1,594 results on '"Wehner, M. F."'
Search Results
2. THE BENEFITS OF GLOBAL HIGH RESOLUTION FOR CLIMATE SIMULATION : Process Understanding and the Enabling of Stakeholder Decisions at the Regional Scale
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Roberts, M. J., Vidale, P. L., Senior, C., Hewitt, H. T., Bates, C., Berthou, S., Chang, P., Christensen, H. M., Danilov, S., Demory, M.-E., Griffies, S. M., Haarsma, R., Jung, T., Martin, G., Minobe, S., Ringler, T., Satoh, M., Schiemann, R., Scoccimarro, E., Stephens, G., and Wehner, M. F.
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- 2018
3. Amplification of Surface Temperature Trends and Variability in the Tropical Atmosphere
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Santer, B. D., Wigley, T. M. L., Mears, C., Wentz, F. J., Klein, S. A., Seidel, D. J., Taylor, K. E., Thorne, P. W., Wehner, M. F., Gleckler, P. J., Boyle, J. S., Collins, W. D., Dixon, K. W., Doutriaux, C., Free, M., Fu, Q., Hansen, J. E., Jones, G. S., Ruedy, R., Karl, T. R., Lanzante, J. R., Meehl, G. A., Ramaswamy, V., Russell, G., and Schmidt, G. A.
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- 2005
4. Reliability of Satellite Data Sets
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Christy, John R., Spencer, Roy W., Santer, B. D., Wigley, T. M. L., Meehl, G. A., Wehner, M. F., Mears, C., Schabel, M., Wentz, F. J., Ammann, C., Arblaster, J., Bettge, T., Washington, W. M., Taylor, K. E., Boyle, J. S., Brüggemann, W., and Doutriaux, C.
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- 2003
5. Contributions of Anthropogenic and Natural Forcing to Recent Tropopause Height Changes
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Santer, B. D., Wehner, M. F., Wigley, T. M. L., Sausen, R., Meehl, G. A., Taylor, K. E., Ammann, C., Arblaster, J., Washington, W. M., Boyle, J. S., and Brüggemann, W.
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- 2003
6. Influence of Satellite Data Uncertainties on the Detection of Externally Forced Climate Change
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Santer, B. D., Wigley, T. M. L., Meehl, G. A., Wehner, M. F., Mears, C., Schabel, M., Wentz, F. J., Ammann, C., Arblaster, J., Bettge, T., Washington, W. M., Taylor, K. E., Boyle, J. S., Brüggemann, W., and Doutriaux, C.
- Published
- 2003
7. Interpreting Differential Temperature Trends at the Surface and in the Lower Troposphere
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Santer, B. D., Wigley, T. M. L., Gaffen, D. J., Bengtsson, L., Doutriaux, C., Boyle, J. S., Esch, M., Hnilo, J. J., Jones, P. D., Meehl, G. A., Roeckner, E., Taylor, K. E., and Wehner, M. F.
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- 2000
8. Long-Term Behavior of the Atlantic Interhemispheric SST Gradient in the CMIP5 Historical Simulations
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Chiang, John C. H., Chang, C.-Y., and Wehner, M. F.
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- 2013
9. Increases in Future AR Count and Size: Overview of the ARTMIP Tier 2 CMIP5/6 Experiment
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O’Brien, T. A., primary, Wehner, M. F., additional, Payne, A. E., additional, Shields, C. A., additional, Rutz, J. J., additional, Leung, L.‐R., additional, Ralph, F. M., additional, Collow, A., additional, Gorodetskaya, I., additional, Guan, B., additional, Lora, J. M., additional, McClenny, E., additional, Nardi, K. M., additional, Ramos, A. M., additional, Tomé, R., additional, Sarangi, C., additional, Shearer, E. J., additional, Ullrich, P. A., additional, Zarzycki, C., additional, Loring, B., additional, Huang, H., additional, Inda‐Díaz, H. A., additional, Rhoades, A. M., additional, and Zhou, Y., additional
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- 2022
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10. Extreme Storms
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Kossin, J. P, Hall, T, Knutson, T, Kunkel, K. E, Trapp, R. J, Waliser, D. E, and Wehner, M. F
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Meteorology And Climatology - Abstract
Key Findings: 1. Human activities have contributed substantially to observed ocean-atmosphere variability in the Atlantic Ocean (medium confidence), and these changes have contributed to the observed upward trend in North Atlantic hurricane activity since the 1970s (medium confidence). 2. Both theory and numerical modeling simulations generally indicate an increase in tropical cyclone (TC) intensity in a warmer world, and the models generally show an increase in the number of very intense TCs. For Atlantic and eastern North Pacific hurricanes and western North Pacific typhoons, increases are projected in precipitation rates (high confidence) and intensity (medium confidence). The frequency of the most intense of these storms is projected to increase in the Atlantic and western North Pacific (low confidence) and in the eastern North Pacific (medium confidence). 3. Tornado activity in the United States has become more variable, particularly over the 2000s, with a decrease in the number of days per year with tornadoes and an increase in the number of tornadoes on these days (medium confidence). Confidence in past trends for hail and severe thunderstorm winds, however, is low. Climate models consistently project environmental changes that would putatively support an increase in the frequency and intensity of severe thunderstorms (a category that combines tornadoes, hail, and winds), especially over regions that are currently prone to these hazards, but confidence in the details of this projected increase is low. 4. There has been a trend toward earlier snowmelt and a decrease in snowstorm frequency on the southern margins of climatologically snowy areas (medium confidence). Winter storm tracks have shifted northward since 1950 over the Northern Hemisphere (medium confidence). Projections of winter storm frequency and intensity over the United States vary from increasing to decreasing depending on region, but model agreement is poor and confidence is low. Potential linkages between the frequency and intensity of severe winter storms in the United States and accelerated warming in the Arctic have been postulated, but they are complex, and, to some extent, contested, and confidence in the connection is currently low. 5. The frequency and severity of landfalling "atmospheric rivers" on the U.S. West Coast (narrow streams of moisture that account for 30 percent to 40 percent of the typical snowpack and annual precipitation in the region and are associated with severe flooding events) will increase as a result of increasing evaporation and resulting higher atmospheric water vapor that occurs with increasing temperature. (Medium confidence)
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- 2017
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11. Our Globally Changing Climate
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Wuebbles, D. J, Easterling, D. R, Hayhoe, K, Knutson, T, Kopp, R. E, Kossin, J. P, Kunkel, K. E, LeGrande, A. N, Mears, C, Sweet, W. V, Taylor, P. C, Vose, R. S, and Wehner, M. F
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Geosciences (General) ,Earth Resources And Remote Sensing - Abstract
Since the Third U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA3) was published in May 2014, new observations along multiple lines of evidence have strengthened the conclusion that Earth's climate is changing at a pace and in a pattern not explainable by natural influences. While this report focuses especially on observed and projected future changes for the United States, it is important to understand those changes in the global context (this chapter). The world has warmed over the last 150 years, especially over the last six decades, and that warming has triggered many other changes to Earth's climate. Evidence for a changing climate abounds, from the top of the atmosphere to the depths of the oceans. Thousands of studies conducted by tens of thousands of scientists around the world have documented changes in surface, atmospheric, and oceanic temperatures; melting glaciers; disappearing snow cover; shrinking sea ice; rising sea level; and an increase in atmospheric water vapor. Rainfall patterns and storms are changing, and the occurrence of droughts is shifting.
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- 2017
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12. Temperature Changes in the United States
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Vose, R. S, Easterling, D. R, Kunkel, K. E, LeGrande, A. N, and Wehner, M. F
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Geosciences (General) ,Earth Resources And Remote Sensing - Abstract
Temperature is among the most important climatic elements used in decision-making. For example, builders and insurers use temperature data for planning and risk management while energy companies and regulators use temperature data to predict demand and set utility rates. Temperature is also a key indicator of climate change: recent increases are apparent over the land, ocean, and troposphere, and substantial changes are expected for this century. This chapter summarizes the major observed and projected changes in near-surface air temperature over the United States, emphasizing new data sets and model projections since the Third National Climate Assessment (NCA3). Changes are depicted using a spectrum of observations, including surface weather stations, moored ocean buoys, polar-orbiting satellites, and temperature-sensitive proxies. Projections are based on global models and downscaled products from CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) using a suite of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs; see Ch. 4: Projections for more on RCPs and future scenarios).
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- 2017
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13. Chapter 8: Droughts, Floods, and Wildfires
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Wehner, M. F, Arnold, J. R, Knutson, T, Kunkel, K. E, and LeGrande, A. N
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Meteorology And Climatology - Abstract
Recent droughts and associated heat waves have reached record intensity in some regions of the United States; however, by geographical scale and duration, the Dust Bowl era of the 1930s remains the benchmark drought and extreme heat event in the historical record (very high confidence). While by some measures drought has decreased over much of the continental United States in association with long-term increases in precipitation, neither the precipitation increases nor inferred drought decreases have been confidently attributed to anthropogenic forcing. The human effect on recent major U.S. droughts is complicated. Little evidence is found for a human influence on observed precipitation deficits, but much evidence is found for a human influence on surface soil moisture deficits due to increased evapotranspiration caused by higher temperatures. Future decreases in surface (top 10 cm) soil moisture from anthropogenic forcing over most of the United States are likely as the climate warms under higher scenarios. Substantial reductions in western U.S. winter and spring snowpack are projected as the climate warms. Earlier spring melt and reduced snow water equivalent have been formally attributed to human-induced warming (high confidence) and will very likely be exacerbated as the climate continues to warm (very high confidence). Under higher scenarios, and assuming no change to current water resources management, chronic, long-duration hydrological drought is increasingly possible by the end of this century. Detectable changes in some classes of flood frequency have occurred in parts of the United States and are a mix of increases and decreases. Extreme precipitation, one of the controlling factors in flood statistics, is observed to have generally increased and is projected to continue to do so across the United States in a warming atmosphere. However, formal attribution approaches have not established a significant connection of increased riverine flooding to human-induced climate change, and the timing of any emergence of a future detectable anthropogenic change in flooding is unclear. The incidence of large forest fires in the western United States and Alaska has increased since the early 1980s and is projected to further increase in those regions as the climate warms, with profound changes to certain ecosystems.
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- 2017
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14. Chapter 7: Precipitation Change in the United States
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Easterling, D. R, Kunkel, K. E, Arnold, J. R, Knutson, T, LeGrande, A. N, Leung, L. R, Vose, R. S, Waliser, D. E, and Wehner, M. F
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Meteorology And Climatology - Abstract
Annual precipitation has decreased in much of the West, Southwest, and Southeast and increased in most of the Northern and Southern Plains, Midwest, and Northeast. A national average increase of 4% in annual precipitation since 1901 is mostly a result of large increases in the fall season. Heavy precipitation events in most parts of the United States have increased in both intensity and frequency since 1901. There are important regional differences in trends, with the largest increases occurring in the northeastern United States. In particular, mesoscale convective systems (organized clusters of thunderstorms)-the main mechanism for warm season precipitation in the central part of the United States-have increased in occurrence and precipitation amounts since 1979. The frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events are projected to continue to increase over the 21st century (high confidence). Mesoscale convective systems in the central United States are expected to continue to increase in number and intensity in the future. There are, however, important regional and seasonal differences in projected changes in total precipitation: the northern United States, including Alaska, is projected to receive more precipitation in the winter and spring, and parts of the southwestern United States are projected to receive less precipitation in the winter and spring. Northern Hemisphere spring snow cover extent, North America maximum snow depth, snow water equivalent in the western United States, and extreme snowfall years in the southern and western United States have all declined, while extreme snowfall years in parts of the northern United States have increased. Projections indicate large declines in snowpack in the western United States and shifts to more precipitation falling as rain than snow in the cold season in many parts of the central and eastern United States.
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- 2017
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15. Sulfate Aerosol Control of Tropical Atlantic Climate over the Twentieth Century
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Chang, C.-Y., Chiang, J. C. H., Wehner, M. F., Friedman, A. R., and Ruedy, R.
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- 2011
16. Incorporating Model Quality Information in Climate Change Detection and Attribution Studies
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Santer, B. D., Taylor, K. E., Gleckler, P. J., Bonfils, C., Barnett, T. P., Pierce, D. W., Wigley, T. M. L., Mears, C., Wentz, F. J., Brüggemann, W., Gillett, N. P., Klein, S. A., Solomon, S., Stott, P. A., Wehner, M. F., and Mann, Michael E.
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- 2009
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17. Increases in Future AR Count and Size: Overview of the ARTMIP Tier 2 CMIP5/6 Experiment.
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O'Brien, T. A., Wehner, M. F., Payne, A. E., Shields, C. A., Rutz, J. J., Leung, L.‐R., Ralph, F. M., Collow, A., Gorodetskaya, I., Guan, B., Lora, J. M., McClenny, E., Nardi, K. M., Ramos, A. M., Tomé, R., Sarangi, C., Shearer, E. J., Ullrich, P. A., Zarzycki, C., and Loring, B.
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ATMOSPHERIC rivers ,ATMOSPHERIC models ,CLIMATE change ,SCIENTIFIC community - Abstract
The Atmospheric River (AR) Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP) is a community effort to systematically assess how the uncertainties from AR detectors (ARDTs) impact our scientific understanding of ARs. This study describes the ARTMIP Tier 2 experimental design and initial results using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) Phases 5 and 6 multi‐model ensembles. We show that AR statistics from a given ARDT in CMIP5/6 historical simulations compare remarkably well with the MERRA‐2 reanalysis. In CMIP5/6 future simulations, most ARDTs project a global increase in AR frequency, counts, and sizes, especially along the western coastlines of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. We find that the choice of ARDT is the dominant contributor to the uncertainty in projected AR frequency when compared with model choice. These results imply that new projects investigating future changes in ARs should explicitly consider ARDT uncertainty as a core part of the experimental design. Plain Language Summary: Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are a type of weather pattern known to be important for moving water from the warm, moist tropics to the cool, dry polar regions; when they reach midlatitudes in the winter time, they are commonly associated with heavy precipitation. Recent studies that assess the impacts of global climate change on ARs tend to agree that there will be more ARs in a warmer climate, and that ARs will tend to be more extreme. However, it has been increasingly recognized by the AR research community that these results may depend on the method used to identify ARs and the choice of climate model. This study reports results from a controlled experiment, involving an international research community, that aims to show how different AR identification methods and climate models might impact our scientific understanding of ARs in the future. Results show that there will likely be more ARs in the future, and that ARs will generally have a larger spatial footprint. This experiment also shows that uncertainty in these results are large, with the uncertainty from AR identification methods outweighing that of climate models. Future efforts to better understand the physics of ARs may help us reduce this uncertainty. Key Points: Uncertainty associated with atmospheric river (AR) definition dominates model uncertainty for projections of Pacific and Atlantic landfalling ARsMost AR detection algorithms show an increase in AR frequency in future simulationsAR statistics in CMIP 5‐and‐6 models compare remarkably well with reanalysis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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18. Identification of Human-Induced Changes in Atmospheric Moisture Content
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Santer, B. D., Mears, C., Wentz, F. J., Taylor, K. E., Gleckler, P. J., Wigley, T. M. L., Barnett, T. P., Boyle, J. S., Brüggemann, W., Gillett, N. P., Klein, S. A., Meehl, G. A., Nozawa, T., Pierce, D. W., Stott, P. A., Washington, W. M., and Wehner, M. F.
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- 2007
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19. Forced and Unforced Ocean Temperature Changes in Atlantic and Pacific Tropical Cyclogenesis Regions
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Santer, B. D., Wigley, T. M. L., Gleckler, P. J., Bonfils, C., Wehner, M. F., AchutaRao, K., Barnett, T. P., Boyle, J. S., Brüggemann, W., Fiorino, M., Gillett, N., Hansen, J. E., Jones, P. D., Klein, S. A., Meehl, G. A., Raper, S. C. B., Reynolds, R. W., Taylor, K. E., and Washington, W. M.
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- 2006
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20. High-resolution simulations of global climate, part 1: present climate
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Duffy, P. B., Govindasamy, B., Iorio, J. P., Milovich, J., Sperber, K. R., Taylor, K. E., Wehner, M. F., and Thompson, S. L.
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- 2003
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21. A method to aid in the determination of the sampling size of AGCM ensemble simulations
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Wehner, M. F.
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- 2000
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22. Forecasted attribution of the human influence on Hurricane Florence
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Reed, K. A., primary, Stansfield, A. M., additional, Wehner, M. F., additional, and Zarzycki, C. M., additional
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- 2020
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23. Intercomparison of Climate Data Sets as a Measure of Observational Uncertainty
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Covey, C, primary, Achuta Rao, K M, additional, Fiorino, M, additional, Gleckler, P J, additional, Taylor, K E, additional, and Wehner, M F, additional
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- 2002
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24. A new integral equation for the radial distribution function of a hard sphere fluid
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Wehner, M. F. and Wolfer, W. G.
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- 1986
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25. The pressure of a hard sphere fluid on a curved surface
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Wehner, M. F. and Wolfer, W. G.
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- 1986
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26. Impact of the dynamical core on the direct simulation of tropical cyclones in a high‐resolution global model
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Reed, K. A., primary, Bacmeister, J. T., additional, Rosenbloom, N. A., additional, Wehner, M. F., additional, Bates, S. C., additional, Lauritzen, P. H., additional, Truesdale, J. E., additional, and Hannay, C., additional
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- 2015
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27. Impacts of climate extremes on gross primary production under global warming
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Williams, I N, primary, Torn, M S, additional, Riley, W J, additional, and Wehner, M F, additional
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- 2014
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28. Inaugural Article: Identifying human influences on atmospheric temperature
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Solomon, Susan, Santer, B. D., Painter, J. F., Mears, Carl A., Doutriaux, Charles, Caldwell, P., Arblaster, J. M., Cameron-Smith, P., Gillett, Nathan P., Gleckler, Peter J., Lanzante, J., Perlwitz, J., Stott, P. A., Taylor, K. E., Terray, L., Thorne, P. W., Wehner, M. F., Wentz, F. J., Wigley, T. M. L., Wilcox, L. J., Zou, C.-Z., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Solomon, Susan, Santer, B. D., Painter, J. F., Mears, Carl A., Doutriaux, Charles, Caldwell, P., Arblaster, J. M., Cameron-Smith, P., Gillett, Nathan P., Gleckler, Peter J., Lanzante, J., Perlwitz, J., Stott, P. A., Taylor, K. E., Terray, L., Thorne, P. W., Wehner, M. F., Wentz, F. J., Wigley, T. M. L., Wilcox, L. J., and Zou, C.-Z.
- Abstract
We perform a multimodel detection and attribution study with climate model simulation output and satellite-based measurements of tropospheric and stratospheric temperature change. We use simulation output from 20 climate models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. This multimodel archive provides estimates of the signal pattern in response to combined anthropogenic and natural external forcing (the fingerprint) and the noise of internally generated variability. Using these estimates, we calculate signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios to quantify the strength of the fingerprint in the observations relative to fingerprint strength in natural climate noise. For changes in lower stratospheric temperature between 1979 and 2011, S/N ratios vary from 26 to 36, depending on the choice of observational dataset. In the lower troposphere, the fingerprint strength in observations is smaller, but S/N ratios are still significant at the 1% level or better, and range from three to eight. We find no evidence that these ratios are spuriously inflated by model variability errors. After removing all global mean signals, model fingerprints remain identifiable in 70% of the tests involving tropospheric temperature changes. Despite such agreement in the large-scale features of model and observed geographical patterns of atmospheric temperature change, most models do not replicate the size of the observed changes. On average, the models analyzed underestimate the observed cooling of the lower stratosphere and overestimate the warming of the troposphere. Although the precise causes of such differences are unclear, model biases in lower stratospheric temperature trends are likely to be reduced by more realistic treatment of stratospheric ozone depletion and volcanic aerosol forcing., United States. Dept. of Energy (Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344)
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- 2013
29. Separating signal and noise in atmospheric temperature changes: The importance of timescale
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Santer, B. D., primary, Mears, C., additional, Doutriaux, C., additional, Caldwell, P., additional, Gleckler, P. J., additional, Wigley, T. M. L., additional, Solomon, S., additional, Gillett, N. P., additional, Ivanova, D., additional, Karl, T. R., additional, Lanzante, J. R., additional, Meehl, G. A., additional, Stott, P. A., additional, Taylor, K. E., additional, Thorne, P. W., additional, Wehner, M. F., additional, and Wentz, F. J., additional
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- 2011
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30. Application of statistical mechanics methodology to term-structure bond-pricing models
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Lester Ingber, Wehner, M. F., Jabbour, G. M., and Barnhill, T. M.
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- 1991
31. Detection of volcanic influence on global precipitation
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Gillett, N. P., primary, Weaver, A. J., additional, Zwiers, F. W., additional, and Wehner, M. F., additional
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- 2004
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32. Response to Comment on "Contributions of Anthropogenic and Natural Forcing to Recent Tropopause Height Changes"
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Santer, B. D., primary, Wehner, M. F., additional, Wigley, T. M. L., additional, Sausen, R., additional, Meehl, G. A., additional, Taylor, K. E., additional, Ammann, C., additional, Arblaster, J., additional, Washington, W. M., additional, Boyle, J. S., additional, and Brüggemann, W., additional
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- 2004
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33. Numerical simulation of Richtmyer–Meshkov instabilities
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Cloutman, L. D., primary and Wehner, M. F., additional
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- 1992
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34. Testing the linearity of the response to combined greenhouse gas and sulfate aerosol forcing.
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Gillett, N. P., Wehner, M. F., Tett, S. F. B., and Weaver, A. J.
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- 2004
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35. The Attribution of February Extremes over North America: A Forecast-Based Storyline Study.
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Lee, Donghyun, Sparrow, Sarah, Leach, Nicholas, Osprey, Scott, Lee, Jinah, and Allen, Myles
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ANTHROPOGENIC effects on nature ,LEAD time (Supply chain management) ,HEAT waves (Meteorology) ,ATMOSPHERIC models ,SURFACE temperature - Abstract
The importance of extreme event attribution rises as climate change causes severe damage to populations resulting from unprecedented events. In February 2019, a planetary wave shifted along the U.S.–Canadian border, simultaneously leading to troughing with anomalous cold events and ridging over Alaska and northern Canada with abnormal warm events. Also, a dry-stabilized anticyclonic circulation over low latitudes induced warm extreme events over Mexico and Florida. Most attribution studies compare the climate model simulations under natural or actual forcing conditions and assess probabilistically from a climatological point of view. However, in this study, we use multiple ensembles from an operational forecast model, promising statistical as well as dynamically constrained attribution assessment, often referred to as the storyline approach to extreme event attribution. In the globally averaged results, increasing CO2 concentrations lead to distinct warming signals at the surface, resulting mainly from diabatic heating. Our study finds that CO2-induced warming eventually affects the possibility of extreme events in North America, quantifying the impact of anthropogenic forcing over less than a week's forecast simulation. Our study assesses the validity of the storyline approach conditional on the forecast lead times, which is hindered by rising noise in CO2 signals and the declining performance of the forecast model. The forecast-based storyline approach is valid for at least half of the land area within a 6-day lead time before the target extreme occurrence. Our attribution results highlight the importance of achieving net-zero emissions ahead of schedule to reduce the occurrence of severe heatwaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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36. Changes in Four Decades of Near‐CONUS Tropical Cyclones in an Ensemble of 12 km Thermodynamic Global Warming Simulations.
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Zarzycki, Colin M., Zhang, Tyrone, Jones, Andrew D., Rastogi, Deeksha, Vahmani, Pouya, and Ullrich, Paul A.
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EXTREME weather ,CLIMATE extremes ,WEATHER ,ATMOSPHERIC models ,GLOBAL warming ,TROPICAL cyclones - Abstract
We evaluate tropical cyclones (TCs) in a set of thermodynamic global warming (TGW) simulations over the continental United States (CONUS). A 12 km simulation forced by ERA5 provides a 40‐year historical (1980–2019) control. Four complimentary future scenarios are generated using thermodynamic deltas applied to lateral boundary, interior, and surface forcing. We curate a data set of 4,498 6‐hourly TC snapshots in the control and find a corresponding "twin" in each counterfactual, permitting a paired comparison. Warming results in an increase in mean dynamical TC intensity and moisture‐related quantities, with the latter being more pronounced. TC inner cores contract slightly but outer storm size remains unchanged. The frequency with which TCs become more intense is only moderately consistent, with snapshots having increased hazards ranging from 50% to 80% depending on warming level. The fractions of TCs undergoing rapid intensification and weakening both increase across all warming simulations, suggesting elevated short‐term intensity variability. Plain Language Summary: We examined how tropical cyclones (TCs) near the United States might change due to warmer climates. First, we recreated past weather conditions from 1980 to 2019 using a specialized climate model. Then, we predicted future changes in the same meteorology by modifying the model to include warmer temperatures and running four additional simulations. We tracked and analyzed over 4,000 instances of TCs from the past 40 years, ensuring that these TCs were all matched between all five simulations, and evaluated their changes under future warming conditions. Our findings suggest that TCs will become stronger on average as the world warms, with the most notable increases in TC moisture. Not every TC in our study becomes more intense with warming, however, highlighting the complexity of understanding how extreme weather will change in the future. We found that the chances of a TC rapidly intensifying or suddenly weakening both rise with higher levels of warming. These trends could complicate predictions of TC intensity in the future, presenting additional challenges for forecasting and preparation. Key Points: Thermodynamic global warming simulations provide a unique large‐sample size view into paired counterfactual tropical cyclones12 km simulations indicate future near‐United States cyclones will, on average, be wetter, slightly more intense, but similarly sizedPeriods of rapid intensification and weakening indicate increased tropical cyclone intensity variability in warmer climates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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37. A study on the governance pathways of the Law of the Sea in response to climate change.
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Wanping Zeng and Guihua Wang
- Subjects
UNITED Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) ,CLIMATE change adaptation ,MARINE resources conservation ,LAW of the sea ,MARITIME boundaries - Abstract
The legal systems for ocean governance and climate change governance are based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, respectively. However, due to differences in their negotiation backgrounds, legal scope, goals, and tasks, there is a lack of interaction between the two at the legal system level. The ocean plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate system, yet its value is often underestimated in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The aim of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in addressing climate change. Specifically, we will examine the Convention's ability to mitigate and adapt to climate change, and identify areas where it falls short, such as inadequate regulation of sea level rise, ocean acidification, and ocean fertilization. Based on this, proposals for governance paths from the perspective of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea include developing the Agreement relating to the climate change and ocean governance and reinterpreting the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in accordance with the Paris Agreement. The content should be adapted more flexibly to current climate change challenges, and provisions related to sea level rise and maritime boundaries should be reinterpreted to fill legal gaps. In addition, it is important to establish coordinated regulatory rules and framework agreements to address the issues of ocean fertilization and ocean acidification. Finally, to remedy the shortcomings in proving causation, scientific theories and due diligence obligations should be attributed. Through these measures, effective ocean law governance paths that address climate change can be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Increased projected changes in quasi-resonant amplification and persistent summer weather extremes in the latest multimodel climate projections.
- Author
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Guimarães, Sullyandro O., Mann, Michael E., Rahmstorf, Stefan, Petri, Stefan, Steinman, Byron A., Brouillette, Daniel J., Christiansen, Shannon, and Li, Xueke
- Subjects
EXTREME weather ,ATMOSPHERIC models ,CLIMATE sensitivity ,ATMOSPHERIC waves ,ROSSBY waves - Abstract
High-amplitude quasi-stationary atmospheric Rossby waves with zonal wave numbers 6–8 associated with the phenomenon of quasi-resonant amplification (QRA) have been linked to persistent summer extreme weather events in the Northern Hemisphere. QRA is not well-resolved in current generation climate models, therefore, necessitating an alternative approach to assessing their behavior. Using a previously-developed fingerprint-based semi-empirical approach, we project future occurrence of QRA events based on a QRA index derived from the zonally averaged surface temperature field, comparing results from CMIP 5 and 6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project). There is a general agreement among models, with most simulations projecting substantial increase in QRA index. Larger increases are found among CMIP6-SSP5-8.5 (42 models, 46 realizations), with 85% of models displaying a positive trend, as compared with 60% of CMIP5-RCP8.5 (33 models, 75 realizations), with a reduced spread among CMIP6-SSP5-8.5 models. CMIP6-SSP3-7.0 (23 models, 26 realizations) simulations display qualitatively similar behavior to CMIP6-SSP5-8.5, indicating a substantial increase in QRA events under business-as-usual emissions scenarios, and the results hold regardless of the increase in climate sensitivity in CMIP6. Projected aerosol reductions in CMIP6-SSP3-7.0-lowNTCF (5 models, 16 realizations) lead to halting effect in QRA index and Arctic Amplification during the 1st half of the twenty-first century. Our analysis suggests that anthropogenic warming will likely lead to an even more substantial increase in QRA events (and associated summer weather extremes) than indicated by past analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Spatiotemporal Facility‐Level Patterns of Summer Heat Exposure, Vulnerability, and Risk in United States Prison Landscapes.
- Author
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Ovienmhada, Ufuoma, Hines‐Shanks, Mia, Krisch, Michael, Diongue, Ahmed T., Minchew, Brent, and Wood, Danielle R.
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GEOSPATIAL data ,ENVIRONMENTAL justice ,DEMOGRAPHIC characteristics ,PRISON population ,ATMOSPHERIC temperature - Abstract
Heat is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. People who are incarcerated are especially vulnerable to heat exposure due to demographic characteristics and their conditions of confinement. Evaluating heat exposure in prisons, and the characteristics of exposed populations and prisons, can elucidate prison‐level risk to heat exposure. We leveraged a high‐resolution air temperature data set to evaluate short and long‐term patterns of heat metrics for 1,614 prisons in the United States from 1990 to 2023. We found that the most heat‐exposed facilities and states were mostly in the Southwestern United States, while the prisons with the highest temperature anomalies from the historical record were in the Pacific Northwest, the Northeast, Texas, and parts of the Midwest. Prisons in the Pacific Northwest, the Northeast, and upper Midwest had the highest occurrences of days associated with an increased risk of heat‐related mortality. We also estimated differences in heat exposure at prisons by facility and individual‐level characteristics. We found higher proportions of non‐white and Hispanic populations in the prisons with higher heat exposure. Lastly, we found that heat exposure was higher in prisons with any of nine facility‐level characteristics that may modify risk to heat. This study brings together distinct measures of exposure, vulnerability, and risk, which would each inform unique strategies for heat‐interventions. Community leaders and policymakers should carefully consider which measures they want to apply, and include the voices of directly impacted people, as the differing metrics and perspectives will have implications for who is included in fights for environmental justice. Plain Language Summary: Heat is a direct and increasing threat to human health. People in prison are especially vulnerable to heat as an increasingly older and disabled population with limited agency over their conditions of confinement, healthcare, or access to resources to decrease heat exposure. We use an air temperature data set to measure short and long‐term patterns of various heat metrics for 1,614 prisons in the United States from 1990 to 2023. We find that the patterns of highs and lows greatly differ based on the metric of choice. We also estimated differences in heat exposure at prisons by facility and individual‐level characteristics. We found higher proportions of non‐white and Hispanic populations in prisons with higher heat exposure. We also found higher temperatures are in prisons that have characteristics that can modify exposure or vulnerability to increase overall risk. Distinct measures of exposure, vulnerability, and risk can each inform unique strategies for heat‐interventions in United States prisons. Community leaders and policymakers should carefully consider which measures they want to apply, and include the voices of directly impacted people, as the differing metrics and perspectives will have implications for which populations and prisons are included in efforts to reduce heat risk. Key Points: Prisons, incarcerated populations, and staff are exposed to heat and changing climates as measured through a variety of metricsHigher temperatures are found in prison landscapes that have characteristics that can modify exposure or vulnerability, increasing overall riskDistinct measures of exposure, vulnerability, and risk, can each inform unique strategies for heat‐interventions in US prisons [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Variations in Rainfall Structure of Western North Pacific Landfalling Tropical Cyclones in the Warming Climates.
- Author
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Tran, Thao Linh, Ritchie, Elizabeth A., Perkins‐Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Bui, Hai, and Luong, Thang M.
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RAINFALL ,GLOBAL warming ,TROPICAL cyclones ,CLIMATE change models ,LANDFALL ,WATER vapor - Abstract
Observations and climate projections suggest a larger increase in tropical cyclone (TC)‐induced rainfall than that can be explained by the Clausius‐Clapeyron relationship of 7% increase in vapor content for each 1°C degree rise in temperature. However, these studies using diverse data sources and methods over various periods show inconsistencies regarding the location of this increase ‐ whether in the TC inner core or outer regions ‐ and offer differing explanations for the reported trends. This study uses the Pseudo‐global warming methodology on simulations of 117 western North Pacific TCs making landfall in Southeast Asia to investigate changes in TC rainfall structure by the end of the century under the SSP2‐4.5 and SSP3‐7.0 scenarios. Specifically, it tests the sensitivity of changing trends to various analysis methods used in previous studies and identifies the underlying physical mechanisms driving these changes. The findings indicate an amplified increase in rainfall in the TC inner core across all future scenarios, along with potentially decreased rainfall in the outer region under certain future climate conditions. Among TC categories, Supertyphoons exhibit the most significant increased rainfall across future states. Changes in TC primary and secondary circulations, TC structure, and the convergence of heat and moisture are the main factors shaping future rainfall patterns, outweighing the effects of changes in atmospheric and convective stability. Plain Language Summary: Tropical cyclone (TC)‐related rainfall is increasing with global warming. Typically, a 1°C increase in temperature leads to about a 7% increase in the atmosphere's water vapor holding capacity. However, the rise in TC rainfall outpaces this rate. Observations indicate this enhanced increase occurs in the TC outer region due to greater environmental moisture. Contrarily, modeling future projections suggest this concentrates in the inner core due to intensified TCs. This study analyzes a large data set of 819 simulations from 117 TCs making landfall in Southeast Asia to capture changes in future rainfall patterns under two contemporary climate change scenarios. Our findings reveal that the enhanced increase occurs in the TC inner core in all future states, while rainfall in the outer region decreases under specific climate conditions. Supertyphoons generate the heaviest rainfall, with minimal variations observed across climate scenarios. Variations of all dynamic and thermodynamic factors closely tied to TC rainfall are investigated to provide a comprehensive picture of the physics behind the changes. The interplay between TC dynamics (e.g., primary and secondary circulations), TC structure, and thermodynamic conditions (e.g., convergence of moisture, and temperatures), plays a critical role in the changing behaviors of TC rainfall. Key Points: Rainfall increases in the cyclone's inner core across all future states but decreases in the outer region under specific statesVariations in cyclone circulations, structure, convergence of moisture and heat in future climates drive rainfall changing patternsSupertyphoons cause the heaviest rainfall compared to other categories, with slight variations noted across climate conditions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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41. Unraveling the Impacts: How Extreme Weather Events Disrupt Wood Product Markets.
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Johnston, Craig M. T., Henderson, Jesse D., Guo, Jinggang, Prestemon, Jeffrey P., and Costanza, Jennifer
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EXTREME weather ,WIND damage ,MONTE Carlo method ,WOOD products ,FOREST products - Abstract
While extreme weather events are often localized, the potential effects on global forests can be far reaching due to the interconnected nature of forest product markets. To better understand these dynamics, this study leverages historical forest‐based wind damage data in the United States and applies this information as shocks within a global forest sector outlook model. A large, localized wind event modeled as a shock to the US South creates a one‐time increase of 18.7 million m3 from salvage harvest operations, equal to over 4% of national harvest. This crowds out traditional harvest activities, leading to downward pressure on prices in the short run, followed by a persistent effect that could take approximately 25 years to dissipate from markets. Average annual wind damage contributes downward pressure on roundwood prices between 1% and 4% in the United States, and this effect is distributed to other countries. The findings suggest that large, localized shocks reverberate across regions and wood product markets due to their interconnected supply chains and trade patterns, and these impacts have important temporal dynamics. Another key result is that the magnitude of these effects are offset by endogenous market reactions in other markets. In other words, unaffected regions change their harvesting patterns in order to compensate for changes in the availability of fiber, shedding light on the importance of capturing global channels as large shocks materialize in changes in market dynamics internationally. Monte Carlo simulations suggest a wide confidence band on salvage harvest rates and prices. Plain Language Summary: Extreme weather events can have significant impacts on global forests despite being localized, thanks to the interconnected nature of forest product markets. This study investigates this relationship by analyzing historical wind damage data from US forests. It finds that a major wind event in the US South led to a substantial increase in salvage harvest, equivalent to over 4% of the national harvest. This surge in harvest disrupted traditional activities, causing short‐term price drops and long‐lasting effects over about 25 years due to tree loss. Wind damage annually contributes to 1%–4% price decreases in US roundwood, affecting other countries too. The study emphasizes how such shocks ripple across regions and markets due to intertwined supply chains and trade patterns. It also highlights how unaffected regions adapt their harvesting to balance fiber availability, underscoring the importance of understanding global dynamics. Monte Carlo simulations reveal wide confidence bands on salvage harvest rates and prices, underlining the uncertainty surrounding these estimates. Key Points: Extreme weather events, while localized, but can have far reaching consequences on forests due to the interconnected wood product marketsThe effect of extreme weather events on wood product markets is mitigated through endogenous market reactions in other regions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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42. Cyclone Gabrielle as a Design Storm for Northeastern Aotearoa New Zealand Under Anthropogenic Warming.
- Author
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Stone, Dáithí A., Noble, Christopher J., Bodeker, Greg E., Dean, Sam M., Harrington, Luke J., Rosier, Suzanne M., Rye, Graham D., and Tradowsky, Jordis S.
- Subjects
RAINSTORMS ,STORMS ,WEATHER forecasting ,TROPICAL cyclones ,RAINFALL - Abstract
Cyclone Gabrielle passed along the northern coast of Aotearoa New Zealand in February 2023, producing historic rainfall accumulations and impacts. Gabrielle was an ex‐tropical cyclone that stalled and re‐energised off the north coast, resembling descriptions of worst case scenarios for the northeast of the country. Here we report on a comparison of the actual forecast of the storm against forecasts under conditions representative of a climate without anthropogenic interference and of a climate +2.0°C warmer than pre‐industrial (about 1.0°C cooler and warmer than present respectively). We find that regional total rainfall accumulations from a Gabrielle‐like storm are about 10% higher because of the historical anthropogenic warming, and will increase by a larger amount under similar future warming. These differences are driven by a 20% (relative to a non‐anthropogenic world) to 30% (relative to a +2.0°C world) rise in peak rainfall rates, which in turn is mainly driven by a more temporally concentrated column‐integrated moisture flux. The forecast model generates the larger increase for the +2.0°C world through greater precipitation efficiency, reflecting the importance of unresolved precipitation processes in the climate change response of rainfall extremes. Plain Language Summary: Tropical Cyclone Gabrielle formed in the Coral Sea in February 2023, then moved southeast and passed along the northern coast of Aotearoa New Zealand as an ex‐tropical cyclone. The storm's rainfall produced one of the worst natural disasters in the country's history. We compare the weather forecast of the storm against forecasts in which past anthropogenic warming is removed and in which future warming is added. We find that the storm would have dumped about 10% less total rainfall and 20% less peak hourly rainfall without human interference. A similar future amount of warming will result in a comparable total increase in storm rainfall but with about a 30% increase in the peak hourly rate. Key Points: Cyclone Gabrielle delivered large amounts of rain to northeastern Aotearoa New Zealand in February 2023Anthropogenic warming increases the total amount of rain delivered by a Gabrielle‐like storm by about 10%/°CAnthropogenic warming increases the peak amount of rain delivered by a Gabrielle‐like storm by about 20%–30%/°C [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. On the Tropical Cyclone Integrated Kinetic Energy Balance.
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Avenas, A., Mouche, A., Knaff, J., Carton, X., and Chapron, B.
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SYNTHETIC aperture radar ,STORMS ,KINETIC energy ,WIND measurement ,TROPICAL climate ,TROPICAL cyclones - Abstract
Current global historical reanalyzes prevent to adequately examine the role of the near‐core surface wind structural properties on tropical cyclones climate trends. Here we provide theoretical and observational evidences that they are crucial for the monitoring of integrated kinetic energy. The kinetic energy balance is reduced to a simple rule involving two parameters characterizing the surface wind structure and directly suggested by the governing equations. The theory is uniquely verified with a database of high‐resolution ocean surface winds estimated from all‐weather spaceborne synthetic aperture radar. Such measurements provide indirect estimates of a multiplicative constant modulating the kinetic energy balance and associated with the system thermodynamics. Consequently, accumulated high‐resolution acquisitions of the ocean surface shall allow to better monitor the integrated kinetic energy and provide new means to tackle climatological studies of tropical cyclones destructiveness. Plain Language Summary: Studying the long‐term climate trends of tropical cyclones is challenging because the historical data is not always reliable. One particular issue concerns the accurate reporting of surface wind properties near the core of these storms in past and present records. This study uses both theory and high‐resolution surface wind observations from satellite radar to highlight the importance of investigating these properties, specifically for monitoring the total energy, which is a measure of a storm destructive potential. Two spatial scales describing the tropical cyclone wind structure are identified and may be efficiently measured thanks to the high‐resolution sensor. The storm energy equilibrium is shown to be controlled by these two spatial scales, in both theory and observations. This equilibrium is also influenced by the temperature characteristics of a storm, which are themselves modulated by environmental and climatological conditions. Consequently, future high‐resolution observations from the satellite radar should help better understanding the dependence of integrated kinetic energy with space and time. Key Points: High‐resolution spaceborne synthetic aperture radar measurements inform on the tropical cyclone kinetic energy balanceThe tropical cyclone integrated kinetic energy balance is controlled by the surface wind decay and thermodynamical characteristicsAccumulating high‐resolution surface wind measurements shall allow to better assess trends in the tropical cyclone destructive potential [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Short-term effects of an unprecedented heatwave on intertidal bivalve populations: fisheries management surveys provide an incomplete picture.
- Author
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Raymond, Wendel W., Tobin, Elizabeth D., Barber, Julie S., Hayford, Hilary A., Raymond, Ann E. T., Speck, Camille A., Rogers, Doug, and Brown, Rana
- Subjects
HEAT waves (Meteorology) ,FISHERY management ,OYSTER populations ,BIVALVES ,INTERTIDAL organisms ,TIDAL flats ,INTERTIDAL zonation - Abstract
Introduction: Coastal marine ecosystems, are particularly susceptible to climate change. One such threat is atmospheric heatwaves, which are predicted to increase in frequency, duration, and intensity. Many intertidal organisms already live at the edge of their thermal tolerance limits and heatwaves can outstretch an organism's ability to compensate in the short term. In June 2021 the Pacific Northwest region of North America, including the Salish Sea, experienced a significant atmospheric heatwave during some of the lowest tides of the year. This was followed by numerous reports of dead and dying intertidal marine organisms region-wide. A semi-quantitative rapid assessment found a range of both species- and location-specific effects but generally recorded widespread negative impacts to intertidal shellfish species across the Salish Sea. Methods: Following these results, we opportunistically analyzed data collected by intertidal bivalve resource managers from the region. These datasets allowed us to examine regional density and size data for clam and oyster populations before and after the heatwave to increase our quantitative understanding of heatwave effects. Results: We found a range of responses including positive and negative effects of the heatwave on clam and oyster density. While we generally found small changes in bivalve size, some site-species combinations displayed large shifts in size frequency. Many of our analyses did not indicate even moderate statistical support, even with large changes in the mean, driven in part by high variability in the data. Time intervals between surveys, ranging from 2 to over 25 months, had little effect on observed variability indicating that any heatwave-induced effects may be masked by variability inherent to the population ecology and/or survey methodology. Discussion: This analysis has highlighted the need for intertidal resource managers, and the greater research community, to consider alternative survey approaches designed to constrain variability in order to detect the effects of acute or extreme events. With the effects of climate change predicted to become more intense, targeted survey approaches may be needed to detect the effects and implications of such events and to continue effective management of intertidal bivalves in the Salish Sea and worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Evaluation of total column water vapour products from satellite observations and reanalyses within the GEWEX Water Vapor Assessment.
- Author
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Trent, Tim, Schröder, Marc, Ho, Shu-Peng, Beirle, Steffen, Bennartz, Ralf, Borbas, Eva, Borger, Christian, Brogniez, Helene, Calbet, Xavier, Castelli, Elisa, Compo, Gilbert P., Ebisuzaki, Wesley, Falk, Ulrike, Fell, Frank, Forsythe, John, Hersbach, Hans, Kachi, Misako, Kobayashi, Shinya, Kursinski, Robert E., and Loyola, Diego
- Subjects
WATER vapor ,WATER quality ,OCEAN temperature ,ATMOSPHERIC temperature ,HYDROLOGIC cycle - Abstract
Since 2011, the Global Energy and Water cycle Exchanges (GEWEX) Water Vapor Assessment (G-VAP) has provided performance analyses for state-of-the-art reanalysis and satellite water vapour products to the GEWEX Data and Analysis Panel (GDAP) and the user community in general. A significant component of the work undertaken by G-VAP is to characterise the quality and uncertainty of these water vapour records to (i) ensure full exploitation and (ii) avoid incorrect use or interpretation of results. This study presents results from the second phase of G-VAP, where we have extended and expanded our analysis of total column water vapour (TCWV) from phase 1, in conjunction with updating the G-VAP archive. For version 2 of the archive, we consider 28 freely available and mature satellite and reanalysis data products, remapped to a regular longitude–latitude grid of 2° × 2° and on monthly time steps between January 1979 and December 2019. We first analysed all records for a "common" short period of 5 years (2005–2009), focusing on variability (spatial and seasonal) and deviation from the ensemble mean. We observed that clear-sky daytime-only satellite products were generally drier than the ensemble mean, and seasonal variability/disparity in several regions up to 12 kg m -2 related to original spatial resolution and temporal sampling. For 11 of the 28 data records, further analysis was undertaken between 1988–2014. Within this "long period", key results show (i) trends between - 1.18 ± 0.68 to 3.82 ± 3.94 kg m -2 per decade and - 0.39 ± 0.27 to 1.24 ± 0.85 kg m -2 per decade were found over ice-free global oceans and land surfaces, respectively, and (ii) regression coefficients of TCWV against surface temperatures of 6.17 ± 0.24 to 27.02 ± 0.51 % K -1 over oceans (using sea surface temperature) and 3.00 ± 0.17 to 7.77 ± 0.16 % K -1 over land (using surface air temperature). It is important to note that trends estimated within G-VAP are used to identify issues in the data records rather than analyse climate change. Additionally, breakpoints have been identified and characterised for both land and ocean surfaces within this period. Finally, we present a spatial analysis of correlations to six climate indices within the long period, highlighting regional areas of significant positive and negative correlation and the level of agreement among records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Changed Seasonality and Forcings of Peak Annual Flows in Ephemeral Channels at Flagstaff, Northern Arizona, USA.
- Author
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Schiefer, Erik and Schenk, Edward
- Subjects
CONIFEROUS forests ,TROPICAL dry forests ,VOLCANIC fields ,CLIMATE change ,FISHER exact test ,WILDFIRES - Abstract
Flood variability associated with urbanization, ecological change, and climatic change is of increasing economic and social concern in and around Flagstaff, Arizona, where flood hydrology is influenced by a biannual precipitation regime and the relatively unique geologic setting at the edge of the San Francisco Volcanic Field on the southern edge of the Colorado Plateau. There has been limited long-term gauging of the ephemeral channels draining the developed lands and dry coniferous forests of the region, resulting in a spaciotemporal gap in observation-based assessments of large-scale flooding patterns. We present new data from over 10 years of flood monitoring using a crest stage gauge network, combined with other channel monitoring records from multiple agency sources, to assess inter-decadal patterns of flood change in the area, with a specific emphasis on examining how various controls and disturbances have altered the character and seasonality of peak annual flows. Methods of analysis included the following: using Fisher's Exact Test to compare the seasonality of flooding between historic data spanning the 1970s and contemporary data obtained since 2010; summarizing GIS-based spatial data and meteorological timeseries to characterize study catchment conditions and changes between flood study periods; and relating spatiotemporal patterns of flood seasonality and occurrences of notably large floods with catchment characteristics and environmental changes. Our results show systematic patterns and changes in Flagstaff-area flood regimes that relate to geologic and topographic controls of the varied catchment systems, and in response to records of climate variations and local catchment disturbances, including urbanization and, especially, high-severity wildfire. For most catchments there has been a shift from predominantly late winter to spring snowmelt floods, or mixed seasonal flood regimes, towards monsoon-dominated flooding, patterns which may relate to observed local warming and precipitation changes. Post-wildfire flooding has produced extreme flood discharges which have likely exceeded historical estimates of flood magnitude over decade-long monitoring periods by one to two orders of magnitude. We advocate for continued monitoring and the expansion of local stream gauge networks to enable seasonal, magnitude-frequency trend analyses, improved climate and environmental change attribution, and to better inform the many planned and ongoing flood mitigation projects being undertaken in the increasingly developed Flagstaff region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. 2021 Heatwave Over Western North America: Structural Uncertainty and Internal Variability in GCM Projections of Humidex and Temperature Extremes.
- Author
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Jeong, Dae Il, Yu, Bin, and Cannon, Alex J.
- Subjects
CLIMATE change models ,GREENHOUSE gases ,ATMOSPHERIC temperature ,ATMOSPHERIC models ,HEAT waves (Meteorology) - Abstract
The 2021 heatwave over Western North America (WNA) led to record‐breaking air temperatures and human‐perceived heat stress (humidex) values. The event was accompanied by drier conditions driven by prolonged atmospheric blocking. During the heatwave, the maximum 6‐day means of humidex and temperature (HX‐6 and TX‐6) exhibited larger anomalies (6.70 and 5.57°C) compared to the 95th percentiles (HX95 and TX95) (4.12 and 3.73°C), relative to 1981–2021 extended summer (June‐September) averages. Extreme indices of humidex show faster and larger increases than those of temperature, reflecting the nonlinear positive relationship between humidex and temperature. Future projections from a multi‐model ensemble of 19 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase six (CMIP6) Global Climate Models (GCMs) clearly show an increase in humidex and temperature extremes, especially under intermediate and high emissions scenarios. Humidex indices (HX‐6 and HX95) show faster and larger increases than temperature indices (TX‐6 and TX95) for the same future years and global warming levels. Controlling for differences in GCM climate sensitivity to greenhouse gas forcing yields robust projections at various global warming levels, reducing the ranges of projected changes from the multi‐model ensemble. At 3.0°C global warming from pre‐industrial, the multi‐model ensemble projects occurrences of HX‐6, TX‐6, HX95, and TX95 over WNA that exceed 2021 levels to occur every 3.9, 1.7, 1.4, and 2.2 years, respectively, increasing to almost annually at 4.0°C. Plain Language Summary: In 2021 summer, Western North America (WNA) experienced an unprecedented heatwave, breaking air temperature and human‐perceived heat stress (humidex) records despite lower humidity due to prolonged atmospheric blocking. During the heatwave, consecutive 6‐day means of heat stress (HX‐6) and temperature (TX‐6) showed larger anomalies (6.70 and 5.57°C) compared to the 95th percentiles (HX95 and TX95) (4.12 and 3.73°C) over the region, relative to their averages over the 1981–2010 summer period (June‐September). Heat stress increased faster and more significantly than air temperature due to their nonlinear relationship. Future projections from 19 climate models reveal clear increases in heat stress and temperature, especially under intermediate and high emission scenarios. Heat stress indices show larger and faster increases than temperature indices at the same future years and global warming levels. Accounting for uncertainty related to climate model sensitivity enhances projection reliability. At 3.0°C global warming from pre‐industrial levels, 2021‐level events over WNA are projected to occur every few years, becoming an almost annual occurrence at 4.0°C. The study underscores the critical need for robust projections using multi‐model ensembles. Key Points: Unprecedented 2021 summer heatwave over Western North America resulted in record‐breaking humidex and air temperature extremesLarger increases in humidex than temperature, exceeding their 2021 levels, under intermediate and high emissions scenariosRobust projections of multi‐model ensemble, mitigating climate sensitivity uncertainty of GCMs response to greenhouse gas emissions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Variation of rainfall features across the Plain of Reeds under the impacts of climate change.
- Author
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T. Duong, Phung
- Subjects
CLIMATE change ,PLAINS ,RAINFALL ,AGRICULTURE - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2024
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49. Observability of moisture transport divergence in Arctic atmospheric rivers by dropsondes.
- Author
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Dorff, Henning, Konow, Heike, Schemann, Vera, and Ament, Felix
- Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC rivers ,DIVERGENCE (Meteorology) ,FLIGHT planning (Aeronautics) ,SEA ice ,RESEARCH aircraft - Abstract
This study emulates dropsondes to elucidate the extent to which sporadic airborne sondes adequately represent divergence of moisture transport in Arctic atmospheric rivers (ARs). The convergence of vertically integrated moisture transport (IVT) plays a crucial role as it favours precipitation that significantly affects Arctic sea ice properties. Long-range research aircraft can transect ARs and drop sondes to determine their IVT divergence. In order to assess the representativeness of future sonde-based IVT divergence in Arctic ARs, we disentangle the sonde-based deviations from an ideal instantaneous IVT divergence, which result from undersampling by a limited number of sondes and from the flight duration. Our synthetic study uses C3S Arctic Regional Reanalysis (CARRA) reanalyses to set up an idealised scenario for airborne AR observations. For nine Arctic spring ARs, we mimic flights transecting each AR in CARRA and emulate sonde-based IVT representation by picking single vertical profiles. The emulation quantifies IVT divergence observability by two approaches. First, sonde-based IVT and its divergence are compared to the continuous IVT interpolated onto the flight cross-section. The comparison specifies uncertainties of discrete sonde-based IVT variability and divergence. Second, we determine how temporal AR evolution affects IVT divergence values by contrasting time-propagating sonde-based values with the divergence based on instantaneous snapshots. For our Arctic AR cross-sections, we find that coherent wind and moisture variabilities contribute less than 10 % to the total transport. Both quantities are uncorrelated to a great extent. Moisture turns out to be the more variable quantity. We show that sounding spacing greater than 100 km results in errors greater than 10 % of the total IVT along AR cross-sections. For IVT divergence, the Arctic ARs exhibit similar differences in moisture advection and mass convergence across the embedded front as mid-latitude ARs, but we identify moisture advection as being dominant. Overall, we confirm the observability of IVT divergence with an uncertainty of around 25 %–50 % using a sequence of at least seven sondes per cross-section. Rather than sonde undersampling, it is the temporal AR evolution over the flight duration that leads to high deviations in divergence components. In order to realise the estimation of IVT divergence from dropsondes, flight planning should consider not only the sonde positioning, but also the minimisation of the flight duration. Our benchmarks quantify sonde-based uncertainties as essential preparatory work for the upcoming airborne closure of the moisture budget in Arctic ARs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
50. Continental United States climate projections based on thermodynamic modification of historical weather.
- Author
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Jones AD, Rastogi D, Vahmani P, Stansfield AM, Reed KA, Thurber T, Ullrich PA, and Rice JS
- Abstract
Regional climate models can be used to examine how past weather events might unfold under different climate conditions by simulating analogue versions of those events with modified thermodynamic conditions (i.e., warming signals). Here, we apply this approach by dynamically downscaling a 40-year sequence of past weather from 1980-2019 driven by atmospheric re-analysis, and then repeating this 40-year sequence a total of 8 times using a range of time-evolving thermodynamic warming signals that follow 4 80-year future warming trajectories from 2020-2099. Warming signals follow two emission scenarios (SSP585 and SSP245) and are derived from two groups of global climate models based on whether they exhibit relatively high or low climate sensitivity. The resulting dataset, which contains 25 hourly and over 200 3-hourly variables at 12 km spatial resolution, can be used to examine a plausible range of future climate conditions in direct reference to previously observed weather and enables a systematic exploration of the ways in which thermodynamic change influences the characteristics of historical extreme events., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
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