Search

Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor is a rare and benign neoplasm with a predilection for the anterior dorsal tongue. Despite morphologic heterogeneity, most cases are characterized by a proliferation of bland spindle cells with a distinctive reticular growth pattern and myxoid stroma. The immunophenotype of these neoplasms is likewise variable; most cases express glial fibrillary acid protein and S100 protein, with inconsistent reports of keratin and myoid marker expression. The molecular pathogenesis is poorly understood; however, a subset of cases has been reported to harbor EWSR1 gene rearrangement. Following identification of an RREB1-MKL2 fusion gene by RNA Sequencing in an index patient, a retrospective review of additional cases of ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumors was performed to better characterize the clinical, immunohistochemical, and molecular attributes of this neoplasm. A total of 21 cases were included in this series. A marked predisposition for the dorsal tongue was confirmed. Most cases conformed to prior morphologic descriptions; however, hypercellularity, hyalinized stroma, and necrosis were rare attributes not previously emphasized. The neoplastic cells frequently coexpressed glial fibrillary acid protein, S100 protein, keratin, smooth muscle actin, and/or desmin; a single case was found to contain significant myogenin expression. An RREB1-MKL2 fusion product was identified in 19 tumors (90%), a single tumor (5%) had an EWSR1-CREM fusion product, and the remaining case lacked any known fusion gene by RNA Sequencing. The latter 2 cases subtly differed morphologically from many in the cohort. This series illustrates that recurrent RREB1-MKL2 fusions occur in most, perhaps all, cases of ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor.

As the oceans acidify, marine invertebrates will experience physiological and behavioural changes that may alter how predators interact with their prey. This study assessed whether ocean acidification alters the predatory whelk Tenguella marginalba, their prey, the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and their interactions. Oysters and whelks were exposed separately to ambient or elevated pC[O.sub.2] for 6 weeks, after which, a reciprocal cross design was used to expose oysters and whelks together to ambient and elevated pC[O.sub.2]. Both T. marginalba and C. gigas were measured for growth, shell morphology, shell compression strength and metabolic rate. The rate at which whelks consumed oysters was also measured. We found C. gigas had weaker shells and greater SMR at elevated pC[O.sub.2], but lowered its SMR when held at ambient pC[O.sub.2] with T. marginalba. T. marginalba had a greater SMR and consumed more C. gigas when both the predator and prey were held at elevated pC[O.sub.2]. We also tested whether C. gigas responses to predator chemical cues were altered by ocean acidification. C. gigas lowered its metabolic rate in response to predator cues at ambient, but not elevated pC[O.sub.2]. We conclude that elevated pC[O.sub.2] may increase the energy requirements of predators, as they attempt to maintain homoeostasis. Furthermore, elevated pC[O.sub.2] may also alter the morphology and increase the visibility of prey. Whether the consequence of this will be a sustained increase in consumption by the predator is less certain as molluscs acclimate and the dynamics of other organisms in marine ecosystems are also altered., Introduction The unprecedented increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (C[O.sub.2]) of the world's oceans over this century, known as ocean acidification, will impact marine organisms (IPCC 2013). It is [...]

Purpose: Ectopic eruption can be defined as the emergence of a tooth in an abnormal location, where the tooth does not follow its typical eruption pathway. While ectopic eruption within the dentate region is well-documented in the literature, ectopic eruption in non-dentate regions is relatively rare. This study aimed to report 6 cases of ectopic teeth and present a systematic review of the English-language literature on ectopic teeth, emphasizing demographic characteristics, radiographic features, potential complications, and treatment options. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. The demographic data and radiographic findings of patients presenting with ectopic teeth were recorded. Results: The literature review yielded 61 cases of ectopic teeth, with patients ranging in age from 3 to 74 years. The findings from these previously reported cases demonstrated that the most common location for ectopic teeth was the maxillary sinus, which is consistent with this case series. The Pearson chi-square test was performed to evaluate the correlation between age and location of ectopic teeth, and the results were found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). However, no statistically significant relationship was observed between sex and the location of ectopic teeth. Conclusion: The distinct features of these cases warrant reporting. This study presents the first case of supernumerary teeth in the condyle without any associated pathosis. Another notable characteristic is the pre-eruptive resorption of 2 inverted supernumerary teeth ectopically located in the palate, which predisposes to sinus opacification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (C[O.sub.2]) are rising at a rapid rate because of the combustion of fossil fuels (Chapman, 1977; Houghton, 2001; IPCC, 2007). Since the early 1800s [...], Ocean acidification is anticipated to decrease calcification and increase dissolution of shelled molluscs. Molluscs with thinner and weaker shells may be more susceptible to predation, but not all studies have measured negative responses of molluscs to elevated pC[O.sub.2]. Recent studies measuring the response of molluscs have found greater variability at the population level than first expected. Here we investigate the impact of acidification on the predatory whelk Morula marginalba and genetically distinct subpopulations of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Whelks and eight family lines of C. gigas were separately exposed to ambient (385 ppm) and elevated (1000 ppm) pC[O.sub.2] for 6 weeks. Following this period, individuals of M. marginalba were transferred into tanks with oysters at ambient and elevated pC[O.sub.2] for 17 days. The increase in shell height of the oysters was on average 63% less at elevated compared to ambient pC[O.sub.2]. There were differences in shell compression strength, thickness, and mass among family lines of C. gigas, with sometimes an interaction between pC[O.sub.2] and family line. Against expectations, this study found increased shell strength in the prey and reduced shell strength in the predator at elevated compared to ambient pC[O.sub.2]. After 10 days, the whelks consumed significantly more oysters regardless of whether C. gigas had been exposed to ambient or elevated C[O.sub.2], but this was not dependent on the family line and the effect was not significant after 17 days. Our study found an increase in predation after exposure of the predator to predicted near-future levels of estuarine pC[O.sub.2].

Two dentists and a lawyer present guidelines for managing patients who have mouth diseases that are not necessarily cancerous but may require long-term observation. Topics include how often the patient should be monitored, when to biopsy and documentation requirements.

The 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Head and Neck Tumors opened to online access in March 2022. This edition is conceptually similar to the previous classification of odontogenic lesions. The only newly defined entity in odontogenic lesions is adenoid ameloblastoma, which is classified under benign epithelial odontogenic tumors. While not odontogenic, the surgical ciliated cyst is a new entry to the cyst classification of the jaws. In other respects, a very important change was made in the new blue books that added 'essential and desirable diagnostic criteria' for each entity to highlight the features considered indispensable for diagnosis. In this article, we review the odontogenic tumors and cysts of the jaw sections of the Odontogenic and Maxillofacial Bone Tumors Chapter, outlining changes from the 2017 WHO classification and summarizing the essential diagnostic criteria and new developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]