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Despite decades of research on effective methods to resist Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) pathogenicity, the mechanisms of S. Typhimurium-host interactions have not been fully determined. S. Typhimurium is characterized as an important zoonosis in public health worldwide because of its endemicity, high morbidity, and difficulty in applying control and prevention measures. Herein, we introduce a novel bacterial factor, secretion system effector J (SseJ), and its interactive host protein, PHB2 (prohibitin 2). We explored whether SseJ affected S. Typhimurium replication and survival in the host. S. Typhimurium infection caused severe mitochondrial damage and mitophagy, which facilitated S. Typhimurium proliferation in cells. S. Typhimurium SseJ activated the PINK1 (PTEN induced kinase 1)-PRKN (parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase)-autophagosome-dependent mitophagy pathway, aided by the mitophagy receptor PHB2, for bacterial survival and persistent infection. Moreover, suppression of mitophagy alleviated the pathogenicity of S. Typhimurium. In conclusion, S. Typhimurium infection could be antagonized by targeting the SseJ-PHB2-mediated host mitochondrial autophagy pathway.Abbreviation: ACTB: actin beta; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CFU: colony-forming units; COX4/COXIV: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4; CQ: chloroquine; hpi: h post-bacterial infection; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; Mdivi-1:mitophagy inhibitor mitochondrial division inhibitor 1; MFN2: mitofusin 2; MG132: z-leu-leu-leucinal; MOI: multiplicity of infection; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PGAM5: PGAM family member 5, mitochondrial serine/threonine protein phosphatase; PHB2: prohibitin 2; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; qPCR: quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR; Roc-A: Rocaglamide A; PRKN/Parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; SCVs: Salmonella-containing vacuoles; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SPI-2: Salmonella pathogenicity island 2; SseJ: secretion system effector J; S. Typhimurium: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; S.T-ΔSseJ: SseJ gene-deleted Salmonella Typhimurium strains; S.T-CΔSseJ: SseJ-complemented Salmonella Typhimurium strains; WT: wild-type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

S. Typhimurium is a significant zoonotic pathogen, and its survival and transmission rely on stress resistance and virulence factors. Therefore, identifying key regulatory elements is crucial for preventing and controlling S. Typhimurium. We performed transcriptomic analysis and screened for a c-di-GMP pathway key gene STM0343, a putative EAL domain protein with an unknown function. Our findings revealed that the deletion of this gene (269ΔSTM0343) led to a 29.85% increase in c-di-GMP. In terms of stress resistance, the strain 269ΔSTM0343 showed significant improvements compared to the wild strain WT269. Specifically, it exhibited increases of 95.74% in extracellular protein and 35.96% in exopolysaccharide production by upregulating the expression of relevant genes. As a result, the biofilm formation ability of 269ΔSTM0343 was enhanced by 21.54%, accompanied by a more pronounced red, dry, and rough colony morphology. 269ΔSTM0343 also showed a 19.03% decrease in motility due to the downregulation of flhD expression. As a result, 269ΔSTM0343 increased resistance to various antibiotics, as well as to acidic conditions, oxidative stress, and disinfectants. In terms of virulence, compared to WT269, the adhesion and invasive ability of 269ΔSTM0343 to HeLa cells was enhanced by onefold and 25.67%, respectively. In in vivo experiments, mice challenged with 269ΔSTM0343 experienced greater weight loss, and the bacterial loads in the spleen, liver, and intestines were elevated by fivefold, 30-fold, and 21-fold, respectively, accompanied by more severe pathological damage. Mechanistic studies revealed that the adhesion and invasion capacities of 269ΔSTM0343ΔCsgB decreased by 29.41% and 68.58%, respectively, compared to 269ΔSTM0343. Additionally, LacZ gene reporting indicated that STM0343 inhibited the expression of CsgB. This suggests that STM0343 suppresses virulence by downregulating CsgB expression. This study provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms by which STM0343 reduces the stress resistance and pathogenicity of S. Typhimurium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a literary critic's attempt to complement the historian's, the political scientist's, and the Islamist's accounts of the Islamic reform spirit in the dynamic Muslim community of Northern Nigeria. Consequently a thematic analysis of the religio-political reform poetry genre is put forth to illustrate the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]