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Copyright of Magazine of Historical Studies & Archaeology is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Magazine of Historical Studies & Archaeology is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sheep were experimentally infected with bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) by inoculation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from BLV infected sheep. Monoclonal antibodies were used to monitor changes in lymphocyte subpopulations in the first few weeks after inoculation. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected BLV DNA in PBL of infected sheep 11-15 days after inoculation, that is, before antibodies to viral structural proteins were detected at 15-39 days post-inoculation. A rise in the number of both B and T lymphocytes coincided with detection of infection by PCR. At this time, an increase in the number of circulation CD8+ lymphocytes resulted in a low CD4: CD8 ratio. It appears that in BLV infection there is a host specific cell-mediated immune response to infected lymphocytes rather than a general immune response to foreign antigens. This response, which is characterized by an increase in the number of circulating CD8+ lymphocytes, precedes seroconversion. There is considerable variation between animals in this cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheep were experimentally infected with bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) and developed leukaemia and lymphosarcoma 30-88 weeks later. Ten sheep with lymphosarcoma were necropsied and lymphocyte subpopulations were evaluated in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and lymphocyte suspensions prepared from a range of lymph nodes, tumours and spleen. The leukemic phase of BLV infection was characterized by an increase in the number of circulating B lymphocytes. The number of T lymphocytes was also increased with the CD8+ subpopulation proliferating at a much greater rate than the CD4+ subpopulation. In PBL the CD4:CD8 ratio fell rapidly as leukaemia developed, being 1.15 (± 0.18) 5-8 weeks before necropsy and 0-38 (± 0-09) at necropsy. During this period the number of B lymphocytes increased from 11-2 (± 0-7) to 379.4 (± 85-8) × 10/9/L. CD4: CD8 ratios were also low in all lymph nodes and spleens of leukemic sheep at necropsy. Most of the cells in solid tumours were B lymphocytes but a small population of T lymphocytes with a low CD4: CD8 ratio was identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a dematological condition known as Naevoid Basal Celled Carcinoma which the author indicates has never been previously published. Manners in which this condition differ from other forms of carcinoma are outlined, including its occurrence in children, the size of the lesions, and the presence of pigment. The author indicates that treatment should consist of surgery or electro-cautery.

The article presents six case studies of skin carcinoma which indicate a familial and occupational incidence. The patients examined in the studies all demonstrated carcinoma on the lower leg or foot, which the author indicates is an exceedingly rare condition. The amount of sunlight exposure as a result of occupational factors was cited as a factor in the genesis of the tumors in question.

A family with the naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is described. Three affected members in one sibship suffered from anosmia. One member has shown a most severe constellation of defects including cataracts, hypertelorism, and anosmia, together with hypogonadism secondary to partial pituitary dysfunction. It is suggested that this latter also represents a previously unreported manifestation of the syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Improvements experienced by incumbent "old" technologies when threatened by new ones, potentially supplanting them, are often addressed as the "sailing-ship effect." The latter phrase points to the eponymous case that consists of the 60-year or so technological battle between sail and steam in ships' propulsion during the 19th century, which led to unexpected large advancements in sail technology. Paradoxically, until today, the only work which addressed quantitatively that technological battle actually found a lack of evidence of the occurrence of the sailing-ship effect. In this paper, through fresh statistical analysis, we find instead confirmation of the existence of the effect in the original case. This finding contributes to the theoretical debate that explains technological persistence through mechanisms such as path dependence, cumulativeness, localized technical progress, competence and cognitive traps, the presence of complementary assets and tributary innovations, as well as institutional features. Policy dimensions are considered in Section 7 of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automated assessing prosody of oral reading fluency presents challenges due to the inherent difficulty of quantifying prosody. This study proposed and evaluated an approach focusing on specific prosodic features using a deep-learning neural network. The current work focuses on cross-domain performance, researching how generalizable the prosody scoring is across students and text passages. The results demonstrated that the model with selected prosodic features had better cross-domain performance with an accuracy of 62.5% compared to 57% from the previous research. Our findings also indicate that students' reading patterns influence cross-domain performance more than specific text passage patterns. In other words, letting the student read at least one passage is more important than having others read all passage texts. The specific prosodic features had a high generalization to capture the typical prosody characteristics for achieving a satisfactorily high accuracy and classification agreement rate. This result provides valuable information for developing future automated scoring algorithms of prosody. This study is an essential demonstration of estimating the prosody score using fewer selected features, which would be more efficient and interpretable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]