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An experimental study has been carried out to enhance a solar air heater’s performance by integrating artificial roughness through baffles on the absorber plate. In this paper, the thermal and energy matrices analysis of a Solar Air Heater (SAH) roughened with V up perforated baffles have been investigated. The effect of various mass flow rates on the SAH was analyzed with and without baffles. Experimental outputs like outlet air temperature, useful energy (heat) gain and thermal efficiency were evaluated to confirm the performance improvement. The baffled absorber plate SAH was found to give the maximum thermal efficiency and useful energy gain of 89.3% and 1321.37 W at a mass flow rate of 0.0346 kg/s, 13% and 12% higher than SAH without baffle. This result showed that the V up-shaped ribs in flow arrangement provide better thermal performance than smooth plate SAH for the parameter investigated. Energy matrices analysis and carbon dioxide mitigation of the SAH system were also analyzed.

To investigate the solar air heater's (SAH) effectiveness, experiments are conducted using flat plate and artificially roughened plate in terms of inclined and winglet baffles over the collector surface. This proposed system collector plate is made up of inclined and winglet ribs and serves as an artificial roughness generator. Air stream of 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 kg/s are used in the experiment. To determine the improvement in the proposed work, these experimental results are compared with flat plate SAH. This proposed work offers a greater efficiency, useful energy gain, and lower top heat loss than a conventional SAH. At 0.03 kg/s system efficiency and useful energy gain reach their peak. Experimental day's average efficiency of a SAH with inclined and winglet baffles is 30.8%, 52.7%, and 72.9%, respectively, for the examined cases, and it is 11%, 13.8%, and 22.2% more effective than a flat surface SAH. For the investigated air flow rates, the proposed system gains 36.2%, 24.2%, and 28.9% more energy than flat plate SAH. Substantial reductions in top losses of up to 8.48%, 7.28%, and 7.27% have been reported at the specified flow rates, respectively. Energy metrics and economic study performed show the payback time, production factor, life cycle conversion efficiency, and economic values of the proposed SAH are optimum.

A solar air heater (SAH) is investigated experimentally by employing multi-geometry arrangements over the absorber plate. In the current work, the absorber plate is designed with rectangular ribs, slits, and cylinders. For the proposed system, this multi-geometry arrangement serves as an artificial roughness (baffles). Different airflow rates of 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 kg/s are used in the experiment. The results of this experiment are compared to those of a conventional SAH to assess the improvement. Compared to a conventional SAH, the proposed system has higher thermal efficiency, energy gain, and minimal top loss. The highest thermal efficiency and energy gain are observed at a mass flow rate of 0.04 kg/s. Increasing the mass flow rate increases the system's performance. For the analyzed flow rates, the average thermal efficiency of a SAH with multi-geometry baffle is 40.8%, 58.2%, 68.2%, and 77.4%. For the same flow rates, it is 12.8%, 10.2%, 12.3%, and 13.5% higher than a conventional SAH. For the same examined air flow rates, the suggested air heater gains 31.9%, 21%, 19.2%, and 20.8% more energy than conventional SAH. Significant decreases in top losses are reported up to 8.1%, 7.3%, 7.2%, and 6.5%, respectively for the specified flow rates.

Currently, available established vaccines generally consisted of live, killed, attenuated, or inactivated microbial often generate many unwanted side effects. For the enhancements of current vaccines, further developments required due to weak immunogenicity, instability, toxicity, and multiple administrations; to conquer this restriction, the platform of nanotechnology has a newer expectation of being integrated towards the development of a vaccine. Nanoscale technologies are in medicine evoked more than four decades age. i.e., Liposome (Phospholipids bilayer based nanoparticles) have been used in the pharmaceutical industry since 1960. Nanovaccinology has achievable to push the horizon of modern vaccine discovery. The Nanovaccine provides a chance to strengthen the cellular and humoral immune responses. Modification of nanocarrier surfaces with a variety of targeting part consent the delivery of antigens to precise cell surface receptors, through stimulating specific and selective immune responses. The ability of the nanoparticle-based vaccine not particularly to delivery of target, and likewise antigen upgraded stability and immunogenicity. Currently, more numbers of preventive nano-vaccine have approved for human use, and few more are in the trails of pre-clinical and clinical phases and existing available nano-vaccine induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

A coronavirus identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is the etiological agent responsible for the 2019-2020 viral pneumonia outbreak that commenced in Wuhan has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The virus is predominantly spread from person-to-person mainly through airborne, fomite, contact, and droplet from the infected patients. Also, the lack of definitive treatment is another concern that needs consideration. The novel 2019 SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell by binding of the viral surface spike glycoprotein (S-protein) to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Mpro is a key coronavirus enzyme, which plays a pivotal role in mediating viral replication and transcription, making it an attractive drug target for this virus. Considering the importance of these two proteins in the viral infection, these were preferred as a potential drug target against Covid19. In this study, we screened potential antiviral drugs from the Pubchem database and natural antiviral agent quercetin for induced fit docking against these two key proteins. The identified top hit was further evaluated through molecular dynamic simulations. Our results suggest that the antiviral drugs Indinavir and Famciclovir could be a potential drug against Covid19.

The asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (NRS) catalyzes the attachment of asparagine to its cognate tRNA during translation. NRS first catalyzes the binding of Asn and ATP to form the NRS-asparaginyl adenylate complex, followed by the esterification of Asn to its tRNA. We investigated the role of constituent domains in regulating the structure and activity of Fasciola gigantica NRS (FgNRS). We cloned the full-length FgNRS, along with its various truncated forms, expressed, and purified the corresponding proteins. Size exclusion chromatography indicated a role of the anticodon-binding domain (ABD) of FgNRS in protein dimerization. The N-terminal domain (NTD) was not essential for cognate tRNA binding, and the hinge region between the ABD and the C-terminal domain (CTD) was crucial for regulating the enzymatic activity. Molecular docking and fluorescence quenching experiments elucidated the binding affinities of the substrates to various domains. The molecular dynamics simulation of the modeled protein showed the presence of an unstructured region between the NTD and ABD that exhibited a large number of conformations over time, and further analysis indicated this region to be intrinsically disordered. The present study provides information on the structural and functional regulation, protein-substrate(s) interactions and dynamics, and the role of non-catalytic domains in regulating the activity of FgNRS.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) are the enzymes that catalyze the aminoacylation reaction by covalently linking an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in the first step of protein translation. Beyond this classical function, these enzymes are also known to have a role in several metabolic and signaling pathways that are important for cell viability. Study of these enzymes is of great interest to the researchers due to its pivotal role in the growth and survival of an organism. Further, unfolding the interesting structural and functional aspects of these enzymes in the last few years has qualified them as a potential drug target against various diseases. Here we review the classification, function, and the conserved as well the appended structural architecture of these enzymes in detail, including its association with multi-synthetase complexes. We also considered their role in human diseases in terms of mutations and autoantibodies against AARSs. Finally, we have discussed the available inhibitors against AARSs. This review offers comprehensive information on AARSs under a single canopy that would be a good inventory for researchers working in this area.