in females, namely P. angka, P. baolongensis, P. binchuanensis, P. binlingensis, P. brachykolos, P. caobangensis, P. caudoprocta, P. daweimontis, P. fansipanensis, P. hoanglienensis, P. insularis, P. jiangi, P. jingdongensis, P. jinggangensis, P. leishanensis, P. liboensis, P. lini, P. mirabilis, P. minor, P. nankunensis, P. obesa, P. omeimontis, P. palpebralespinosa, P. sangzhiensis, P. shuichengensis, P. spinata, P. tuberogranulatus, P. wugongensis, P. wuliangshanensis, P. wushanensis, P. xiangnanensis, and P. yangmingensis. Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the remaining nine congeners by the following characteristics: SVL 27.6–28.7 mm in males and 33.7–35.6 mm in females (vs SVL 30.2–39.3 mm in males in P. dongguanensis; vs SVL 30.4–33.9 mm in males in P. jiulianensis; vs SVL 30.1–30.8 mm in males and 36.3 mm in female in P. mufumontana; vs SVL 30.5–37.3 mm in males in P. nanlingensis; vs SVL 30.3–33.7 mm in males and 37.6 mm in female in P. shunhuangensis); horn-like tubercle at upper eyelid small (vs large in P. acuta); vomerine teeth present (vs absent in P. acuta, P. cheni, P. mufumontana, and P. shunhuangensis); tongue not notched (vs notched in P. cheni, P. jiulianensis, P. nanlingensis, and P. rubrimera); heels overlapping or meeting (vs not meeting in P. acuta and P. dongguanensis); narrow lateral fringes present on toes (vs wide in P. cheni; vs absent in P. dongguanensis, P. jiulianensis, and P. shunhuangensis); rudimentary web present between toes (vs absent in P. rubrimera). Description of holotype. SYS a001733, adult male. Habitus small, SVL 28.7 mm; head width shorter than head length, HDW/HDL 0.97; snout rounded in dorsal view, projecting, sloping posteriorly to mouth in profile, protruding well beyond margin of lower jaw; dorsal surface of head flat; eye small, ED/HDL 0.39; nostril obliquely ovoid; pupil vertical; canthus rostralis well developed, curved above nostril; loreal region sloping; internasal distance larger than interorbital distance; tympanum distinct, small, upper margin in contact with supratympanic fold; choanae large ovoid, situated at base of maxilla; vomerine teeth present; margin of tongue not notched. Lower arm length 0.23 of SVL and hand length 0.24 of SVL; relative finger lengths I = II Coloration of holotype. Dorsal surface yellowish brown; a dark incomplete triangular marking with light edge between eyes; a dark “X” shaped marking with light edge on center of dorsum; dark patches on dorsal upper arms and hindlimbs; dark stripes below eyes and at lateral tip of snout; iris reddish brown. Ventral surface dark brown; three dark longitudinal stripes on the throat, middle one distinctly shorter; red spots on the chest and densely-distributed tiny white spots on belly and ventral thigh; palms and soles purplish brown, tips of digits greyish white, metacarpal and metatarsal tubercles orange red; pectoral glands and femoral glands white. Variation. Measurements of type series are given in Table 4. All specimens were similar in morphology. Females are larger than males. SYS a006000 (Fig. 3E, F) has reddish brown dorsal surface with “)(”-shaped marking and gray ventral surface with unclear marking. Without “X” or “)(”-shaped marking on center of dorsum in SYS a006002. Distribution and ecology. Currently, Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. is known from Daiyun Mountain Nature Reserve (1000–1250 m a.s.l.) and Xiamen City (ca 400 m a.s.l.) of southern Fujian. This toad inhabits streams surrounded by moist subtropical secondary evergreen broadleaved forests, and is common from May to June. Males call actively on leaves of bushes or rocks near streams during this period. All females found in June were gravid with oocytes but tadpoles have not been found., Published as part of Lyu, Zhi-Tong, Zeng, Zhao-Chi, Wang, Jian, Liu, Zu-Yao, Huang, Ya-Qiong, Li, Wen-Zhou & Wang, Ying-Yong, 2021, Four new species of Panophrys (Anura, Megophryidae) from eastern China, with discussion on the recognition of Panophrys as a distinct genus, pp. 9-40 in Zootaxa 4927 (1) on pages 21-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4927.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4533849, {"references":["Liu, Z. Y., Chen, G. L., Zhu, T. Q., Zeng, Z. C., Lyu, Z. T., Wang, J., Messenger, K., Greenberg, A. J., Guo, Z. X., Yang, Z. H., Shi, S. H. & Wang, Y. Y. (2018) Prevalence of cryptic species in morphologically uniform taxa-Fast speciation and evolutionary radiation in Asian frogs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 127, 723 - 731. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2018.06.020"]}