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1D and 3D basin modelling was performed to investigate the Mesozoic carbonate petroleum systems of the Po Valley Basin (northern Italy), through integration of a recent 3D structural model of the study area with the distribution of potential Triassic source rocks, rock properties and heat flow models. Results from standard 1D maturity models show significant overprediction of the thermal maturity of deep Triassic carbonates in thewestern Po Valley, unless the effect of the substantial overpressure observed in these sequences is incorporated into the model. In order to further test this observation, two thermal scenarios were applied to the Po Valley 3D geo-volume: one based on the actual geological heat flow and a second model based on a reduced heat flow as a proxy for the delaying effect of overpressure on hydrocarbon maturation. The predictions of these two models were then compared with the observed hydrocarbon distribution in the western Po Valley. Both thermal scenarios are broadly consistent with the observed hydrocarbon distribution at the scale of the basin but, in detail, the overpressure model provides a better match between the predicted charge available from the kitchen area's postcritical moment and observed volumes of hydrocarbons initially in place within the traps, as well as with the observed and predicted hydrocarbon phases, as measured by the gas/oil ratio (GOR) of the fluids. Overpressure probably significantly delayed hydrocarbon maturation in the western domain of the basin, confirming results from previous studies. Beyond regional implications, and despite its relative simplicity and inherent uncertainties, the adopted approach demonstrates the potential of a consistent 3D integration of the thermostructural history of sedimentary basins to constrain the geometry and structural evolution of hydrocarbon-bearing traps, as well as the generation and migration of hydrocarbons into these traps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to study the transnational relations between progressive sectors of the Italian and Spanish Catholic worlds. The aim is to focus on various groups of Italian Catholics who took action against the Spanish dictatorship between 1955 and 1968. To this end, the paper examines Politica, a magazine of the Christian Democratic left and an important publication that criticised both Spanish and Italian Catholicism for appeasing the Francoist dictatorship. The magazine served as the mouthpiece of one of the most dynamic sectors among the new generations of Christians committed to the renewal of Italian politics. Moreover, this current of Christian Democracy was bolstered by the local government activities of Giorgio La Pira, the emblematic mayor of Florence between 1951 and 1964, who embodied a political praxis of staunch commitment to the underclasses and in favour of peace in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the Ariel space mission is to observe a large and diversified population of transiting planets around a range of host star types to collect information on their atmospheric composition. The planetary bulk and atmospheric compositions bear the marks of the way the planets formed: Ariel's observations will therefore provide an unprecedented wealth of data to advance our understanding of planet formation in our Galaxy. A number of environmental and evolutionary factors, however, can affect the final atmospheric composition. Here we provide a concise overview of which factors and effects of the star and planet formation processes can shape the atmospheric compositions that will be observed by Ariel, and highlight how Ariel's characteristics make this mission optimally suited to address this very complex problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]