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1. Central Injection of Ghrelin Improves Motor Balance in the Rotarod Test in the Rats: Altering the Expression of Drd1 Gene

Author

Vahideh Sahraiian and Homayoun Khazali

Subjects
ghrelin, cytidine diphosphate choline, rotarod performance test, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Introduction: Motor learning consolidates in adulthood, and its defects begin to appear with aging. Ghrelin, an endogenous peptide, improves memory and learning, targeting dopaminergic circuits. While cytidine diphosphate choline (citicoline) is known as a common drug for enhancing memory and learning in aging, it is not recommended for adults due to its side effects. The current study aimed at investigating if ghrelin treatment would improve motor learning via the expression of a relevant gene. Methods: For this experimental study, adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group, three groups of ghrelin treatment (0.3, 1.5, and 3 nmol/μL), and one group with citicoline treatment. The injections were done intra-hippocampally. The motor learning rate was determined using the rotarod performance test by measuring the resistance to falling. Then the expression of dopamine receptor type D1 (Drd1) gene in the hippocampus was measured by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Ghrelin (3 nmol/μL) and citicoline had similar and significant effects on motor learning improvement (P

Published
2021
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2. Ghrelin Is Effective on Passive Avoidance Memory by Altering the Expression of NMDAR and HTR1a Genes in the Hippocampus of Male Wistar Rats

Author

Vahideh, Sahraiian and Homayoun, Khazali

Subjects
Original Article
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Memory-dependent psychological behaviors have an important role in life. Memory strengthening in adulthood to prevent its defects in aging is a significant issue. The ghrelin endogenous hormone improves memory by targeting glutamatergic and serotonergic circuits. Also, citicoline, a memory strengthening drug in aging, is not recommended to adults due to its side effects. The current study aims to test that ghrelin treatment, like citicoline, would improve passive avoidance memory via expression of the genes encoding the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR1) and the serotonin receptor 1A (HTR1α) involved in this process. METHODS: Five groups of adult male rats received (1) saline (as control), (2) 0.5 mg/kg citicoline, or (3-5) 0.3, 1.5, and 3 nmol/μl ghrelin). The rats received the drugs via intra-hippocampal injection. Passive avoidance memory was determined using a shuttle box device. The latency to enter the dark chamber before (IL) and after (RL) injection and the total duration of the animal's presence in the light compartment (TLC) were evaluated. Then, the gene expression rates of NMDAR1 and HTR1α were measured by the Real-Time PCR. RESULTS: Ghrelin and citicoline had some similar and significant effects on passive avoidance memory, and both increased NMDAR1 and decreased HTR1α expression. CONCLUSION: Ghrelin, like citicoline, improves passive avoidance learning by altering the NMDAR1 and HTR1α expression in the hippocampus

Published
2021

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