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Present investigation was made to evaluate effect of PGRs on shoot and root length of Fagopyrum esculentum. Results revealed that there was increase in shoot length by GA at 100 mg l-1 and root length by IAA at 50 mg l-1 at 30, 60 and 90 days of plant growth. ABA at 25 mg l-1 and 100 mg l-1 decreased shoot length as well root length. BAP at 100 mg l-1 also decreased root length. In combinations, IAA+GA 100 mg l-1 treatment enhanced shoot length as well as root length. Decrease in shoot length was observed in IAA+ABA, ABA+BAP (50 and 100 mg l-1) and root length by ABA+BAP (100 mg l-1) treatment.

The Hoyle analogue state in $$^{16}$$ O was explored by inelastic scattering of 45 MeV $$\alpha $$ s on a Mylar target. The break up 4 $$\alpha $$ s of $$^{16}$$ O have been detected in coincidence with the inelastically scattered $$\alpha $$ beam particle to probe the Hoyle analogue state of $$^{16}$$ O in complete kinematics, for the first time. The data have been analysed for all possible configurations and the excitation function of $$^{16}$$ O has been reconstructed directly from 4 $$\alpha $$ as well as for specific decay channels like $$^{12}$$ C(0 $$^{+}_{2}$$ ) + $$\alpha $$ , $$^{12}$$ C(3 $$^{-}_{1}$$ ) + $$\alpha $$ and $$^{8}$$ Be + $$^{8}$$ Be. Several previously known states have been observed above the $$4\alpha $$ break-up threshold (14.44 MeV) in the above mentioned decay channels. However, the signature of the 15.1 MeV state, most preferable to be the Hoyle analogue state according to the theoretical prediction, remains inconclusive.

Background: The excitation energy dependence of the fission fragment mass and folding angle distributions for reactions with loosely bound projectiles are reported to be significantly different compared to the reactions with tightly bound nuclei. Extensive study to understand the reaction mechanism of weakly bound projectiles is required as it can simulate the mechanism of fission induced with radioactive ion beams.Purpose: The effect of loosely bound nuclei on fission fragment folding angle and mass distributions in the $^{9}\mathrm{Be}+^{238}\mathrm{U}$ reaction near the Coulomb barrier energies is investigated and the contributions of incomplete fusion fission in the total fission cross section are studied.Methods: Mass and folding angle distributions of the fission fragments have been measured near the Coulomb barrier energies using two large area multiwire proportional counters. Fragment masses were determined from the time-of-flight difference method. To understand the effect of breakup of loosely bound nuclei, the results are compared with tightly bound proton-, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle-, and carbon-induced reactions, as well as with the predictions from semiempirical calculations.Results: The width of folding angle distributions is found to increase with lowering excitation energy in the $^{9}\mathrm{Be}+^{238}\mathrm{U}$ reaction. This is in contrast to the reaction $^{12}\mathrm{C}+^{232}\mathrm{Th}$ involving tightly bound projectiles, populating similar compound nuclei. The peak-to-valley ratios of the fission fragment mass distributions for all events are found to sharply increase with lowering excitation energy in the $^{9}\mathrm{Be}+^{238}\mathrm{U}$ reaction. The possible contribution of incomplete fusion into the total fission cross section could be extracted. The measured mass distributions were found to be consistent with the semiempirical calculation gef and macro-microscopic two-center shell model calculations considering the admixture of incomplete fusion fission.Conclusion: For actinide targets, mass distributions of inclusive fission are influenced by the breakup/transfer channels of the weakly bound projectiles. At the above-barrier energies, the contribution of incomplete fusion is found to be $\ensuremath{\approx}25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4%$ which is similar to the reported value of the complete fusion suppression factor in reactions involving nuclei with low binding energies. The increase in the peak-to-valley ratio with lowering excitation energy in the fission fragment mass distribution could be explained by the combined analysis of folding angle and mass distributions.

The fragment emission mechanism in the binary decay of composites formed in the reactions $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}+^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$ and $^{16}\mathrm{O}+^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$ has been studied at two different excitation energies. The inclusive energy and angular distributions of the emitted fragments $^{6,7}\text{Li}$, $^{7,8,9}\text{Be}$, $^{10,11}\text{B}$, and $^{11,12,13,14}\text{C}$ have been measured in the laboratory angles ranging from ${15}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ to ${35}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ (corresponding angles in center of mass ranging from ${20}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ to ${50}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$). The energy distributions of the fragments are found to be Gaussian and peaked at energies higher than those expected from fusion-fission-type reactions. The center-of-mass angular distributions of all the fragments have been found to fall faster than $\ensuremath{\approx}1/\mathrm{sin}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}$-like dependence and the average $Q$ values of the fragments are found to decrease with increasing the center-of-mass angle of the emitted fragment for both the systems. The above characteristics of fragments signify that they were emitted from nonequilibrium sources, produced in a highly energy damped deep-inelastic-type reaction. The lifetimes of the dinuclear composites estimated from the angular distributions of these fragments are found to be in the range of $\ensuremath{\approx}(0.5--2.7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}22}$ s, which are smaller than the respective compound-nuclear lifetimes $[\ensuremath{\approx}(1.0--2.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}21} \mathrm{s}]$. The angular-momentum dissipations estimated from the average kinetic energies of the fragments are found to be, for lighter fragments in particular, greater than those predicted by the empirical sticking limit.

Background: The recent surprising experimental discovery of asymmetric fission in the nucleus $^{180}\mathrm{Hg}$ at low excitation energy has renewed interest concerning our understanding of the role of nuclear shell effects in the dynamics of the fission process. New theoretical models have been developed that claim to successfully explain the observed asymmetric fission of $^{180}\mathrm{Hg}$ and also predict the nature of mass distributions of several other preactinide nuclei for which experimental data are scarce.Purpose: We investigated fragment-mass distributions in the fission of the preactinide nucleus $^{214}\mathrm{At}$ at different excitation energies near the Coulomb barrier. The present results were compared with the predictions from a recent state-of-the-art theoretical calculation, as well as with our previous measurement for the nearby nucleus $^{210}\mathrm{Po}$.Methods: A pulsed heavy-ion beam was used in the experiment. Fission fragments were detected with two large-area position-sensitive multiwire proportional counters placed at the folding angle. Mass distributions were extracted from time-of-flight differences and position information ($\ensuremath{\theta},\ensuremath{\phi}$) for the fission fragments.Results: An asymmetry in fragment-mass distribution in the fission of $^{214}\mathrm{At}$ was observed at an excitation energy of $\ensuremath{\approx}31$ MeV, where a shell effect is found to influence the potential energy surface. At higher excitation energies, mass distributions are predominantly symmetric indicating the absence of shell effects.Conclusion: This finding is consistent with the prediction of a recent macroscopic-microscopic dynamical model. However, for the preactinides, static models with nascent fragment shell structure are likely to produce similar results.

Plants need to counter continuous threats posed by the environment, such as pathogen attacks (fungi, viruses, insects, nematodes) and harsh physical conditions (drought, salinity, temperature, exposure to UV radiation). Plants recognize the threat signals through their receptors and sensors and activate defense responses to stabilize against these stresses. The responses include accumulation of secondary metabolites. Enhanced synthesis of secondary metabolites, called elicitation ensures the survival, persistence and competitiveness of the plant. Secondary metabolites include volatile oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, resins etc that have been successfully exploited for vital sources for food additives, flavors, and industrially important pharmaceuticals. The improved production of the secondary metabolites through elicitation has unlocked a new area of research that could have significant economic benefits for the pharmaceutical and therapeutic (including neutraceutical) industry. The present review discusses about the different elicitation methods through various biotic (proteins, carbohydrates, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, fungus, hormones) and abiotic elicitors (heavy metals, low and high temperature, light, salt, drought) that could bring about increased yield of secondary metabolites especially in medicinal plants beneficial to the medicinal and aromatic industry.

Secondary metabolites not only play vital role in plant defense against herbivory and other interspecies defenses but also used by humans as medicines, flavorings, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, fragrances, colours, biopesticides, food additives and drugs. Many of the drugs retailed today are simple synthetic modifications of the naturally obtained substances. The developing commercial status of secondary metabolites in recent years has resulted in a great interest in secondary metabolism. Different strategies have been extensively studied with the objective of improving the production of secondary metabolites in plants. Based on this limelight, the focus of the present review is to study the application of plant growth regulators for the production of some essential plant secondary metabolites. This review covers brief introduction of secondary metabolites and plant growth regulators and production of secondary metabolites by using different plant growth regulators according to their classification.

High and medium spin structures of 130,131Xe have been studied using α-induced fusion-evaporation reaction and the Indian National Gamma Array (INGA) coupled with a digital data acquisition system. Various new band structures and near yrast levels of 131Xe have been established. The multipolarities of the observed transitions have been assigned on the basis of the DCO ratios and the polarization asymmetry measurements. Band structures based on 1-quasi-particle (qp), 3-qp configurations have been observed. A new Magnetic Rotational (MR) band based on 5-qp configuration has also been established in 131Xe. The MR band has been interpreted in terms of shears mechanism with principal axis cranking (SPAC) calculations. Shell Model calculations are carried out to describe the non yrast states of 131Xe above the 11/2− isomer. New excited states have also been identified in 130Xe, produced in the same reaction.

After publication of the paper, the authors realized that one of the references was not correct. Its correct version appears in this erratum.

The cyclotron at Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata, has recentlyrecently completed its 40 years of operation in 2017. During the past four decades, VECC has been able to cross several milestones in exploring the properties of nuclei with the help of low energy light as well as heavy ions accelerated by the cyclotron. In this review, we endeavour to present an overall picture of the intense research activities in various branches of nuclear physics carried out in the past four decades using cyclotron, with special emphasis on the important achievements in each field.

Background: The influence of shell effect on the dynamics of the fusion fission process and its evolution with excitation energy in the preactinide Hg-Pb region in general is a matter of intense research in recent years. In particular, a strong ambiguity remains for the neutron shell closed $^{210}\mathrm{Po}$ nucleus regarding the role of shell effect in fission around $\ensuremath{\approx}30--40\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$ of excitation energy.Purpose: We have measured the fission fragment mass distribution of $^{210}\mathrm{Po}$ populated using fusion of $^{4}\mathrm{He}+^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$ at different excitation energies and compare the result with recent theoretical predictions as well as with our previous measurement for the same nucleus populated through a different entrance channel. Mass distribution in the fission of the neighboring nuclei $^{213}\mathrm{At}$ is also studied for comparison.Methods: Two large area multiwire proportional counters (MWPC) were used for complete kinematical measurement of the coincident fission fragments. The time of flight differences of the coincident fission fragments were used to directly extract the fission fragment mass distributions.Results: The measured fragment mass distribution for the reactions $^{4}\mathrm{He}+^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}+^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ were symmetric and the width of the mass distributions were found to increase monotonically with excitation energy above 36.7 MeV and 32.9 MeV, respectively, indicating the absence of shell effects at the saddle. However, in the fission of $^{210}\mathrm{Po}$, we find minor deviation from symmetric mass distributions at the lowest excitation energy (30.8 MeV).Conclusion: Persistence of shell effect in fission fragment mass distribution of $^{210}\mathrm{Po}$ was observed at the excitation energy $\ensuremath{\approx}31\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$ as predicted by the theory; at higher excitation energy, however, the present study reaffirms the absence of any shell correction in the fission of $^{210}\mathrm{Po}$.

The prediction of Hoyle state was necessitated to explain the abundance of carbon, which is crucial for the existence of life on Earth and is the stepping stone for understanding the abundance of other heavier elements. After the experimental confirmation of its existence, soon it was realized that the Hoyle state was ‘different’ from other excited states of carbon, led to intense theoretical and experimental activities over the past few decades to understand its structure. In recent times, precision, high statistics experiments on the decay of Hoyle state have been performed at the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, to determine the quantitative contributions of various direct 3 α decay mechanisms of the Hoyle state. The present results have been critically compared with those obtained in other recent experiments and their implications have been discussed.

Metallo-β-lactamase producing carbapenem non-susceptible multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa creates a great challenge for treatment as the choice of antibiotics gets severely restricted .This study aimed at detecting such strains in different clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata. Materials and methods-Out of 169 isolates detected as Pseudomonas spp.in Microbiology laboratory 98 consecutive non-duplicate isolates phenotypically confirmed as Pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected following inclusion criteria of being resistant to≥ 3 different classes of antibiotics including Imepenem. Antibiogram with antibiotics suggested by CLSI-2011 was performed and resistance to different antibiotics was recorded .Then combined disc test with Imepenem(10µg) and Imepenem(10µg)+EDTA (750 µg)was performed.Observation - Strains showing zone difference ≥ 7mm during combined disc test were considered as metallo-β lactamase producing multidrug resistant strains and those showing

The fission fragment mass distributions have been measured in the reactions 16O + 184W and 19F+ 181Ta populating the same compound nucleus 200Pb? at similar excitation energies. It is found that the widths of the mass distribution increases monotonically with excitation energy, indicating the absence of quasi-fission for both reactions. This is contrary to two recent claims of the presence of quasi-fission in the above mentioned reactions., Comment: Accepted for publication as a regular article in Physical Review C

Cluster state formation viz. the population of unbound 8 Be and the Hoyle state of 12 C produced in the reactions 12 C (77 MeV ) + 12 C and 13 C (75 MeV ) + 12 C have been studied using resonance particle spectroscopy. It was observed that there is a large difference in the cluster state formation in these two reactions and the yield of neutron rich isotopes of different fragments is more in the 13 C + 12 C compared to 12 C + 12 C reactions at 6 MeV/u.

We investigate the photoemission from quantum wells (QWs) in ultrathin films (UFs) and quantum well wires (QWWs) of non-linear optical materials on the basis of a newly formulated electron dispersion law considering the anisotropies of the effective electron masses, the spin-orbit splitting constants and the presence of the crystal field splitting within the framework of k.p formalism. The results of quantum confined Ill-V compounds form the special cases of our generalized analysis. The photoemission has also been studied for quantum confined II-VI, n-GaP, n-Ge, PtSb2, stressed materials and Bismuth on the basis of respective dispersion relations. It has been found taking quantum confined CdGeAS(2), InAs, InSb, CdS, GaP, Ge, PtSb2, stressed n-InSb and B1 that the photoemission exhibits quantized variations with the incident photon energy, changing electron concentration and film thickness, respectively, for all types of quantum confinement. The photoemission from CNs exhibits oscillatory dependence with increasing normalized electron degeneracy and the signature of the entirely different types of quantum systems are evident from the plots. Besides, under certain special conditions, all the results for all the materials gets simplified to the well-known expression of photoemission from non-degenerate semiconductors and parabolic energy bands, leading to the compatibility test.

In this paper, we study the thermoelectric power under strong magnetic field (TPSM) in quantum dots (QDs) of nonlinear optical, III-V, II-VI, GaP, Ge, Te, Graphite, PtSb2, zerogap, Lead Germanium Telluride, GaSb, stressed materials, Bismuth, IV-VI, II-V, Zinc and Cadmium diphosphides, Bi2Te3 and Antimony respectively. The TPSM in III-V, II-VI, IV-VI, HgTe/CdTe quantum well superlattices with graded interfaces and effective mass superlattices of the same materials together with the quantum dots of aforementioned superlattices have also been investigated in this context on the basis of respective carrier dispersion laws. It has been found that the TPSM for the said quantum dots oscillates with increasing thickness and decreases with increasing electron concentration in various manners and oscillates with film thickness, inverse quantizing magnetic field and impurity concentration for all types of superlattices with two entirely different signatures of quantization as appropriate in respective cases of the aforementioned quantized structures. The well known expression of the TPSM for wide-gap materials has been obtained as special case for our generalized analysis under certain limiting condition, and this compatibility is an indirect test of our generalized formalism. Besides, we have suggested the experimental method of determining the carrier contribution to elastic constants for nanostructured materials having arbitrary dispersion laws.

In this paper, we study the Einstein relation for the diffusivity to mobility ratio (DMR) in n-channel inversion layers of non-linear optical materials on the basis of a newly formulated electron dispersion relation by considering their special properties within the frame work of k.p formalism. The results for the n-channel inversion layers of III-V, ternary and quaternary materials form a special case of our generalized analysis. The DMR for n-channel inversion layers of II-VI, IV-VI and stressed materials has been investigated by formulating the respective 2D electron dispersion laws. It has been found, taking n-channel inversion layers of CdGeAs2, Cd(3)AS(2), InAs, InSb, Hg1-xCdxTe, In1-xGaxAsyP1-y lattice matched to InP, CdS, PbTe, PbSnTe, Pb1-xSnxSe and stressed InSb as examples, that the DMR increases with the increasing surface electric field with different numerical values and the nature of the variations are totally band structure dependent. The well-known expression of the DMR for wide gap materials has been obtained as a special case under certain limiting conditions and this compatibility is an indirect test for our generalized formalism. Besides, an experimental method of determining the 2D DMR for n-channel inversion layers having arbitrary dispersion laws has been suggested.

In this paper, we study the Einstein relation for the diffusivity-mobility ratio (DMR) in ultra-thin films of III-V, ternary and quaternary materials in the presence of light waves, whose unperturbed energy band structures are defined by the three-band and two band models of Kane together with parabolic energy bands. The solution of the Boltzmann transport equation on the basis of the newly formulated electron dispersion laws will introduce new physical ideas and experimental findings under different external conditions. It has been found, taking ultrathin films of n-InAs, n-InSb, n-Hg1-xCdxTe,n-In1-xGaxAsyP1-y lattice matched to InP, as examples, that the respective DMR in the aforementioned materials exhibits decreasing quantum step dependence with the increasing film thickness, decreasing electron statistics, increasing light intensity and wavelength, with different numerical values. The DMR decreases with increasing alloy composition and the nature of the variations are totally band structure dependent which is influenced by the presence of the different energy band constants. The strong dependence of the DMR on both the light intensity and the wavelength reflects the direct signature of the light waves which is in contrast as compared with the corresponding ultrathin films of the said materials in the absence of photo-excitation. The well-known result for the DMR for degenerate wide gap materials in the absence of any field has been obtained as a special case of the present analysis under certain limiting conditions and this compatibility is the indirect test of our generalized formalism. Besides, we have suggested an experimental method of determining the DMR in ultrathin materials in the presence of light waves having arbitrary dispersion laws.

The reaction [Formula: see text]Al([Formula: see text],3He) at 25 MeV beam energy has been utilized to study the states in even–even nucleus [Formula: see text]Mg. The spectroscopic factors have been extracted for the states of [Formula: see text]Mg up to 7.50[Formula: see text]MeV excitation energy using local, zero-range distorted wave Born approximation. The extracted spectroscopic factors have been compared with the previously reported values. The present results were also compared with the predictions from a theoretical shell model and rotational model.

Background:Chlamydia trachomatisis recognized as one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogen in the world. 50-80% of infected females are asymptomatic. These untreated women are at risk of developing chronic sequelae leading to tubal pathology causing infertility. Infertility is defined as 1 year of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy. It may be primary or secondary.Aim:To find out the association of genitalChlamydia trachomatisinfection with female infertility.Materials and Methodology:This case control study has been carried out in collaboration with R. G. Kar Medical College and Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, India, between July 2012 and June 2013. 40 infertile and 40 pregnant women were enrolled by purposive sampling as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. ELISA test was performed to detect serum IgG and IgA antibody against recombinant analogs of MOMP and 3 different PCR assays were done targeting MOMP and rRNA DNA from DNA extracted from first void urine.Results:IgG seropositivity was significantly higher (15%vs0%,P=.0255) in cases than controls, though there was no significant difference in the proportion of IgA seropositivity among 2 groups (12.5%vs2.5%,P=0.2007). Out of 80 samples 2 samples showed the production of amplicons with R1 – R2 primers. Only 1 sample gave positive result with production of amplicons with all the 3 primers used (R1 – R2, CT0005 – CT06 and JM15 – JM16).Conclusion:PersistentC. trachomatisinfection must be recognized as a risk factor of infertility in this region of India. The low PCR positivity in FVU sample helps to conclude the diagnostic utility of serological tests in screening of infertile women.

An excited state of 12 C having excitation energy (E x ) 9.65 ± 0.02 MeV and width (FWHM) 607 ± 55 keV, which decays to three α particles via Hoyle state (E x = 7.65 MeV), has been directly identified in the exclusive inelastic scattering of 60 MeV 4 He on 12 C, measured in coincidence with the recoiling 12 C Hoyle state (decaying mostly as 12 C* → 8 Be gs → α → α + α + α) by event-by-event kinematic reconstruction of the completely detected (4α) events. This state is likely to be a candidate for 2 2 + first excited of Hoyle state.

Neonatal septicaemia is an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Blood culture is the gold standard for diagnosis of neonatal septicaemia. Several laboratory investigations are available to detect neonatal sepsis, one important is 'sepsis screen' which includes C-reactive protein (CRP), micro -ESR, total WBC count including immature to mature (VT) ratio and absolute neutrophil count. Blood culture was done among 210 samples from neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), RG Kar Medical College with suspected septicaemia along with CRP estimation. Among all the parameters, clinical correlation of CRP is significant; 65.2% of patients has blood culture positive. CRP positivity varied in different organisms. CRP is a non-specific acute phase reactant and rises significantly after 12 hours onwards. It can be used as an important parameter in infant at risk of septicaemia (significant6 mg/dl) and early institution of antimicrobials therapy. It has got prognostic value.

Klebsiella especially Klebsiella pneumoniae is gaining renewed interest because of emergence of multidrug resistance among klebsiellae associated with infections.These are now being recognised as one of the major threats to effective management of patients in hospital, especially in developing country like India. Pathogenic mechanism of klebsiella Infections are associated with virulence factors such as capsule and mucoid phenotype, etc. The present study was designed to determine the virulence factors and antibiogram of klebsiellae, isolated from various clinical specimen in a tertiary care hospital of West Bengal, India. A total of 2370 clinical specimens which include blood, urine, wound swab, sputum were processed for isolation and identification of klebsiella to the species level. For each klebsiella isolate demonstration of capsule was done by capsule relief stain and detection of mucoid phenotype was done by string test. Antibiogram was studied by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The results showed that klebsiella species were isolated and identified from 139 clinical samples (5.9% prevalence rate) among which 4 (2.9%) were Klebsiella oxytoca and the remaining 135 Isolates (97.1%) were Klebsiella pneumoniae. Out of 139 klebsiella isolates, capsule was demonstrated in 118 (84.9%) and 116 (83.4%) were positive for string test. Antibiogram revealed that most of isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were multidrug resistant.

The energy spectra of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles emitted in the reactions ${}^{16}$O (7--10 MeV/nucleon)+${}^{12}$C have been measured in the center-of-mass angular range of ${25}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\text{c.m.}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{70}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$. The experimental energy spectra have been compared with those obtained from the statistical model calculation with ``deformability'' parameters predicted by rotating liquid drop model (rldm) and also fitted the same with optimized deformability parameters, which are quite different from the respective rldm values. The data have also been found to be explained quite well using ``frozen'' deformation approximation, where the deformability parameters have been kept fixed at rldm values of the parent nucleus throughout the decay process. The effective radius in the latter case is smaller compared to that obtained using the optimized parameters; however, in both cases, the deformations (effective radii) are larger than the corresponding rldm values. So, considering the uncertainties in the estimation of actual compound nucleus deformations, it can, only qualitatively, be said that equilibrium orbiting, which is similar to particle evaporation in time scale, could also be one of the contributing factors for the observed deformation.

Streptococcus pyogenes(group A) is a major pathogen capable of causing a wide range of diseases in different age group of people. In this study 100 patients were selected who presented with the complaint of sore throat. All the patients were divided in four age groups. Streptococcus pyogenes colonies were confirmed on the basis of beta-haemolysis, bacitracin sensitivity test, and latex agglutination test for group A. Out of a total of 100 samples, 42 were confirmed as group A streptococcus. From this study, it has been observed that all age groups, with maximum occurrence in 5-15 years age group, were suffering from group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Therefore every case of sore throat especially affecting children should be investigated to detect the causative agent for initiation of proper therapy so that the more serious outcome like acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) can be prevented.

Mycobacteria are aerobic, nonspore forming, non-motile,single-cell bacteria.Of more than 40 currently recognized species of mycobacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of human TB is the commonest pathogen for pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis cases. The other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) or the nontubercular mycobacterium (NTM) produces similar diseases which cannot be differentiated from tuberculosis by clinical symptoms and signs. But this differentiation is important as the chemotherapy varies widely according to the strain of mycobacterium. The burden of morbidity and mortality of tuberculosis is rapidly growing worldwide, particularly with the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The strain identification of Mycobacterium remains a cumbersome, labor intensive and expensive procedure, which requires 3 to 12 weeks of time. The conventional methods of strain identification lack proper standardization and precise diagnosis. The prime objective of this study is to overcome these problems. A multiplex PCR using 3 amplicons of 165,365, and 541 base pair target sequences was done with a total number of 165 clinical isolates of suspected Koch’s patients. Strain identification was compared both by conventional methods and multiplex PCR. The results of the study show that this multiplex PCR is supposed to be less complicated, less time consuming, cost-effective and superior to the conventional methods. It is also applicable for culture negative samples where strain identification is not possible by conventional approach.