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Background: Ticks and tick borne diseases (TTBD) of cattle pose serious threats to the growth of dairy industry and cause a significant reduction in production. Impact of tick borne diseases on poor farming communities has been ranked very high. Considering the economic impact of tick infestation on livestock, the present epidemiological survey was undertaken. Methods: A total of 8872 cattle were examined from three different agro-climatic zones viz. central (Khammam, Warangal), north (Nizamabad, Karimnagar), south (Mahaboobnagar, Rangareddy) to know the influence of Agro-climatic factors and season on the prevalence of Ixodid ticks on cattle in Telangana State, India from March 2019 to February 2020. Result: An overall prevalence of 63.4% tick infestation was recorded in Telangana state out of which 78.05%, 71.3% and 51.9% of tick infestation was found in central, north and southern agro-climatic zones of Telangana, respectively. Among the six districts under study, highest prevalence was recorded in Khammam (79.7%) followed by Warangal (76.2%), Nizamabad (73.7%), Karimnagar (69.4%), Mahaboobnagar (55.8%) and Rangareddy (47.5%) districts. Seasonal influence showed significantly (P<0.05) highest tick infestation in rainy season (71.9%), followed by summer (66.1%) and lowest in winter season (52.2%). The results of present investigation aid in planning yearlong tick controlling measures on cattle in Telangana state, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic pesticides used to combat ticks lose their effectiveness against certain species and can affect human health. The present study evaluated in vitro and in vivo the effect of the aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum (P. anisum) seeds against Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ixodes affinis, domestic dog ticks. In the in vitro evaluations, concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of the aqueous extract of P. anisum were applied directly to ticks. The concentrations that had the highest effectiveness in immobilization were 50 %, 75 % and 100 %, but the latter caused immobilization for a longer time (55.89 ± 0.16 min). In the in vivo evaluation, the concentrated aqueous extract was applied to ticks attached to the skin of domestic dogs. Amitraz, a commercial tickicide, was used as a positive control. Both the concentrated aqueous extract and Amitraz caused 100 % of tick detaching. Nonetheless, concentrated aqueous extract of P. anisum seeds was more effective in reducing the average time of tick detaching (60.81 ± 3.17 min) compared to the commercial tickicide Amitraz (145.12 ± 15.97 min). This research suggests that the p-anisaldehyde identified in the aqueous extract could be linked to the immobilization and detaching of R. sanguineus and I. affinis from domestic dogs, suggesting that this extract could be used as a biopesticide to control ticks in domestic dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne zoonosis caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV). Understanding the prevalence of SFTSV RNA in humans, vertebrate hosts and ticks is crucial for SFTS control. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the prevalence of SFTSV RNA in humans, vertebrate hosts and questing ticks. Nine electronic databases were searched for relevant publications, and data on SFTSV RNA prevalence were extracted. Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. Subgroup analysis and multivariable meta-regression were performed to investigate sources of heterogeneity. Results: The pooled prevalence of SFTSV RNA in humans was 5.59% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.78–9.15%) in those in close contact (close contacts) with infected individuals (infected cases) and 0.05% (95% CI 0.00–0.65%) in healthy individuals in endemic areas. The SFTSV infection rates in artiodactyls (5.60%; 95% CI 2.95–8.96%) and carnivores (6.34%; 95% CI 3.27–10.23%) were higher than those in rodents (0.45%; 95% CI 0.00–1.50%). Other animals, such as rabbits, hedgehogs and birds, also played significant roles in SFTSV transmission. The genus Haemaphysalis was the primary transmission vector, with members of Ixodes, Dermacentor, and Amblyomma also identified as potential vectors. The highest pooled prevalence was observed in adult ticks (1.03%; 95% CI 0.35–1.96%), followed by nymphs (0.66%; 95% CI 0.11–1.50%) and larvae (0.01%; 95% CI 0.00–0.46%). The pooled prevalence in ticks collected from endemic areas (1.86%; 95% CI 0.86–3.14%) was higher than that in ticks collected in other regions (0.41%; 95% CI 0.12–0.81%). Conclusions: Latent SFTSV infections are present in healthy individuals residing in endemic areas, and close contacts with SFTS cases are at a significantly higher risk of infection. The type of animal is linked to infection rates in vertebrate hosts, while infection rates in ticks are associated with the developmental stage. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of various environmental factors on SFTSV prevalence in vertebrate hosts and ticks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Ehrlichia canis has been the main hemopathogen affecting domestic dogs in Brazil. Even though tick-infested dogs may lead to household infestation and predispose human exposure and public health concern, no comprehensive study has surveyed humans, dogs, and environmental ticks altogether. Materials and Methods: Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess tick-infested households, identify tick species, perform serological (immunofluorescence assay) and molecular (PCR and q-PCR) detection of Ehrlichia in ticks, in the eighth biggest metropolitan area of Brazil. Results: Between 2007 and 2020, 233/5973 (3.9%) out of all complaints were from tick-infested households of 200 different addresses. Overall, 370/552 (67.0%) ticks were collected and identified as adult and 182/552 (33.0%) as immature forms of Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. complex; a single tick from one owner, a female tick of Amblyomma sculptum; and 395 ticks from dogs, 319/395 (80.8%) adult and 72/395 (18.2%) immature forms of Rhipicephalus spp., and 4/395 (1.01%) female Amblyomma aureolatum. Overall, 2/135 (1.5%) owners and 13/136 (9.6%) dogs were seropositive for E. canis. The DNA of Anaplasmataceae family was molecularly detected in 16/50 (32.0%) R. sanguineus s.l. As expected, the number of monthly tick infestation complaints were directly associated, and mean (p = 0.01), maximum (p = 0.011), and minimum (p = 0.008) temperature were statistically significant and had a low positive correlation (0.24, 0.23, and 0.24, respectively). In addition, complaints were highly associated to all socioeconomic variables (p < 0.001), with the exception of the presence of vacant lots. Conclusions: Despite low samplings and human negative results, areas with low-income with adequate temperature and urban agglomerations have been shown to be associated risks for tick infestations, predisposing tick-borne diseases. In conclusion, monitoring should always be conducted in such areas, including One Health approach with serosurvey of owners and dogs, along with identification and molecular screening of ticks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the misidentification of arthropods as ticks in community science programs, specifically focusing on the eTick platform in Canada. The study analyzes non-target taxa submissions from 2019 to 2023 and identifies commonly mistaken arthropods such as spider beetles, Japanese beetles, and weevils. The article suggests that certain characteristics of these arthropods, such as their appearance and habitat, contribute to the misidentification. The study emphasizes the need for better outreach tools and education to help the public differentiate between ticks and other arthropods, and highlights the importance of regional context and language in community science programs. Ultimately, the article advocates for a multi-faceted approach to combat entomophobia and promote a harmonious coexistence between humans and arthropods. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The endangered Formosan black bear (Ursus thibetanus formosanus) is the largest native carnivorous mammal in Taiwan. Diseases, poor management, illegal hunting, and habitat destruction are serious threats to the survival of bear populations. However, studies on the impact of diseases on bear populations are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a database of the hematological and plasma profiles of free-ranging Formosan black bears and investigate the occurrence of ectoparasites, blood parasites, and vector-borne pathogens. Methods: Formosan black bears were captured in Yushan National Park (YNP) and Daxueshan Forest Recreation Area (DSY) in Taiwan. Blood samples were collected from each bear for hematological analysis and plasma biochemistry using a hematology analyzer. Parasites and pathogens were detected using a thin blood smear with Wright–Giemsa staining and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Additionally, macroscopic ectoparasites were collected from bears to detect blood parasites and other pathogens. Moreover, the relationships between the bear variables (sex, age, and occurrence of parasites or pathogens), ectoparasites, and infectious agents were also analyzed. Results: In all, 21 wild bears (14 in YNP and 7 in DSY) were captured and released during the satellite tracking studies. Hematological analysis and plasma biochemistry indicated significant differences in white blood cells (WBC), segments, creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels between foot snare and culvert-captured bears. Additionally, there were significant differences in total plasma protein (TPP), creatinine, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ levels between male and female bears. Moreover, pathogen-infected bears had significantly higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; 30 min and 1 h) and globulin levels than uninfected bears. In total, 240 ticks were collected from 13 bears, among which eight adult tick species were identified, including Haemaphysalis flava, Haemaphysalis hystricis, Amblyomma testudinarium, Ixodes ovatus, Dermacentor taiwanensis, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes acutitarsus, Amblyomma javanense, and nymphs belonging to Haemaphysalis spp. PCR revealed that 13 (61.90%) and 8 (38.10%) bears harbored Hepatozoon ursi and Babesia DNA, respectively. Among the ticks examined, 157 (65.41%) and 128 (53.33%) samples were positive for H. ursi and Babesia, respectively. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to establish a database of the hematological and plasma profiles of wild Formosan black bears and investigate ectoparasite infestation and Hepatozoon and Babesia spp. infection. In conclusion, these findings may serve as a reference for monitoring the health and population of locally endangered bears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amblyomma ticks are vectors of both Rickettsia rickettsii and R. parkeri in the Americas, where capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are the main hosts in urban areas, thus contributing to the transmission of spotted fever. Herein, we studied: (i) the seasonal dynamics and abundance of ticks in areas where capybaras live, (ii) the effect of environmental variables on tick abundance, and (iii) the presence of Rickettsia-infected ticks. Between September 2021 and September 2022, we sampled ticks using cloth-dragging at 194 sites on the shore of Lake Paranoá in Brasília, Brazil. We measured environmental data (season, vegetation type, canopy density, temperature, humidity, and presence or vestige of capybara) at each site. Nymphs and adults were morphologically identified to the species level, and a selected tick sample including larvae was subjected to genotypic identification. We investigated Rickettsia-infected ticks by PCR (gltA, htrA, ompB, and ompA genes) and associations between tick abundance and environmental variables using Generalized Linear Models. A total of 30,334 ticks (96% larvae) were captured. Ticks were identified as Amblyomma, with A. sculptum comprising 97% of the adult/nymphs. Genotype identification of a larval sample confirmed that 95% belonged to A. dubitatum. Seasonal variables showed significant effects on tick abundance. Most larvae and nymphs were captured during the early dry season, while the adults were more abundant during the wet season. Vegetation variables and the presence of capybaras showed no association with tick abundance. Rickettsia parkeri group and R. bellii were identified in A. dubitatum, while A. sculptum presented R. bellii. We conclude that: (i) Amblyomma ticks are widely distributed in Lake Paranoá throughout the year, especially larvae at the dry season, (ii) the abundance of Amblyomma ticks is explained more by climatic factors than by vegetation or presence of capybaras, and (iii) A. dubitatum ticks are potential vectors of R. parkeri in Brasília. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, significant changes have been observed in the distribution and abundance of local Dermacentor reticulatus populations. However, changes in D. reticulatus dynamics have not been studied in southeastern Poland. Our objective was to enhance our understanding of the environmental factors influencing the occurrence and density of D. reticulatus in this area. Additionally, we sought to investigate the genetic diversity of the tick population and the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs). To this end, we established 45 study sites in the Subcarpathian province. Ticks were collected during their peak activity in both spring and autumn. A subset of randomly selected specimens underwent molecular analysis for TBPs screening, using high-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR. Positive amplicons were then sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted. Our findings confirmed the presence of D. reticulatus ticks in 24 surveyed sites, primarily concentrated in the northern and eastern parts of the region. The mean density of D. reticulatus ticks in their compact range was 5.8 ± 6.4 specimens/100 m2. Notably, air temperature and altitude emerged as significant factors influencing the species' activity. We also identified a high prevalence of Rickettsia raoultii infections in adult D. reticulatus, reaching up to 84.21%. Additionally, 9.52% of ticks were found to be infected with R. helvetica and 4.76% with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Furthermore, our genetic analyses confirmed the identity of D. reticulatus in the Subcarpathian region, aligning with haplotypes found in other regions of Poland, Czechia, Croatia, and Portugal. In conclusion, our study suggests that the surveyed region represents the current boundary of the compact range of D. reticulatus in Poland in which this tick species exhibits low genetic diversity and a narrow spectrum of detected TBPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The dispersion of ixodid ticks depends on their hosts, with tick density correlating positively with host density. Water deer, designated as harmful wildlife due to their foraging activities in croplands, are considered significant hosts for dispersing ixodid ticks within human residential areas. Over the course of two years, a substantial number of water deer captured while entering croplands were subjected to analysis for the presence of parasitic ixodid ticks. The findings revealed a notable mean intensity of nymphs and adults during summer, whereas larvae were found to be more abundant during fall. The number of larvae correlated positively with the population density of water deer. MaxEnt modeling predicted broad distribution areas for water deer in summer, coinciding with abundant crops, and similarly for nymphs and adults, which peak in summer. Forest valleys converted into croplands are expected to promote ixodid tick dispersion due to alignment with the habitat preferences of water deer and increased crop utilization. Since agricultural factors contribute significantly to the occurrence of tick-borne diseases, preventive measures such as selective land clearing and crop selection should be implemented to mitigate human contact with ixodid ticks in farming environments. Tick-borne diseases result from human–ixodid tick encounters, making it crucial to understand host–ixodid tick interactions and host-dependent distribution for epidemiology and prevention. This study examines water deer patterns and ixodid tick interactions in designated croplands of South Korea over two years, finding that the highest deer presence occurred in July and the lowest in May, during crop harvesting. Four tick species were identified, with Haemaphysalis longicornis being predominant (92.2%). Tick life stage analysis revealed peak nymphs and adults in July and larvae in October. Nymph abundance correlated positively with nearby water deer. MaxEnt biodiversity prediction results indicated wider water deer distribution in summer, reflecting their tendency to use multiple croplands. Areas with nymphs and adults aligned with predicted deer presence in summer, while larval areas aligned in autumn. Increased agroforestry expanded water deer habitats, enhancing tick dispersion. Prevention involved minimizing human–deer encounters by strategic land use in tick-prone areas. This comprehensive study provides insights into preventing severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in agricultural workers, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions based on host behavior and tick life stages in different seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks are the main arthropod vector of pathogens to humans and livestock in the British Isles. Despite their role as a vector of disease, many aspects of tick biology, ecology, and microbial association are poorly understood. To address this, we investigated the composition of the microbiome of adult and nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks. The ticks were collected on a dairy farm in Southwest England and RNA extracted for whole genome sequencing. Sequences were detected from a range of microorganisms, particularly tick-associated viruses, bacteria, and nematodes. A majority of the viruses were attributed to phlebo-like and nairo-like virus groups, demonstrating a high degree of homology with the sequences present in I. ricinus from mainland Europe. A virus sharing a high sequence identity with Chimay rhabdovirus, previously identified in ticks from Belgium, was detected. Further investigations of I. ricinus ticks collected from additional sites in England and Wales also identified Chimay rhabdovirus viral RNA with varying prevalence in all tick populations. This suggests that Chimay rhabdovirus has a wide distribution and highlights the need for an extended exploration of the tick microbiome in the United Kingdom (UK). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hyalomma ticks are widely distributed in semi-arid zones in Northwest China. They have been reported to harbor a large number of zoonotic pathogens. Methods: In this study, a total of 334 Hyalomma asiaticum ticks infesting domestic animals were collected from four locations in Xinjiang, Northwest China, and the bacterial agents in them were investigated. Results: A putative novel Borrelia species was identified in ticks from all four locations, with an overall positive rate of 6.59%. Rickettsia sibirica subsp. mongolitimonae, a human pathogen frequently reported in Europe, was detected for the second time in China. Two Ehrlichia species (Ehrlichia minasensis and Ehrlichia sp.) were identified. Furthermore, two Anaplasma species were characterized in this study: Candidatus Anaplasma camelii and Anaplasma sp. closely related to Candidatus Anaplasma boleense. It is the first report of Candidatus Anaplasma camelii in China. Conclusions: Six bacterial agents were reported in this study, many of which are possible or validated pathogens for humans and animals. The presence of these bacterial agents may suggest a potential risk for One Health in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intraerythrocytic rickettsial parasite that infects cattle in tropical and subtropical regions. There is no evidence that A. marginale inoculation can be used to culture Rhipicephalus annulatus in rabbits. This study aimed to determine the molting of R. annulatus larvae, nymphs, and adults on rabbits as well as nymphs and adults of R. annulatus on calves with or without A. marginale. Transstadial, horizontal, and transovarial transmissions of A. marginale in R. annulatus reared on rabbits and calves were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Engorged female ticks were collected from field samples of A. marginale-infected and noninfected cattle. We divided the eight rabbits into two groups: A and B. Group A rabbits were infected with A. marginale through parenteral inoculation, whereas Group B rabbits were kept as a control. The "clean rabbits" in Group B were observed for tick rearing without A. marginale. Polymerase chain reaction was used to screen A. marginale in rabbits and stages of tick. The complete life cycle of R. annulatus with or without A. marginale was observed on rabbits. Results: A 6.5-day longer life cycle was observed in ticks harboring A. marginale than in ticks without A. marginale. To observe transstadial transmission, transstadial, horizontal, and transovarial transmissions of A. marginale in R. annulatus ticks were experimentally observed in one clean calf fed separately with infected nymphs and female adult ticks. Conclusion: We experimentally observed transovarian, transstadial, and transovarial transmission of A. marginale in R. annulatus ticks as a biological vector reared on calves and rabbits. We used rabbits as a model animal for rearing R. annulatus ticks and culture of A. marginale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ixodid ticks are distributed across all countries of the Western Balkans, with a high diversity of species. Many of these species serve as vectors of pathogens of veterinary and medical importance. Given the scattered data from Western Balkan countries, we have conducted a comprehensive review of available literature, including some historical data, with the aim to compile information about all recorded tick species and associated zoonotic pathogens in this region. Based on the collected data, the tick fauna of the Western Balkans encompasses 32 tick species belonging to five genera: Ixodes, Haemaphysalis, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma. A range of pathogens responsible for human diseases has also been documented, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. In this review, we emphasize the necessity for integrated surveillance and reporting, urging authorities to foster research by providing financial support. Additionally, international and interdisciplinary collaborations should be encouraged that include the exchange of expertise, experiences and resources. The present collaborative effort can effectively address gaps in our knowledge of ticks and tick-borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial microbiota are involved in tick physiology and varies with various factors. The variation of bacterial microbiota among tick organs is less investigated. In this study, the bacterial microbiota of four organs (ovaries, salivary glands, midgut, and Malpighian tubules) from the engorged female Haemaphysalis longicornis were surveyed using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Results indicated that the bacterial richness and diversity varied among tick organs, and ovaries had the lowest level of bacterial richness and diversity. The ovaries and salivary glands had relatively stable bacterial compositions when considering bacterial abundance. Proteobacteria was the dominant bacterial phylum in the four organs, followed by Firmicutes, Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota. The ovaries carried more Proteobacteria, while the Firmicutes abundance was higher in salivary glands. The environmental bacteria including Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Brevundimonas, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, and Stenotrophomonas had high abundance in the midgut and salivary glands, suggesting that ticks can acquire environmental bacteria through blood meals or host skin. The predominant proportion of Coxiella in ovaries ensures its vertical transmission, and Coxiella in Malpighian tubules can provide nutrients to the host. In conclusion, organ-specific bacterial microbiota was observed in the engorged female H. longicornis, and the functions of these bacteria in organs remain to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are a growing threat in Japan. However, distribution of ticks and their possession of human pathogens remain poorly understood. In the present study, we collected 3477 ticks at 6 remote, woodland sites in Ibaraki prefecture between May 23 and November 4, 2021, and investigated the distribution and the possession of spotted fever group Rickettia (SFGR). The collected ticks included Haemaphysalis flava (78.3 %), Haemaphysalis longicornis (9.0 %), Haemaphysalis hystricis (4.6 %), Ixodes turdus (4.3 %), Amblyomma testudinarium (2.1 %), Haemaphysalis cornigera (0.9 %), Haemaphysalis formosensis (0.9 %), Haemaphysalis megaspinosa (0.2 %), Ixodes ovatus (0.1 %), Ixodes nipponensis (0.09 %), and Ixodes columnae (0.03 %). Of 2160 DNA samples extracted from the ticks, the gltA gene and the 17-kDa antigen gene of SFGR were detected in 67 samples. Among 1682 samples from adult and nymph ticks, the positive rate of SFGR was 2.7 %. Sequence analyses of the partial 17-kDa antigen gene demonstrated that the detected SFGR were classified into 8 groups (G1 to G8). The sequences of G2, G4, G5, G6, and G7 were either identical to or differed by one base pair from those of Rickettsia asiatica , Rickettsia tamurae , Rickettsia monacensis , Rickettsia canadensis , and Rickettsia felis , respectively. The present study revealed a diverse tick fauna in Ibaraki prefecture, including detection of species commonly found in southwestern Japan. Although the prevalence of SFGR in ticks was lower than in previous studies, several SFGR causing human infection may be present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are increasing annually, and the study of ticks has gained importance after the outbreak of Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) in the South Western Ghats of India. Wayanad district of Kerala, with the highest tribal population in South India, is a KFD endemic state, owing to the lack of knowledge, attitude, and practice studies on TBDs and ethnomedicines against ticks. This study was carried out to assess their baseline knowledge, attitude, and ethnomedicinal practice against ticks. A structured questionnaire was used to conduct a survey of 499 tribal members living in forest fringe areas. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors that influence the knowledge, attitude, and practice of tribes on TBDs. More than 70% of the population visit the forests on a regular basis, with 65.7% of the population regularly exposed to tick bites; however, only 47.7% were aware of TBDs. About 47.4% of the respondents took precautions like therapeutics and natural remedies to avoid tick bites. Ten species of medicinal plant belonging to eight different families have been identified from the survey. The tribal population use these plants to repel ticks as well as treat tick bites. From the study, we concluded that the limited in-depth knowledge displayed by the tribes can be strengthened by conducting community programs such as awareness classes on TBD and its control measures. The ethnobotanicals identified can be used to formulate novel tick repellents in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human babesiosis is an emerging tick‐borne zoonotic disease prevalent in large parts of the world. This study aimed to examine the status of Babesia microti infection in ticks collected from small mammals captured during the nationwide survey of the Republic of Korea (ROK), 2017. Ixodid ticks from small mammals of three species, Apodemus agrarius, Crocidura lasiura, and Tscherskia triton, were used for the molecular detection of B. microti. PCR analyses amplifying 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of the genus Babesia showed 8.4% of the ticks to be positive. Nucleotide sequencing of the PCR products revealed two different genotypes of B. microti, the US and Kobe‐type. The US‐types of B. microti were detected in ticks from small mammals of almost all study sites, whereas detections of Kobe‐types were restricted to ticks from southern part of ROK. Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that each of the two types of B. microti clustered into two distinct clades. This is the first report on the presence of the US and Kobe‐type B. microti in ticks collected from small mammals trapped on a national scale in ROK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Ehrlichia canis is transmitted by ticks causing Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, which is considered one of the most critical tickborne pathogens. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to identify by PCR technique E. canis in ticks associated with dogs from urban and rural homes in Nuevo Leon, Mexico. The study was conducted at 13 localities in eight municipalities from 2012 to 2021. Results: A total of 1873 ticks of three species were captured: Amblyomma tenellum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. The overall infection rate of E. canis in ticks was 59.12% (149/252). Of the 15 sequences, three haplotypes were identified. Conclusion: The urban transmission cycle of canine ehrlichiosis is demonstrated, where the potential vector is the tick R. sanguineus s.l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are the haemotophagous arthropods causing livestock and public health threats. Among various control methods of ticks, chemical control remains the cornerstone especially in the resource-poor communities; however, their extensive or inappropriate use leads to the development of acaricidal resistance. In this regard, efficacy of the commonly used acaricides used in the field must be evaluated and alternate methods should be considered to overcome the prevailing resistance. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate the acaricidal efficacy of over-the-counter i.e., ivermectin (IVM) in comparison with that of entomopathogenic fungus (EPF); Metarhizium (M.) anisopliae against adults of Hyalomma (H.) anatolicum ticks collected from the selected districts of southern Punjab, Pakistan. The tick specimens appropriately collected in pre-labelled screw-capped plastic bottles, with holes created for aeration, transferred to laboratory for further processing where the ticks were washed and dried over tissue paper. Various doses of the treatments viz.,1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5% of IVM and 1×105, 1×106, 1×107 and 1×108 of M. anisopliae were prepared. Sham treatment was made through 1% Triton-X for IVM and 0.1% (v/v) Tween ® 80 for M. anisopliae. A total of 900 partially fed female hard ticks in 10 batches and three repeats were subjected to in vitro Adult Immersion Test (AIT). The best dose of IVM against H. anatolicum was 2.5%, a higher dose, and M. anisopliae gave best results at 1×108. The LC50 (107 spores/ml) and LC90 (108 spores/ml) of M. anisopliae were proved more effective as compared to all IVM concentrations. The results conclude M. anisopliae can be a potential as an augmentative strategy to control hard ticks. However, toxicity trials of M. anisopliae are needed to be done for safety check before their recommendation in the practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks are not only bloodsucking ectoparasites but also important vectors of tick‐borne diseases (TBDs), posing significant threats to public and animal health. Domesticated animals serve as critical hosts for numerous ticks, highlighting the importance of understanding tick infestations in Taiwan. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a nationwide survey to identify ticks on domesticated animals and associated environments in 2018 and 2019. A total of 6,205 ticks were collected from 1,337 host animals, revealing the presence of seven tick species, with Rhipicephalus microplus, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus being the dominant species. High infestation rates and widespread distribution of ticks were observed on domesticated animals, especially on dogs and cattle (yellow cattle and angus cattle), and the neighbouring grassland of yellow cattle. While this study has certain limitations, it provides valuable insights into the distribution and prevalence of ticks on domesticated animals in Taiwan and their implications for controlling TBDs. Further research is needed to comprehensively understand the complex interactions among ticks, hosts and pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Companion dogs are at risk of tick infestations. This paper describes cases of transfer of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks by dogs to apartments in eastern Poland, tick development in household conditions, and potential consequences for the residents. For the first time, the preoviposition and oviposition of D. reticulatus females removed from dogs or spontaneously detached from these hosts were studied in household conditions. Similar analyses were performed simultaneously in laboratory settings (25 °C and 75% RH). In the household characterized by a temperature range of 18.5–21.3 °C and 46.9–56% humidity, the preoviposition and oviposition periods with the development of D. reticulatus larvae lasted 20.8 ± 3.1 days and 29.9 ± 1.4 days, respectively. Greater numbers of eggs (2415.8 ± 983.1) were laid by females in the household than laboratory conditions. There were no statistically significant differences in the hatching success between both experiments. The study also provides the first description of infestation of a human by a partially engorged D. reticulatus female that had detached from dog's skin. Ticks transferred by dogs can develop successfully in human homes. After feeding on dogs, females achieve high reproductive performance. This suggests that dogs may play an important role in the biology of this tick species in urbanized areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Birds play a crucial role in disseminating ticks that carry pathogens of high veterinary-medical importance. The aim of this study was to analyze data of a long-term tick collection from birds at a single stop-over site in Central Europe, Hungary. Over eight years (2015–2022) 5833 ticks (ten species) were collected from 2395 tick-infested birds. The most abundant species were Ixodes ricinus (n = 3971) and Haemaphysalis concinna (n = 1706). Ixodes ricinus nymphs and larvae were the most frequently occurring on resident and short-distance migratory birds with forest habitat but Ha. concinna was the most abundant species on reed-associated, long-distance migrants. Haemaphysalis concinna occurred mostly on birds feeding above the ground level, while I. ricinus predominated on ground feeding birds. Infestation with I. ricinus nymphs always peaked in the first half of the year, in contrast to larvae which were more abundant on avian hosts in the autumn. At the same time, Ha. concinna larvae and nymphs had their peak numbers in the summer. This is the first long-term study on the tick infestation of birds in Central Europe. The study shows that, migration distance, habitat type, and typical feeding level of birds, as well as characteristics of tick life cycle are all key factors in the role of birds as tick disseminators. It was revealed that Savi's Warbler (Locustella luscinioides) is the most frequent hosts of Ha. concinna in Central Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haemaphysalis longicornis (the longhorned tick), the predominant tick species in China, serves as a vector for a variety of pathogens, and is capable of transmitting the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis. However, it is unclear how these ticks transmit TBEV. Langat virus (LGTV), which has a reduced pathogenicity in humans, has been used as a surrogate for TBEV. In this study, we aimed to investigate the vector competence of H. longicornis to transmit LGTV and demonstrate the efficient acquisition and transmission of LGTV between this tick species and mice. LGTV localization was detected in several tick tissues, such as the midgut, salivary glands, and synganglion, using quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical staining with a polyclonal antibody targeting the LGTV envelope protein. We demonstrated the horizontal transmission of LGTV to different developmental stages within the same generation but did not see evidence of vertical transmission. It was interesting to note that we observed mice acting as a bridge, facilitating the transmission of LGTV to neighboring naïve ticks during blood feeding. In conclusion, the virus–vector–host model employed in this study provides valuable insights into the replication and transmission of LGTV throughout its life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robust tick surveillance enhances diagnosis and prevention of tick-borne pathogens, yet surveillance efforts in the United States are highly uneven, resulting in large surveillance vacuums, one of which spans the state of New Mexico. As part of a larger effort to fill this vacuum, we conducted both active and passive tick sampling in New Mexico, focusing on the southern portion of the state. We conducted active tick sampling using dragging and CO₂ trapping at 45 sites across Hidalgo, Doña Ana, Otero, and Eddy counties between June 2021 to May 2022. Sampling occurred intermittently, with at least one sampling event each month from June to October 2021, pausing in winter and resuming in March through May 2022. We also conducted opportunistic, passive tick sampling in 2021 and 2022 from animals harvested by hunters or captured or collected by researchers and animals housed in animal hospitals, shelters, and farms. All pools of ticks were screened for Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia parkeri, Rickettsia amblyommatis, Ehrlichia ewingii, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Active sampling yielded no ticks. Passive sampling yielded 497 ticks comprising Carios kelleyi from pallid bats, Rhipicephalus sanguineus from dogs, mule deer, and Rocky Mountain elk, Otobius megnini from dogs, cats, horses, and Coues deer, Dermacentor parumapertus from dogs and black-tailed jackrabbits, Dermacentor albipictus from domesticated cats, mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk, and Dermacentor spp. from American black bear, Rocky Mountain elk, and mule deer. One pool of D. parumapterus from a black-tailed jackrabbit in Luna County tested positive for R. parkeri, an agent of spotted fever rickettsiosis. Additionally, a spotted fever group Rickettsia was detected in 6 of 7 C. kelleyi pools. Two ticks showed morphological abnormalities; however, these samples did not test positive for any of the target pathogens, and the cause of the abnormalities is unknown. Passive surveillance yielded five identified species of ticks from three domestic and six wild mammal species. Our findings update tick distributions and inform the public, medical, and veterinary communities of the potential tick-borne pathogens present in southern New Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ticks and tick-borne diseases pose significant challenges to cattle production, thus the species identification of ticks and knowledge on their presence, abundance, and dispersal are necessary for the development of effective control measures. The standard method of inspection for the presence of ticks is the visual and physical examination of restrained animals, but the limitations of human sight and touch can allow larval, nymphal, and unfed adult ticks to remain undetected due to their small size and site of attachment. However, Raman spectroscopy, an analytical tool widely used in agriculture and other sectors, shows promise for the identification of tick species in infested cattle. Raman spectroscopy is a non-invasive and efficient method that employs the interaction between molecules and light for the identification of the molecular constituents of specimens. Methods: Raman spectroscopy was employed to analyze the structure and composition of tick feces deposited on host skin and hair during blood-feeding. Feces of 12 species from a total of five genera and one subgenus of ixodid ticks were examined. Spectral data were subjected to partial least squares discriminant analysis, a machine-learning model. We also used Raman spectroscopy and the same analytical procedures to compare and evaluate feces of the horn fly Haematobia irritans after it fed on cattle. Results: Five genera and one sub-genus at overall true prediction rates ranging from 92.3 to 100% were identified from the Raman spectroscopy data of the tick feces. At the species level, Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor andersoni and Dermacentor variabilis at overall true prediction rates of 100, 99.3 and 100%, respectively, were identified. There were distinct differences between horn fly and tick feces with respect to blood and guanine vibrational frequencies. The overall true prediction rate for the separation of tick and horn fly feces was 98%. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the utility of Raman spectroscopy for the reliable identification of tick species from their feces, and its potential application for the identification of ticks from infested cattle in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks are obligate ectoparasites and vectors of a variety of pathogens in humans and animals. Certain tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) have been identified as the cause of zoonoses, posing potentially significant threats to the human health and livestock industries. Fungi are one of the major TBPs that can affect ticks and cause disease in humans. At present, there are few studies on the diversity of fungal microbial communities carried by Ixodes. Therefore, profiling tick-borne fungi will contribute to understanding the tick-fungal interaction. This study evaluated the community profile and differences in the fungal microbiome in Ixodidae collected on parasitic ticks or nonparasitic ticks in Wuwei, Gansu Province, China. The Shannon index, Simpson index, and Richness index were used to evaluate the diversity of mycobiome. Principle coordinates analysis (PCoA) was conducted to determine patterns of diversity in mycobiome. Using correlation analysis to determine the correlation of mycobiome. The results show that the high-throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer gene generated 3,634,943 raw reads and 7,482 amplicon sequence variants. The dominant tick species in this region was Dermacentor nuttalli (Ixodidae). The mycobiome belonged to four classes—Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Ustilaginomycetes, and Tremellomycetes—and more than 261 genera, the most abundant genera were Cladosporium, Purpureocillium, Aureobasidium, Tranzscheliella, and Sporormiella. Alpha diversity indicated that the abundance and evenness of mycobiome were marginally higher in nonparasitic ticks than in parasitic ticks. PCoA showed that the community structures of parasitic ticks vary from nonparasitic ticks, samples from nonparasitic ticks tended to cluster more closely than those from the parasitic ticks. Correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant positive correlation or negative correlation between the mycobiome. Our results indicate that the mycobiome carried by Dermacentor nuttalli had rich diversity, and there was a significant difference in mycobiome between parasitic ticks and nonparasitic ticks. These findings may conducive to understand the complex interaction between ticks and commensal fungi and provide help for the further exploration of the behavioral characteristics of ticks and formulation of effective biological control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites and can transmit various pathogens of medical and veterinary relevance. The life cycle of ticks can be completed under laboratory conditions on experimental animals, but the artificial feeding of ticks has attracted increased interest as an alternative method. This study represents the first report on the successful in vitro feeding of all life stages of two-host tick species, Hyalomma scupense and Hyalomma excavatum, and the three-host tick Hyalomma dromedarii. The attachment and engorgement rates of adults were 84% (21/25) and 76% (19/25) for H. scupense females. For adult H. excavatum and H. dromedarii, 70% (21/30) and 34.4% (11/32) of the females attached and all attached females successfully fed to repletion. The oviposition rates of the artificially fed females were 36.4%, 57.1% and 63.1% for H. dromedarii, H. excavatum and H. scupense, respectively, with a reproductive efficiency index varying between 44.3 and 60.7%. For the larvae, the attachment and engorgement rates were 44.2% (313/708) and 42.8% (303/708) for H. dromedarii, 70.5% (129/183) and 56.8% (104/183) for H. excavatum and 92.6% (113/122) and 55.7% (68/122) for H. scupense. The attachment and engorgement rates for the nymphs were 90.2% (129/143) and 47.6% (68/143) for H. dromedarii, 66.7% (34/51) and 41.2% (21/51) for H. excavatum, and 44.1% (30/68) and 36.8% (25/68) for H. scupense. Molting rates of the immature stages varied between 71.3% (216/303) and 100% (68/68) for the larvae and between 61.9% (13/21) and 96% (24/25) for the nymphs. The successful in vitro feeding of all stages of the three Hyalomma species makes this method a valuable tool for tick research, with potential applications in studies on the pathogens transmitted by these tick species such as Theileria annulata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to verify the diversity of ticks in wild birds of remnant fragments of the Atlantic Forest biome in the municipality of Piraí, Rio de Janeiro state, and to detect pathogenic agents in the ticks collected. Birds were captured between June 2016 and April 2017. The collected ticks were identified using a specific dichotomous key. Tick DNA was tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., and Babesia spp. In total, 150 birds were captured, including 64 species, 18 families, and 5 orders. Of these, 22 (14.67%) of 18 different species were parasitized by Amblyomma spp. (n=7), Amblyomma longirostre (n=10), Amblyomma sculptum (n=1), and Amblyomma parkeri (n=21). Only one Amblyomma sp. amplified specific DNA fragments for Rickettsia amblyommatis, whereas the others were negative for Borrelia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., and Babesia spp. The avifauna play an important role in maintaining the life cycle of ticks, in addition to contributing to the dispersion of arthropods and the microorganisms transmitted by them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-biting ticks threaten public health in the United States. Registration by the Environmental Protection Agency of products to kill host-seeking ticks or repel ticks contacting humans is indicative of their safety and effectiveness. Unregulated minimum risk products, exempt from Environmental Protection Agency registration and often based on botanical oils, are proliferating in the marketplace, but there is concern about their effectiveness to kill and repel ticks. Evaluations of such products are limited in the published literature. A review showed considerable variability among minimum risk products to kill host-seeking blacklegged ticks, with effectiveness similar to chemical pesticide products for some minimum risk products but minimal impact on the ticks for other products. Evaluations of minimum risk tick repellents have typically focused on individual active ingredients rather than formulated products, which often combine multiple active ingredients. Consumers should be aware that effectiveness to kill and repel ticks can differ among unregulated minimum risk products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the presence of ticks that parasitize bats in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The researchers collected tick samples from bats and stone walls in northeastern Bosnia and identified them as Ixodes vespertilionis. This is the first molecular record of I. vespertilionis in the region. The study suggests that the migratory behavior of the bat species Miniopterus schreibersii may explain the presence of ticks with the same haplotype in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. I. vespertilionis is significant due to its wide host range and potential to carry disease-causing pathogens. The article highlights the need for further research on bat species composition and migratory patterns in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as monitoring tick species presence, to better understand the implications for public health and wildlife ecology. [Extracted from the article]

Bats harbor diverse groups of ectoparasites, such as insects and mites like ticks (Ixodida). Some species of ticks with records for bats and humans have already been reported with the occurrence of pathogens. This research article aims to document new geographical and host records of ticks infesting bats in Rio de Janeiro state, Southeastern Brazil, and provides a list of tick species associated with bats in Brazil. We counted 12 argasid ticks and five ixodid ticks associated with six individuals of bats. Larvae of Amblyomma sp., Ixodes sp., Ornithodoros sp., and Ornithodoros hasei and one nymph of Amblyomma sculptum parasitizing Artibeus obscurus, Phyllostomus hastatus, Micronycteris sp., Molossus fluminensis, and Carollia perspicillata in different localities of Rio de Janeiro state were studied. We carried out a systematic review with the descriptors: tick bat Brazil. We considered data from 42 articles in the systematic review. We compiled eleven records of Ixodidae, and 160 records of Argasidae. Ornithodoros cavernicolous were the most recorded tick species. Overall, we registered 171 tick–bat or roost–bat associations with 85 records of these infesting bats. The review also shows the occurrence of tick species associated with bats, and we present new records on ticks parasitizing bats in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) and Tacheng tick virus-1 (TcTV-1) are emerging tick–borne viruses that have been recently confirmed to be etiological agents of human disease in China. However, the ecology of JMTV and TcTV-1, especially their association with ticks in wildlife and livestock, remains largely unknown in Turkey. Materials and Methods: Eight hundred thirty-two tick specimens in 117 pools were collected in Turkey between 2020 and 2022 from wildlife (Miniopterus schreibersii and Rhinolophus hipposideros; n = 10, 1.2%; Testudo graeca; n = 50, 6%) and livestock (Ovis aries and Capra aegagrus hircus; n = 772, 92.7%). The specimens were individually screened for JMTV and TcTV-1 using nRT-PCR assays targeting the partial genes. Results: JMTV was detected in one Ixodes simplex pool and two Rhipicephalus bursa pools collected from central and Aegean provinces, respectively. TcTV-1 was identified in five Hyalomma aegyptium pools collected in Mediterranean provinces. No coinfection was detected in the tick pools. Maximum likelihood analysis of JMTV partial segment 1 sequences reveal that these sequences form a separate cluster together with viruses previously characterized in Turkey and the Balkan Peninsula. The phylogenetic analysis of the TcTV-1 nucleocapsid sequences indicates that they are closely related to viruses in ticks, sheep, cattle, and humans in China, but form a separate group among themselves. Conclusion: This study provides the first molecular evidence of TcTV-1 in Hy. aegyptium in Turkey. In addion, these findings indicate that JMTV and TcTV-1 extend ticks species and geographic distributions. Thus, multiregional surveillance in livestock and wildlife is needed to evaluate potential tick vectors and the human health impact of these viruses in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ticks are an important vector among arthropods associated with serious medical and veterinary problems. In this research, we investigate Borrelia species in ticks isolated from the surface of livestock (sheep and goat) in different regions of West Azerbaijan province. Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using specific primers targeting Borrelia spp. genes. Borrelia spp. was identified through PCR. The positive PCR products were sent to Pishgam Company for sequencing. Sequenced data were analyzed, and phylogenetic analysis was performed using maximum likelihood method in MEGA V.10. Results: The detection rate of Borrelia spp. for 16srRNA gene 69 (n = 542; 12.7%; 95%Cl: 10.1%–15.8%), 42 (n = 542; 7.7%; 95%Cl: 5.78%–10.1%) positive on 5S-23SrRNA gene and ospA gene 4 (n = 542; 0.74%; 95%Cl: 0.29%–1.88%). Conclusion: These results are the first report in Iran to identify Borrelia spp. These results of the study showed that the Borrelia spp. in hard ticks detected by PCR and it was negative to soft ticks. it is important in public health implications at the studied areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick-borne diseases are the most common in cattle in the tropical and subtropical regions of India and lead to substantial economic losses to small and marginal farmers. This study aimed to identify the diverse species of ticks infesting cattle in the central part of Tamil Nadu, India, and to assess the prevalence of Theileria annulata infection in various species of ticks through PCR. Out of 123 cross-bred and 105 native breed cattle examined for tick infestation, 40 (18%) and 29 (12.7%) cattle were infested with Ixodid ticks, respectively. The most prevalent tick species identified was Rhipicephalus microplus (n=589), followed by Hyalomma anatolicum (n=532), Hyalomma marginatum (n=145), Haemaphysalis intermedia (n=79), and Rhipicephalus haemophysaloides (n=1) found in the study area. The prevalence and intensity of the tick infestation were found to be higher in cross-bred (71.04%) than native breed cattle (28.96%), and there was no significant difference between the studied breeds (chi-square value =24; df =20; p value =0.24) was observed. However, a significant difference in the H. anatolicum tick infestation was observed between the Cauvery Delta (14.30%) and the North-Western (20%) zones of Tamil Nadu (p<0.05). DNA fragments of 193 bp derived from 18S rRNA gene sequences of T. annulata were amplified using species-specific primers. Of these, 16 out of 37 (43.2%) and 10 out of 39 (29%) pooled samples of H. anatolicum and 4 out of 18 (22.2%) and 1 out of 5 (20%) pooled samples of H. marginatum were found positive for T. annulata from the Cauvery Delta and North-Western zones, respectively. R. microplus, H. intermedia, and R. haemaphysaloides from these regions were negative. These findings confirm that H. anatolicum (52.17%) is the predominant vector for T.annulata rather than H. marginatum (18.84%), and the PCR is a useful method of determining the infection rates in ticks collected from animals carrying low levels of T. annulata piroplasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People may be exposed to questing Ixodes ricinus ticks in urban settings, e.g. residential gardens. Little is known about the garden characteristics that support a tick population. To determine which features in and around residential gardens support or limit the occurrence and abundance of questing I. ricinus ticks, we sampled them in residential gardens in the Braunschweig region that differed in various intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. We recorded the number of questing nymphal and adult ticks on transects, and by using mixed-effects generalized linear regression models, we related their occurrence and abundance to garden characteristics, meteorological covariates, and landscape features in the vicinity. We detected questing I.ricinus ticks in about 90% of the 103 surveyed gardens. Our occurrence model (marginal R2 = 0.31) predicted the highest probability of questing ticks on transects with hedges or groundcover in gardens, which are located in neighborhoods with large proportions of forest. The abundance of questing ticks was similarly influenced. We conclude that I.ricinus ticks are frequent in residential gardens in Northern Germany and likely associated with intrinsic garden characteristics on a small scale, such as hedges, as well as extrinsic factors on a local scale, such as the proportion of nearby woodland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ticks carry microbes, some of which are pathogenic for humans and animals. To assess this One Health challenge, 342 ticks were collected from pet dogs and cats at 10 veterinary clinics in Finland as part of the European project "Protect Our Future Too". Methods: The tick species were identified, and ticks were screened with quantitative PCR (qPCR) for tick-borne pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Borrelia miyamotoi, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma spp., Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and Babesia spp. For comparison, a subset of tick DNA (20 qPCR-positive samples) was analysed with 16S next-generation sequencing (NGS). Results: Most ticks were Ixodes ricinus (289, 84.5%), followed by Ixodes persulcatus (51, 14.9%). One hybrid tick (I. ricinus/I. persulcatus, 0.3%) and one Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick (0.3%) were identified. We found one or more of the analysed pathogens in 17% (59/342) of the ticks. The most prevalent pathogen was B. burgdorferi s.l. (36, 10.5%), followed by Anaplasma phagocytophilum (12, 3.5%), B. miyamotoi (5, 1.5%), Babesia venatorum (4, 1.2%), and TBEV (1, 0.3%). Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis DNA was amplified from three (0.9%) ticks. Ehrlichia canis was not detected. In the 16S NGS, six samples produced enough reads for the analysis. In these six samples, we confirmed all the positive qPCR findings of Borrelia spp. and Ca. N. mikurensis. Conclusions: The high prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms in the ticks of this study emphasizes the importance of awareness of ticks and tick-borne diseases and prevention. Furthermore, the results show that veterinary surveillance can facilitate early detection of tick-borne pathogens and new tick species and draw attention to possible co-infections that should be considered both in symptomatic humans and animals after tick bites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A large number of dog owners are informed about ticks and tick-borne diseases that could be dangerous for their pets. However, they are not familiar with tick biology, seasonal activity, and the possibility that some pathogens could be transmitted from dogs to humans. The aims of this study were to determine tick species and their seasonal occurrence on pet dogs and to compare the accuracy of three indices frequently used to calculate tick female physiological age in terms of feeding process duration. As a result of a one-year study, four tick species were identified and their seasonal patterns showed a continuous occurrence on dogs through the whole year, even during the winter months. The most accurate index was the physiological age index, the only tested index which included body mass as a variable measure. Seasonal activity of ticks depends on numerous factors: abiotic, biotic, and anthropogenic. Tick species diversity and abundance in specific geographical range varied in recent years, due to global climate changes and increase of human and animal migrations. These topics demand the One Health approach, where the integrated efforts of scientists, veterinarians, and physicians are essential in order to prevent and manage tick-borne pathogens and diseases. In order to reproduce and complete life cycles, ticks have to feed on different hosts, thus participating as vectors and reservoirs in the maintenance and circulation of different pathogens. Since dogs can serve as suitable hosts for numerous tick species, the aims of this study were to determine tick species and their seasonal occurrence on pet dogs and to compare the accuracy of three indices frequently used to calculate engorged female physiological age. Ticks were collected from dogs brought to veterinary clinics. Three indices were analyzed: scutal index, alloscutal/scutal index ratio, and physiological age index. Four tick species were identified: Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor marginatus, D. reticulatus, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus group, and the last was the most abundant. The highest number of collected ticks was in April, but two species were continuously active throughout the year. The statistical analyses distinguished the physiological age index as more precise because of lower variability. Dog owners usually ignore regular dog anti-tick treatments throughout the year, as they are not aware that ticks could be active during the winter months. Tick surveillance is unquestionably important in order to monitor and prevent the distribution of these vectors and also the diseases they transmit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging tick-borne virus with a mortality rate of up to 30%. First identified in China in 2009, it was later reported in other Asian countries, including Thailand in 2020. SFTSV has been detected in several tick species, including Rhipicephalus sanguineus, known for infesting dogs. We conducted a seroprevalence study of SFTSV in Bangkok and Nong Khai, Thailand, by analyzing 1162 human samples collected between 2019 and 2023. The testing method relied on IgG detection using ELISA and confirmed though a virus seroneutralization test. The results indicated that out of the participants, 12 (1.1%) tested positive for anti-SFTSV IgG antibodies; however, none exhibited positive results in the seroneutralization assay. Additionally, molecular detection of SFTSV, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Coxiella spp., Bartonella spp., and Rickettsia spp. was performed on 433 Rh. sanguineus ticks collected from 49 dogs in 2023 in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. No evidence of these pathogens was found in ticks. These findings highlight the importance of exploring viral cross-reactivity. Furthermore, it is important to conduct additional studies to isolate SFTSV from animals and ticks in order to identify the potential transmission routes contributing to human and animal infections in Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During their blood-feeding process, ticks are known to transmit various viruses to vertebrates, including humans. Recent viral metagenomic analyses using next-generation sequencing (NGS) have revealed that blood-feeding arthropods like ticks harbor a large diversity of viruses. However, many of these viruses have not been isolated or cultured, and their basic characteristics remain unknown. This study aimed to present the identification of a difficult-to- culture virus in ticks using NGS and to understand its epidemic dynamics using molecular biology techniques. During routine tick-borne virus surveillance in Japan, an unknown flaviviral sequence was detected via virome analysis of host-questing ticks. Similar viral sequences have been detected in the sera of sika deer and wild boars in Japan, and this virus was tentatively named the Saruyama virus (SAYAV). Because SAYAV did not propagate in any cultured cells tested, single-round infectious virus particles (SRIP) were generated based on its structural protein gene sequence utilizing a yellow fever virus-based replicon system to understand its nationwide endemic status. Seroepidemiological studies using SRIP as antigens have demonstrated the presence of neutralizing antibodies against SAYAV in sika deer and wild boar captured at several locations in Japan, suggesting that SAYAV is endemic throughout Japan. Phylogenetic analyses have revealed that SAYAV forms a sister clade with the Orthoflavivirus genus, which includes important mosquito-and tick-borne pathogenic viruses. This shows that SAYAV evolved into a lineage independent of the known orthoflaviviruses. This study demonstrates a unique approach for understanding the epidemiology of uncultured viruses by combining viral metagenomics and pseudoinfectious viral particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The invasive Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis that vectors and transmits several animal pathogens is significantly expanding in the United States. Recent studies report that these ticks also harbor human pathogens including Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Babesia microti, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Therefore, studies that address the interactions of these ticks with human pathogens are important. In this study, we report the characterization of H. longicornis organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) in interactions of these ticks with A. phagocytophilum. Using OATP-signature sequence, we identified six OATPs in the H. longicornis genome. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that H. longicornis OATPs are closer to other tick orthologs rather than to mammalian counterparts. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that OATPs are highly expressed in immature stages when compared to mature stages of these ticks. In addition, we noted that the presence of A. phagocytophilum upregulates a specific OATP in these ticks. We also noted that exogenous treatment of H. longicornis with xanthurenic acid, a tryptophan metabolite, influenced OATP expression in these ticks. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that antibody generated against Ixodes scapularis OATP cross-reacted with H. longicornis OATP. Furthermore, treatment of H. longicornis with OATP antibody impaired colonization of A. phagocytophilum in these ticks. These results not only provide evidence that the OATP-tryptophan pathway is important for A. phagocytophilum survival in H. longicornis ticks but also indicate OATP as a promising candidate for the development of a universal anti-tick vaccine to target this bacterium and perhaps other rickettsial pathogens of medical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired resistance to ticks can develop when animals are repeatedly exposed to ticks. Recently, acquired resistance to Ixodes scapularis was induced in guinea pigs immunized with an mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine (19ISP) encoding 19 I. scapularis proteins. Here, we evaluated specific mRNAs present in 19ISP to identify critical components associated with resistance to ticks. A lipid nanoparticle containing 12 mRNAs which included all the targets within 19ISP that elicited strong humoral responses in guinea pigs, was sufficient to induce robust resistance to ticks. Lipid nanoparticles containing fewer mRNAs or a single mRNA were not able to generate strong resistance to ticks. All lipid nanoparticles containing salp14 mRNA, however, were associated with increased redness at the tick bite site – which is the first manifestation of acquired resistance to ticks. This study demonstrates that more than one I. scapularis target within 19ISP is required for resistance to ticks, and that additional targets may also play a role in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick bites, associated with the secretion of tick saliva containing the xenoglycan galactose-alpha-1, 3-galactose (alpha-gal or aGal), are recognized as the causal factors of alpha-Gal syndrome (AGS; or red meat allergy) in humans. AGS occurs after the increased production of IgE antibodies against aGal, which is found in most mammalian cells, except for the Old World monkey and humans. The aGal sensitization event has been linked to an initial tick bite, followed by consumption of red meat containing the aGal glycan, which triggers the onset of the allergic response resulting in urticaria, anaphylaxis, or even death. In North America, the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, has been identified as the main culprit for AGS. However, only a subset of the human population exposed to lone star tick bites develops AGS. This suggests the presence of unidentified variables associated with the sensitization event. To evaluate the quantitative variations of the aGal in ticks, we evaluated the differences in aGal levels in different strains of A. americanum ticks partially fed on different blood sources using an artificial feeding system and animal hosts. We found significantly higher aGal levels in the female ticks fed on human blood than those fed on the blood of other mammals with large variations among different tick populations and individuals. We propose that host-specific genetic components in the A. americanum ticks are involved in the production of high aGal epitope in the tick saliva, which provides a part of the explanation for the variables associated with the AGS sensitization event of the tick bite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The saliva and salivary glands of ticks possess a wide range of immuno-pharmacologically active molecules that effectively modulate the activity of enzymes, antibodies, and amines that have a role in different biological processes. Derived components from saliva and salivary glands of hard ticks Ixodidae have been characterized as potential natural sources for discovering promising anti-cancer drug candidates. Methods: The anti-cancer activity of salivary gland extracts (SGEs) from Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma marginatum, and Hyalomma schulzei was assessed. MTT assays and flow cytometry were done on the HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line to evaluate the anti-viability and proliferative inhibition. Results: Based on the MTT assay results, the SGEs from Hy. dromedarii had the highest and lowest substantial antiviability effects on the HT-29 cancer cell and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) normal cell, respectively. The cytometric assessment revealed a significant increase in the apoptosis and necrosis ratio of the HT-29 cancer cells after treatment with Hy. dromedarii SGEs. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that Hy. dromedarii SGEs have significant anti-proliferative, anti-viability, and apoptotic potential. The result of this study suggests that Hy. dromedarii SGEs is an appropriate candidate for further investigations to identify and purify the mechanisms and molecules involved in the anti-cancer activity of the SGEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this note, I report on my observations of a pair of Canada Jays (Perisoreus canadensis) gathering live engorged female Winter Ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) from the recent bed of a yearling Moose (Alces alces) and flying into the adjacent woods to cache the ticks before returning for more. The Moose bed was on snow and contained loose hair and blood-stained snow as well as the engorged ticks. I found 12 additional beds on snow during the next 48 h within 250 m of the original bed, and all contained loose hair and blood-stained snow, but no ticks. Jays may routinely visit Moose beds on snow in spring because they recognize them as a potential source of food. Moose, however, may not be present during spring in many jay territories, so access to engorged ticks at beds is probably opportunistic and unreliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, increasing attention has been posed on the role of migrating birds in the spread of ticks and indirectly of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs). Despite, Italy is considered a bridge between continental Europe and North Africa and a necessary path to connect Mediterranean countries, few studies have been conducted on ticks collected from birds migrating through this country and associated TBPs. The aims of this research were to estimate the infestation burden and identify tick species feeding on migratory birds, and perform a molecular screening for TBPs. During autumn migration (2019–2020), birds were inspected for ticks in a ringing station located in north-east Italy. Ticks were identified and screened for tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu, Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Neoehrlichia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Bartonella spp. Ixodes ticks (n = 209) were feeding on 2.6% of passerines (88/3411). Most of these (208/209) were Ixodes ricinus, except one Ixodes frontalis. Eight bird species were infested: common blackbird, redwing, brambling, song thrush, common chaffinch, European robin, water pipit, and coal tit. Rickettsiales showed a low prevalence, from 1.4% of Ehrlichia spp., 4.3% of A. phagocytophilum, up to 7.2% of Rickettsia spp.. Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. had the highest prevalence, 54.6%, and several zoonotic genotypes were identified: B. garinii, B. valaisiana, B. afzeli, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, and B. miyamotoi. All specimens were negative for TBEV and Bartonella spp.. Although the tick burden was generally low, most of the vectors (>60%) were positive for at least one pathogen, highlighting the relevance of a continuous monitoring of migrating birds as potential sources of pathogen dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild animals play an important role as amplifiers and/or reservoir hosts in the ecology of many ticks and tick-borne pathogens affecting livestock and humans. In this study, which was carried out in the Hatay province, the southernmost region of Anatolia, a total of 362 (210°C, 146 °C, 6N) tick specimens were collected from 18 wild animals from 7 species, including white stork (Ciconia ciconia) (n = 1), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (n = 5), badger (Meles meles) (n = 2), jackal (Canis aureus) (n = 3), red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (n = 5), hare (Lepus europaeus) (n = 1), and wild goat (Capra aegagrus) (n = 1), which were obtained between 2014 and 2022. The collected ticks were identified according to morphological criteria at the level of species as Amblyomma lepidum, Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis erinacei, Haemaphysalis inermis, Haemaphysalis kopetdaghica, Ixodes gibbosus, Ixodes kaiseri, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus kohlsi, Rhipicephalus rossicus, and Rhipicephalus turanicus. With this study, A. lepidum was reported for the first time in Türkiye, while R. rossicus detected in roe deer was reported for the first time in wild animals, and the lesser-known/rare tick H. kopetdaghica was reported for the second time in wild goats where it was previously reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), the genus Ixodes comprises the highest number of species, which in turn are most numerous in the Afrotropical zoogeographic region. In South Africa extensive morphological studies have been performed on Ixodes species but only few reports included molecular analyses. Methods: In this study, 58 Ixodes spp. ticks, collected from ten mammalian and eight avian host species in South Africa, were molecularly and phylogenetically analyzed. In addition, a newly collected sample of the Palearctic Ixodes trianguliceps was included in the analyses. Results: Among the ticks from South Africa, 11 species were identified morphologically. The majority of ticks from mammals represented the Ixodes pilosus group with two species (n = 20), followed by ticks resembling Ixodes rubicundus (n = 18) and Ixodes alluaudi (n = 3). In addition, single specimens of Ixodes rhabdomysae, Ixodes ugandanus, Ixodes nairobiensis and Ixodes simplex were also found. Considering bird-infesting ticks, Ixodes theilerae (n = 7), Ixodes uriae (n = 4) and ticks most similar to Ixodes daveyi (provisionally named I. cf. daveyi, n = 2) were identified. Molecular analyses confirmed two species in the I. pilosus group and a new species (I. cf. rubicundus) closely related to I. rubicundus sensu stricto. Phylogenetic trees based on concatenated mitochondrial or mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences indicated that the subgenus Afrixodes forms a monophyletic clade with bird-associated exophilic ticks (subgenus Trichotoixodes). Ixodes trianguliceps clustered separately whereas I. alluaudi with their morphologically assigned subgenus, Exopalpiger. Conclusions: Phylogenetic analyses shed new lights on the relationships of Ixodes subgenera when including multiple sequences from subgenus Afrixodes and African as well as Palearctic species of subgenera Trichotoixodes and Exopalpiger. Subgenera Afrixodes and bird-associated Trichotoixodes share common ancestry, suggesting that the latter might have also originated in Africa. Regarding the subgenus Exopalpiger, I. alluaudi is properly assigned as it clusters among different Australian Ixodes, whereas I. trianguliceps should be excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study aimed to estimate the burden of ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) among rural cattle-keeping households of the Eastern Cape province of South Africa using Productivity Adjusted Life Years (PALYs). We modified Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) equations for humans to PALYs to estimate the societal burden of tick-borne animal diseases. Whilst the World Health Organization has indicated the adaptability of DALYs to assess burden of animal diseases, nothing has been done in this regard. This could be due to several reasons including that the assessment of animal disease burden is often less of a priority compared to human diseases, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where resources may be limited. As a result, less funding and attention may be given to developing and implementing PALYs for animal diseases. Furthermore, technical and conceptual challenges may be associated with applying DALYs equations to animal diseases, such as determining appropriate measures of productivity loss for different types and categories of animals and diseases. This motivated our study, which is focused on modelling the burden of ticks and TBDs in cattle (cows, oxen and bulls) reared in resource-poor settings. Method: We formulated a PALYs approach for cattle populations by adapting the DALYs approach to assess the burden of ticks and TBDs for cattle populations in 20 villages in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. PALYs is a measurement used to assess the burden of disease in cattle populations, quantifying the years of life lost due to premature mortality and disability. It encompasses years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL) and years lost due to disability (YLD) caused by health conditions. PALYs provide a comprehensive perspective on the effective number of years lost due to disability and premature death in cattle populations. The PALYs model involves several parameters that are examined to understand their impact on the model's behavior. To illustrate this, we used a structured questionnaire to collect data on parameters that feed into PALY equations. We coded and entered data from questionnaires directly into Statistical Package of Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Version 20) and entered the estimated values of PALY parameters to calculate PALYs equations, which were to estimate the societal disease burden of ticks and TBDs in cattle. PALYs calculations were done in three categories; PALYs without discounting and age weighting, PALYs with only discounting, and PALYs with discounting and age weighting in a practical example to study how these parameters influence the outcomes of the PALYs model. Results: Our results revealed that the years of productivity lost by a cow, bull, and ox that suffered from ticks and TBDs could be estimated at various disability weights. Approximately 26%, 23% and 35% of the productivity years of a cow, ox and bull, respectively, reared by resource-poor livestock owners are lost due to the burden of ticks and TBDs in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. However, introducing tick control measures reduces the loss to approximately 3%, 2% and 3% of their lifespan productivity, an indication that tick control will save approximately 23%, 21% and 32% of years of the productive life of cows, oxen and bulls, respectively. Therefore, it is evident that using ticks and TBD prevention measures at an early age of cattle will improve cattle productivity and hence the socioeconomic welfare of resource-poor rural farming communities in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Conclusion: The findings generated from the PALYs approach are helpful in projections for the future burden of any livestock disease. They may be used as a basis in policy formulation and decision-making by various stakeholders, and hence a priority in animal health economics. We recommend that a classification of livestock diseases of national economic importance should consider both the societal burden (non-monetary) and economic impact instead of the common practice of only considering the economic (monetary) impact. Adding a societal burden measure to existing economic measures provides a holistic understanding of the impact of a disease on society especially in resource-limited settings where the livestock value goes beyond monetary value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes tularemia in both human and animals. Tularemia is a potential serious zoonotic disease that is transmitted by different routes, including tick bites. Materials and Methods: This study deals with investigating the prevalence of F. tularensis in the ticks of local animal farms in Kurdistan region since the farmers are normally in close contact with livestock. We used molecular methods for this purpose. A total of 412 tick and 126 blood samples were gathered from goat, sheep, and cow flocks. The existence of F. tularensis 16Sr RNA gene was examined in the samples using nested-PCR technique. Results: In the animal blood specimens, no F. tularensis was found. The incidence of F. tularensis was 1.7% (7 out of 412) in the tick samples, representing a very lower possibility of tuleremia infection. Moreover, the two subspecies of F. tularensis novicida and holarctica were identified based on the sequencing of pdpD and RD genes, respectively. The F. tularensis subsp. novicida was isolated from four species of ticks, Hyalomma anatolicum, Rhipicephalus annulatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and Ornithodoros spp., whereas the F. tularensis subsp. holarctica was isolated from Haemaphysalis parva and Hyalomma dromedarii species of ticks. Conclusion: Although its prevalence is very low, the isolation of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica from the ticks of farm animals suggests possible transmission of Tularemia through tick bite in Kurdistan region of Iraq. Ref: IR-UU-AEC-3/22. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ticks are blood sucking ectoparasites that act as host for various pathogens like bacteria, viruses and protozoans that cause a number of diseases in humans and animals. They pose a serious threat to livestock industry because their major hosts are cattle and buffaloes. Present study was conducted in this scenario to find out prevalence and distribution of ticks in specified areas. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted from January 2021 to July 2021. Two hundred large ruminants were examined on monthly basis. In order to find out prevalence area, age, gender, and seasonal parameters were observed. Total one hundred and ninety ticks were collected from different parts of their body. Results: Identified Species: Five species belonging to two genra (Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus) and one sub genus (Boophilus) were identified including Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma excavatum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decolorates and Rhipicephalus camicasi. Hyalomma excavatum was the most prevalent specie. Percentage Prevalence: Tehsil Gujrat was the most affected by tick infestation (67%) followed by Tehsil Kharian (55%) and Tehsil Sarai Alamgir (39%). This study suggested that cattle were more susceptible to tick infestation (58%) than buffaloes (50%). Effect of Seasonal Variations on Tick Infestation: Seasonal variations has major influence on tick infestation. They were more prevalent in summer followed by spring and winter. Temperature, humidity and rainfall has significant effect on tick infestation (p<0.05). Gender: Males were more susceptible to tick infestation (77%) as compared to the females (40%). Age: Large ruminants at younger age (4years). Predilection Sites: Major predilection sites of ticks were external genitals (42%), followed by the tail (14%), dewlap (11%), udder (9%), thighs (8%) face (5%) and flanks (3%). Breeds: Australian Friesian breed among cows (38%) and Neeli Ravi breed among buffaloes (25%) was more likely to be infested with ticks. Conclusion: Keeping in view prevalence rate and factors influencing spread of ticks further studies should be planned to design management systems in order to minimize the economic losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]