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Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochist.) is an oilseed crop with high in euricic acid with industrial uses in production of biodiesel, nylon, plasticizers, and lubricants. Little information is available about Crambe response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of phosphate (25 and 50 P2O5 kg Fed.−1) and potassium (10 and 20 K2O kg Fed.−1) fertilization on the growth characteristics and oil quality of Crambe plants. The experiment had a randomized complete block design, and it was carried out in the Experimental Station of National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt in 2019 and 2020. The results showed that the application of potassium and/or phosphorus fertilization resulted in significant increases of all vegetative growth traits, such as plant height, number of branches, fresh weight, and dry weight as well as fixed oil content. The GC analysis of fatty acid identified eight compounds in the following order of main averages; erucic acid (50.5%), elaidic acid (23.1%), Linoleic acid (10.9%), linolenic acid (6.5%), palmitic acid (4.8%), eicosanoic acid (1.9%), stearic acid (1.3%), and oleic acid (1.0%). Phosphorus and potassium had opposite effect on the main components of Crambe oil. Erucic acid increased with potassium fertilization and decreased with phosphorus fertilization. Contrast results were shown in Elaidic acid in response to potassium and phosphorus fertilizations. These results suggested the positive effect of both potassium and phosphorus fertilization on growth and oil yield of Crambe plants as well as they considered as limited factors for Erucic acid content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the potential causes of the summer mortality syndrome affecting the earthen pond cultured Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus in some Egyptian farms. A total of 100 moribund O. niloticus showing non-specific clinical signs of septicemia and mortality (30- 65%) were collected from five farms at Tolombat 7, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt, during June 2019. All the fish farms share the same water source and perform some bad management practices. Inadequate water quality measures were noticed in all the investigated farms. Molecular detection of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) using PCR confirmed the non-existence of the TiLV in all examined specimens. A total of 19 pathogenic bacterial isolates were obtained from moribund O. niloticus: Streptococcus agalactiae (14), Aeromonas hydrophila (3), and Vibrio cholera (2). The predominance of Streptococcus agalactiae infections points to its intense involvement in such mortalities. S. agalactiae was confirmed by 16s rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The PCR detection of virulence genes showed existence of Hyl, cylE, scpB and camp genes in all S. agalactiae strains. Isolates of S. agalactiae showed variable susceptibility to the tested antibiotics with high resistance against ampicillin, amoxicillin and gentamycin. Infections were associated with several pathological alterations in naturally infected fish. The pathogenicity of S. agalactiae was confirmed in O. niloticus (90 % cumulative mortality). The data in the present study proved that the tilapia summer mortality syndrome is multifactorial. Thus, good managemental practices and water quality measures are recommended to minimize fish mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Among salmonids, brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis has been gaining popularity in aquaculture. However, major limitations associated with opportunistic diseases that result from unstable egg and fry‐rearing conditions are experienced under intensive rearing conditions. Great losses in brook charr culture result from viral (e.g., infectious pancreatic necrosis, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus), fungal (e.g., saprolegniosis), and bacterial (e.g., furunculosis, cold water disease, columnaris) diseases. Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for viral diseases for brook charr, and the chemical disinfectants and antibiotics commonly used against bacterial and fungal infections are reaching their limits (pathogen resistance, microbial community disruption), making alternative and more sustainable rearing approaches essential to bolster aquaculture. In this regard, recent studies show that many microbial species (bacteria, archaea, viruses, eukaryotes‐like protozoa, and unicellular fungi) are essential from the earliest life stages for the proper development and growth of fish. Based on ecological theory and work on marine fish, it has been hypothesized that current aquaculture practices favor r‐strategic, opportunistic microbes that are detrimental to fish health and development. Consequently, to ensure the success and sustainability of brook charr farming, a new aquaculture paradigm involving recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) that select a K‐enriched, specialized microbial community as a preventive measure against those microbial diseases is a very promising avenue. In this review, after introducing brook charr biology, the role of microbes in brook charr rearing and the general problems of disease and low fry survival due to an imbalance in the microbial community will be discussed. Various curative and prophylactic treatment methods currently used to control these diseases and their impact on microbial ecology will be covered, and we will conclude with the rationale of microbial ecology management and its effectiveness in promoting fry survival through disease prevention. To our knowledge, this is the first literature review addressing the promises of managing microbial ecology in a sustainable way in the brook char industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research, samples of Solea solea (Linnaeus) were randomly collected from Qarun Lake, Egypt, for routine parasitological, microbiological, and histopathological examinations. The parasitological analysis revealed that 6.70% of the examined samples were infested with the cymothoid isopod Livoneca redmanii. This parasite was isolated as females from the branchial cavity and as juveniles from the skin of the affected fish. Bacteriological examination identified Aeromonas species isolated from the gills, kidney, and liver of S. solea. Morphological, biochemical characterization, and molecular analysis confirmed the isolate as Aeromonas veronii. The isolated strain produced brown colonies on tryptic soy agar (TSA) supplemented with 3% NaCl. The drug susceptibility test indicated that Aeromonas veronii was sensitive to gentamicin, erythromycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, while exhibiting resistance to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, oxolinic acid, and tetracycline. Histopathological examination of the affected gills revealed edema, leukocyte infiltration, and hyperplasia of mucous cells. The infested skin exhibited sloughing and detachment of the lining epithelium, along with edema and degeneration of the muscles at the site of isopod attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One alternative approach to facilitate the utilization of feed by tilapia is the addition of probiotics in feed. In this study, we compare the effects of commercial probiotic EM4 and homemade probiotics on tilapia growth. This research was conducted in PT. Sahaja Berkah Abadi at wonosalam, jawatimur, indonesia. The study was designed as a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 4 replications, encompassing control group (C), commercial probiotics (G1), and homemade probiotics (G2). The commercial probiotics (G1) contained Rhodopseudomonas sp., Lactobacillus sp., Streptomyces sp., and Actinomycetes sp. while the homemade probiotic (G2) contained starter bacteria Lactobacillus casei and herbal plant such as ginger, Curcuma, and turmeric. Parameters observed during the study included weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR). The results revealed that both G1 and G2 performed better than the control group. The weight gain for the control, G1, and G2 groups were 2.38±0.03 g, 3.09± 0.01 g, and 3.13 ± 0.03 g, respectively. Similarly, the specific growth rates for the control, G1, and G2 groups were 4.25±0.03%, 5.52± 0.02%, and 5.59 ± 0.03%, respectively, while the survival rate remained at 100% across all groups. The water quality in all treatments during maintenance met the standard requirements for tilapia, with temperatures ranging from 25.5 to 26.7 °C and pH levels between 6.7 and 6.9. These findings suggest that the probiotics incorporated in G2 present a costeffective alternative to those in G1, offering a promising option for tilapia cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) is central to predicting the global carbon cycle. Much interest has been focused on the environmentally induced dynamics of photosystem energy partitioning and how improvements in the description of such dynamics assist the prediction of light reactions of photosynthesis and therefore GPP. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSIImax) is a key parameter of the light reactions that influence the electron transport rate needed for supporting the biochemical reactions of photosynthesis. ΦPSIImax is generally treated as a constant in biochemical photosynthetic models even though a constant ΦPSIImax is expected only for non-stressed plants. We synthesized reported ΦPSIImax values from pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorometry measurements in response to variable temperatures across the globe. We found that ΦPSIImax is strongly affected by prevailing temperature regimes with declined values in both hot and cold conditions. To understand the spatiotemporal variability in ΦPSIImax , we analyzed the temperature effect on ΦPSIImax across plant functional type (PFT) and habitat climatology. The analysis showed that temperature's impact on ΦPSIImax is shaped more by climate than by PFT for plants with broad latitudinal distributions or in regions with extreme temperature variability. There is a trade-off between the temperature range within which ΦPSIImax remains maximal and the overall rate of decline of ΦPSIImax outside the temperature range such that species cannot be simultaneously tolerant and resilient to extreme temperatures. Our study points to a quantitative approach for improving electron transport and photosynthetic productivity modeling under changing climates at regional and global scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Egyptian tilapia aquaculture has experienced mortality episodes during the summer months. The causative agents responsible for such mortalities have not been clearly identified. A total of 400 fish specimens were collected from affected tilapia farms within five Egyptian governorates. A total of 344 bacterial isolates were identified from the examined fish specimens. Bacterial isolates were grouped into seven genera based on API 20E results. The most prevalent pathogens were Aeromonas spp. (42%), Vibrio spp. (21%), and Streptococcus agalactiae (14.5%). Other emerging infections like, Plesiomonas shigelloides (10%), Staphyloccocus spp. (8%), Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, and Acinetobacter lwoffii (2.3%) were also detected. Sequence analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA bacterial gene of some isolates, confirmed the phenotypic identification results. The analysis of antibiotic resistance genes revealed the presence of aac(6')-Ib-cr (35.7%), blaCTX gene (23.8%), qnrS (19%), ampC (16.7%), floR (14.3%), sul1, tetA, and van.C1 (2.4%) genes in some isolates. The antimicrobia resistance gene, qac was reported in 46% of screened isolates. Bacterial strains showed variable virulence genes profiles. Aeromonas spp. harboured (act, gcat, aerA, lip, fla, and ser) genes. All Vibrio spp. possessed the hlyA gene, while cylE, hylB, and lmb genes, were detected in S. agalactiae strains. Our findings point to the possible role of the identified bacterial pathogens in tilapia summer mortality syndrome and highlight the risk of the irresponsible use of antibiotics on antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The goal of this study was to research the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri L3-9 and its extracellular products on growth, immunity, intestinal microorganisms, and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in grass carp. A total of 120 fish (80–90 g) were distributed into 12 aquariums (10 fish/aquarium) in three replicates and fed 1% of their body weight for 21 days. The grass carp were fed four different diets: a control (group C), a diet supplemented with 1 × 106 cell g−1 of L. buchneri L3-9 (group B), a diet supplemented with extracellular products of L. buchneri L3-9 (group E), and a diet supplemented with L. buchneri L3-9 and the extracellular products (group BE). Compared with the control diet, the B, E, and BE diets increased the weight gain rate by 4.49%, 2.59%, and 4.38%, respectively (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the feed conversion ratio by 0.72, 0.57, and 0.76, respectively (p < 0.05). Groups B, BE, and E showed significant decreases in mortality, with values of 26.67%, 16.67%, and 23.33%, respectively (p < 0.05). Group B showed a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The highest catalase (CAT) activity was found in group E (p < 0.05). In group B, the expression of the gut proinflammatory gene TNF-α was downregulated (p < 0.05), and the expression of anti-inflammatory genes, including TGF-β1, IL-10, and Tlr-8, was upregulated compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05). Groups BE and E showed an increased abundance of Lactobacillaceae. Additionally, a drastic decrease in the abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as Aeromonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae was in these groups compared to the control group. In conclusion, L. buchneri L3-9 and its extracellular products could improve the growth performance, immune responses, and resistance to A. hydrophila in grass carp. This study provides insights for the development and application of microecological preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prospective effect of beetroot extract (Beta vulgaris L.) to resist the toxic effect of lead (Pb) and enhance the immune status and antioxidant enzyme of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was studied. Fish specimens were divided into 4 groups: C (control group), Pb (group subjected to lead), T1, and T2 (groups injected intraperitoneal with 100 and 150mg/ kg of beetroot extract 2 weeks before being subjected to Pb, respectively). The effects were addressed on the humoral immune parameters, (antiproteases, lysozyme total protein, and globulin) and antioxidant enzymes [Glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) activities], as well as some biochemical parameters. Pb accumulation was studied in gills, liver, and muscle tissues. The results revealed a significant enhancement in some immune parameters viz. a lysozyme and total protein in T1 groups compared to other groups, especially with the Pb group which showed the lowest significant values (P< 0.05). The groups injected with beetroot extract showed the lowest significant values (P< 0.05) of Pb accumulation in tissues compared to Pb group. While, T1 group recorded a significant increase (P< 0.05) in hepatic protein content, GST, SOD, CAT, and POX, respectively, compared to the Pb group. Moreover, Pb group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. Most of the biochemical parameters, including glucose, cholesterol, AST, and uric acid recorded the highest values in Pb group compared to the other groups, but without significant difference. The albumin value of T1 group showed the highest significant values compared to other groups. To conclude, the injection of the Nile tilapia with 100mg/ kg of beetroot extract may contribute to protecting fish from the harmful effects of lead by enhancing the immune system and antioxidant enzymes, and improving the general fish health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Glasnik Zastite Bilja is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current study was carried out to investigate water quality effects on common Carp Fingerling Fed on dietary supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf on growth performance, approximate carcass compositions and haematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio fingerlings (average weight 27.31 ± 0.04 g) for 12 weeks. Four experimental diets were prepared with supplemented with MOLP at levels of 0 (control diet), T1 (1%MOLP/Kg), (2%MOLP/Kg) and (4%MOLP/Kg). The results showed that all supplemented groups had promising growth, in which significantly improved (P˂0.05) in final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion rate (FCR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), and protein efficiency rate (PER). Whoever, the dietary treatments had no significant impact (p˂0.05) on ether extract, crude protein, crude ash, moisture, energy, and crude fiber content of the fish. The result of this study had a significant effect on some biochemical blood parameters including CHOL, TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL, TP and globulin but there was no significant difference in ALB. Complete blood count of the fish showed a significant (P > 0.05) increase in WBC and RBC, HGB and HCT levels with MOLP varying levels. The MCV of the fish fed 1%MOLP was significantly lower compared to control group, MCHC levels of fish fed 1%MOLP diet were significantly higher than fish fed on the control diet (P > 0.05). The MCH and MPV levels of MOLP diets had no significant difference with the control group (P > 0.05). The PLT levels of fish fed with 2 and 4%MOLP were significantly (P > 0.05) higher than fish fed the control diet. LPCR levels in fish fed with 4% MOLP decreased significantly compared to the control diet (P > 0.05). The study examined the impact of different concentrations of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) on water quality parameters. Results showed temperature variations (31.24°C to 33.50°C) and pH changes (8.20 to 10.30). MOLP changed electrical conductivity (550.12 to 566.10 μS/cm) and total dissolved solids (288.20 to 306.30 mg/L). Dissolved oxygen remained stable at around 8.00 mg/L, while turbidity decreased (6.67±0.84 to 2.08±0.85 NTU). Ion concentrations (Cl, Na, K, Ca, Mg, SO4) fluctuated across MOLP levels. Total alkalinity ranged from 138.76 to 144.62 mg/L. Nitrate levels varied (13.32 to 13.80 mg/L), while nitrite and ammonia levels were low (0.00 to 0.02 mg/L and ~0.05 mg/L, respectively). Total hardness increased (155.05 to 173.71 mg/L) with MOLP, notably at 2% concentration. These findings suggest MOLP's potential in water treatment, warranting further investigation for environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Serbian Journal of Management is the property of Serbian Journal of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Toxicity of onion (Allium cepa) bulb though documented for man and some livestock but few studies in fish. Onion bulb slurry was administered to Clarias gariepinus juveniles at 200,100,25g/kg and 5, 1.5, 0.4g/l through diets and bath. Cellular immune response, humoral changes, liver and kidney function and histopathology of some visceral organs were examined. Proximate composition of the bulb was determined. Onion bulb revealed presence of carbohydrate (7.82%), protein (4.48%), crude fiber (1.68%), iron (0.5mg/l), magnesium (210mg/l), flavonoids (0.46%), saponins (0.28%), tannins (0.95%). PCV, Hb, RBC and WBC were increased in all treatments but values were higher in bath treatment for RBC (3.0×1012/L), PCV (32.7%), Hb (10.7%). MCV, MCH and MCHC showed similar trend. Similar trends as in RBC and WBC were observed in total proteins. Liver and kidney functionality as expressed by ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine and BUN exhibited no damaging effect on organs. Degenerations were observed in the hepatocytes and epithelia cells in the kidney in some treatments especially in bath treatments. In conclusion, onion bulb showed no toxicity in the blood parameters but dose should be considered to avoid harmful effect on liver and kidneys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal for Pedagogical & Educational Matters / Školski Vjesnik is the property of Hrvatski Pedagosko-Knjizevni Zbor, Ogranak Split and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Moringa oleifera plant extract (MPE) on the toxicity of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in the hematology of carp fish Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus 1758). For this the fish were exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations of CdCl² (specifically, 1.4 ppm and 2.8 ppm of LC50 value for a 96h), both in isolation and in combination with MPE (8 ml/L). Additionally, MPE (8 ml/L) was also administered independently during two exposure periods lasting 10 days and 20 days. Following the stipulated exposure period, blood samples were collected and assessed for alterations in hematological parameters, including the RBC and WBC counts, hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) levels and erythrocyte indices, which encompass the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The results of the study revealed that the groups exposed solely to CdCl2 displayed a concentration and time-dependent deterioration in the hematological profile of the fish. Conversely, the experimental group that received MPE (8ml/L) in conjunction with CdCl2 exhibited effective protection against CdCl2-induced toxicity thereby ameliorates the hematological alteration in the exposed fish. Moreover, the group exposed solely to MPE (8 ml/L) did not exhibit any notable variations in the hematological parameters when compared to the control group. Most of the hematological parameters in this group were closely resembled those of the control group. This study indicates that cadmium chloride (CdCl2) adversely affected the hematology of the fish, but the Moringa oleifera plant extract (MPE) successfully ameliorated CdCl2-induced hematological toxicity in carp fish, Cyprinus carpio. Thus, the result of the current finding suggests that Moringa oleifera plant extract (MPE) may offer effectiveness in mitigating the toxicity induced by CdCl2 in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Botany is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Streptococcosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease in tilapia and other fresh that creates economic losses, caused mainly by Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus iniae. The hazard of the disease is that it may present apparently healthy as well as its presence in culture water. So, this work aimed to detect streptococci in Nile tilapia farms located in Assiut and Minia Governorates, Egypt. Streptococcus agalactiae (42 isolates) and Streptococcus iniae (59 isolates) were identified. Two Streptococcus agalactiae isolates were molecularly confirmed and exhibited resistance to most antibiotics and a multiple antibiotic resistant index of 0.9-1. The identified isolates could not form biofilm. Identification of these hemolytic, resistant Streptococcus poses a potential hazard for human health; hence, alternative antimicrobials should be searched against infections caused by these bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibriosis is a major cause of death in farmed aquaculture systems around the world caused by an infection with Vibrio spp. This study was performed to detect the prevalence of pathogenic Vibrio species from various fish species (n=200) collected from Port-Said fish markets as well as to assess the antimicrobial resistance profile and virulence determinants of the isolated Vibrio. Fish samples were inoculated onto Vibrio-selective medium (TCBS), and phenotypically identified using biochemical tests and the suspected isolates were then confirmed by PCR targeting collagenase gene followed by sequencing of the amplified gene. Disc diffusion method was used to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated strains as well as the virulence determinants were detected by PCR assay. Out of 200 fish samples, 80 Vibrio isolates including V. parahaemolyticus (22 /80) and V. alginolyticus (58 /80) were recovered. While V. vulnificus couldn’t be identified. Vibrio isolates displayed high resistance to beta-lactams antimicrobials and a lower resistance were displayed against tetracycline, quinolones and carbapenems. Additionally, tlh gene was present in all V. parahaemolyticus isolates, while the tdh gene was present in 27.1% (6/22). In conclusion, the results of this study provide information on the hazards that certain fish and shellfish could bring by transferring virulent and genetic resistance of V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus to people through food., therefore, consumers should be more alert, prepare food properly, and avoid undercooked or cross-contaminated fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune and antioxidant-related genes reflect the immune response of fish against different ecosystem circumstances around it. The present study is concerned with the effect of industrial and sewage effluents in some water drainages on immune and antioxidant-related genes of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus). Fish specimens were collected from three different places; the first group was collected from El-Rayah El-Towfeky stream, Tokh, which receives loads of sewage and agricultural effluents (site A). The second group was collected from El-Sharkawia stream, Shoubra El-Khama, which receives industrial wastes (site B). The third group (site C) was collected from a fish farm in Al-Fayoum City (supplied with clean water) and was considered the control group. The expression of some immune-related genes (inf1a, csf1r, igmh, and il1b) and antioxidant genes (sod, cat, and gr) was determined in the liver and head kidney of the fish. The results revealed that the highest expression of most immune-related genes in the liver and kidney of the Nile tilapia was recorded in fish collected from site B. Regarding antioxidant genes, the highest catalase (cat) expression was recorded in the liver and kidney of the Nile tilapia maintained in sites A and B, respectively. Again fish from site B showed the highest superoxide dismutase (sod) and glutathione reductase (gr) expression in the kidney compared to the fish from other sites (although the differences were not statistically significant). The only highest expression found in fish in site C was reported in superoxide dismutase (sod) and glutathione reductase (gr) expression in the liver. Interestingly, the results revealed the positive influence of industrial pollution in some drainages on the Nile tilapia health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish in the Suez Canal region, a highly diverse ecosystem where many different species of fish interact, are at risk of mixed infections caused by multiple pathogens, including parasites and bacteria. This study highlighted the naturally occurring process of parasitic bacterial co-infections, specifically involving the parasite Livoneca redmanii and the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the fish Pomadasys stridens. A total of 80 P. stridens fish were randomly collected from the Suez Canal coasts in Egypt over a period from September to November 2022. The fish samples were tested using standard parasitological and microbiological procedures to identify the presence of L. redmanii and P. aeruginosa. To definitively identify the parasite Livoneca redmanii, its mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I gene was sequenced, and the sequence was deposited in GenBank under the accession number OR051043. Furthermore, the presence of P. aeruginosa was isolated from the infested fish samples with isopods, and its identification was confirmed by molecular techniques. The prevalence of L. redmanii was 48.75%, while P. aeruginosa in the infested P. stridens fish with isopods was 69.23%. These findings shed light on the complex dynamics of parasitic bacterial co-infections among fish species in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out to study the bacterial etiology of ulcerative syndrome in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its associated environmental stressors. A total of 90 live and moribund Nile tilapia showing signs of ulcerative dermatitis were collected from various fish ponds in El-Sharkia Province, Egypt, during the summer seasons from June 2019 to August 2020. Collected fish were subjected to full clinical and postmortem investigation followed by bacteriological and molecular identification of the bacterial agents as well as histopathological examinations. Moreover, water samples from the fish sampling sites were collected and analyzed physiochemically and microbiologically. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of the isolated strains was assessed by challenging apparently healthy Nile tilapia to determine the LD50. Clinically, the examined fish exhibited ulcerative dermatitis as focal or fused large ulcers surrounded by red zones of hemorrhages at different body parts. Bacteriologically, Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria and A. caviae were isolated and identified. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis verified the identity of these species. Antibiogram profiling of the recovered Aeromonas sp. isolates showed complete resistance to ampicillin, with high susceptibility to gentamycin, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, and erythromycin. Histopathological examination of the affected fish revealed epidermal necrosis with dermal edema and an influx of inflammatory cells into the dermis and hypodermis. The LD50 of A. veronii biovar sobria and A. caviae was estimated as 1.5 × 107 and 1.5 × 108 CFU/fish; respectively. The water temperature and ammonia concentrations recorded a significant rise (P ≤ 0.05) in July and August compared to June; however, the highest pH levels were recorded during August, followed by July. Also, the total bacterial load significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05). Finally, it was concluded that the improvement of water quality helps sustain the health of farmed fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidrug resistance (MDR) causes difficulties in the treatment of infections and cancer. Research and development studies have become increasingly important for the strategy of preventing MDR. There is a need for new multitarget drug research and advancement to reduce the development of drug resistance in drug‐drug interactions and reduce cost and toxic effects. This study aimed to determine the effects of multi‐target triazene compounds on antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, cytotoxic, and larvicidal activities were investigated in vitro. A series of 12 novel of 1,3‐diaryltriazene‐substituted sulfadiazine (SDZ) derivatives were synthesized, and the obtained pure products characterized in detail by spectroscopic and analytic methods (FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and melting points). The antibacterial and antifungal activities of these derivatives (AH1‐12) were determined by broth microdilution method. All derivatives have been evaluated in cell‐based assays for cytotoxic and antiviral activities against Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara. The larvicidal efficacy of these chemical compounds was also investigated by using Lucilia sericata (L. sericata) larvae. Twelve 1,3‐diaryltriazene‐substituted SDZ derivatives (AH1‐12) were designed and developed as potent multitargeted compounds. Among them, the AH1 derivative showed the most antibacterial and antifungal activity. Besides, synthesized derivatives AH2, AH3, AH5, and AH7 showed higher antiviral activity than SDZ. All synthesized derivatives showed higher cytotoxic activity than SDZ. Also, they showed larvicidal activity at 72 h of the experiment. As a result, these compounds might be great leads for the development of next‐generation multitargeted agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination programmes provide a safe, effective and cost‐efficient strategy for maintaining population health. In veterinary medicine, vaccination not only reduces disease within animal populations but also serves to enhance public health by targeting zoonoses. Nevertheless, for many pathogens, an effective vaccine remains elusive. Recently, nanovaccines have proved to be successful for various infectious and non‐infectious diseases of animals. These novel technologies, such as virus‐like particles, self‐assembling proteins, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes and virosomes, offer great potential for solving many of the vaccine production challenges. Their benefits include low immunotoxicity, antigen stability, enhanced immunogenicity, flexibility sustained release and the ability to evoke both humoral and cellular immune responses. Nanovaccines are more efficient than traditional vaccines due to ease of control and plasticity in their physio‐chemical properties. They use a highly targeted immunological approach which can provide strong and long‐lasting immunity. This article reviews the currently available nanovaccine technology and considers its utility for both infectious diseases and non‐infectious diseases such as auto‐immunity and cancer. Future research opportunities and application challenges from bench to clinical usage are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia fergusonii harbouring drug resistant genes was isolated from seafood samples of Tamil Nadu, India while attempting to isolate Escherichia coli. Isolation of STEC was done by enrichment and plating on MacConkey agar MUG and sorbitol negative colonies were confirmed by IMViC test and by an automated system (Vitek-2 compact, BioMerieux, France). Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by disc diffusion method and by PCR for antibiotic resistance genes. A total of 302 presumptive E. coli was isolated, of which 126 isolates were confirmed as E. coli. Few isolates could not ferment sorbitol and produce ß-glucuronidase, and these were confirmed as presumptive E. coli O157:H7. However, two isolates were positive for adonitol and therefore confirmed as E. fergusonii (E011 and E060). The two isolates were sorbitol and lactose negative and adonitol, amygdalin and cellobiose positive. The isolates could not produce the enzyme ß-glucuronidase. The isolates were then confirmed as E. fergusonii by gene specific PCR assay and 16S rDNA sequencing. ESBL studies showed that both the isolates harbour blaTEM. Presence of drug resistance and ESBL in E. fergusonii isolated from seafood samples is a matter of public health concern, as the resistance could enter the food chain and hinder the effectiveness of drugs used for treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of E. fergusonii harbouring drug resistance genes from seafood samples of Tamil Nadu, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, many products are available in the plant biostimulants market. Among them, living yeast-based biostimulants are also commercialized. Given the living aspect of these last products, the reproducibility of their effects should be investigated to ensure end-users' confidence. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of a living yeast-based biostimulant between two different soybean cultures. These two cultures named C1 and C2 were conducted on the same variety and soil but in different locations and dates until the VC developmental stage (unifoliate leaves unrolled), with Bradyrhizobium japonicum (control and Bs condition) and with and without biostimulant coating seed treatment. The foliar transcriptomic analysis done first showed a high gene expression difference between the two cultures. Despite this first result, a secondary analysis seemed to show that this biostimulant led to a similar pathway enhancement in plants and with common genes even if the expressed genes were different between the two cultures. The pathways which seem to be reproducibly impacted by this living yeast-based biostimulant are abiotic stress tolerance and cell wall/carbohydrate synthesis. Impacting these pathways may protect the plant from abiotic stresses and maintain a higher level of sugars in plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify histamine-forming bacteria (HFB) and the sources of introduction of such bacteria to recommend control measures to mitigate histamine formation in yellowfin tuna (YFT). Field samples were collected from multi-day boats that landed at Dikkowita, Negombo, Trincomalee and Dondra fishery harbours. Ice from the fish holds (n=63) and chill transport vehicles (n=63), and swabs from the fish holds (n=63), the boat decks (n=63) and the skin of YFT (n=63) were collected. Fish loin samples (n=15), ice samples (n=36) and swabs from the skin of YFT (n=18), floor (n=18) and chill transport vehicles (n=18) were collected from fish processing plants. Presumptive HFB isolated from Nivens medium and Violet Red Bile Glucose (VRBG) agar were screened for histamine forming ability in Tripticase soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 1.0% L-histidine. HFB isolates were characterized by sequencing approximately 1400 bp of the 16S rDNA. Seven isolates that produced histamine in the range of 3000--4000 ppm in TSB isolated from ice samples, and a swab sample collected from the boat deck, were confirmed as Klebsiella aerogens (n=6) and Morganella morganii (n=1) respectively. Hafnia alvei (n=1), Serratia sp. (n=2), Citrobacter freundii (n=1), Rahnella sp. (n=1) and Aeromonas salmonicida (n=8) were also among the isolated histamine forming bacteria. Pseudomonas sp. (n=24) and Shewanella baltica (n=7), which are known as spoilage bacteria were also isolated and showed weak histamine formation. Hence, it is evident that histamineforming bacteria could be introduced into the fish from ice and contacting surfaces. This necessitates the practice of rigorous cleaning procedures and adaptation of proper postharvest handling procedures to minimize contamination of the fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted at the first agricultural research and experiment station, Agriculture college, Al-Muthanna university, for 85 days, including the localization period (for the period from 25/9/2022 to 20/12/2022), to determine the effect of adding Arabic Gum and technomus as a prebiotic on growth triats. 162 common carp were used, with an average weight of 75±5 gm per fish, in 27 small tanks (baskets) of 0.107 cubic meters, they were randomly distributed to nine treatments with three replicates (6 fish for each replicate), were as followed: T1: (control treatment; without adding). T2: add 0% technomus with 0.5% Arabic Gum to the diet. T3: add 0% technomus with 1.0% Arabic Gum to the diet. T4: add 0.5% technomus with 0% Arabic Gum to the diet. T5: add 0.5% technomus with 0.5% Arabic Gum to the diet. T6: add 0.5% technomus with 1.0% Arabic Gum to the diet. T7: add 1.0% technomus with 0% Arabic Gum to the diet. T8: add 1.0% technomus with 0.5% Arabic Gum to the diet. T9: add 1.0% technomus with 1.0% Arabic Gum to the diet. The results of examining RBC and WBC showed that T7 and T8 were significantly (P≤0.05) superior, T1 and T3 were significantly decreased (P≤0.05) compared with other treatments. significantly (P≤0.05) superior in T6, T7 and T8 on hematocrit (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) compare with others. A significant (P≤0.05) superiority for all treatments compare with T6 on albumin, while T3 decreased on glucose concentration compare others. As for globulin, all treatments showed significant superiority over T2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrio species are the most common and serious pathogens in fish and shellfish marine aquaculture worldwide with high mortalities and morbidity lead to great economic loss. Among all V. species infecting V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus taken the first place. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Vibrio species in seabass in addition detection of certain virulence genes. A total of 220 seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) had haemorrhage, erosion and ulcers in the skin, gills, fin base and tail and were purchased from fish markets at from Alexandria, Behaira, lake Qarun and subjected to phenotypic bacteriological examination. revealed that the prevalence of 4 vibrio isolates was 1.8% (4/220) including two isolates of V. alginolyticus (one from liver and other from spleen) and two isolates of V. parahaemolyticus (one from liver and other from kidney). Molecular identification based on use of 16srRNA gene sequence confirmed 4 strains as vibrio species. Proving its pathogenicity through using primers for the virulence genes (trh, tlh, recA and categorized 2 isolates belong to vibrio alginolyticus (one with trh) and 2 isolates belong to vibrio parahaemolyticus (one with recA and tlh, the other with trh). The 4 strains of V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus were multi drug resistant (MDR),resist more than 3classes of antibiotics, which pose potential health hazards to consumers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is one of the most concerning ecological restrictions influencing plant growth, which poses a devastating threat to global agriculture. Surplus quantities of ROS generated under stress conditions have negative effects on plants' growth and survival by damaging cellular components, including nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. However, low levels of ROS are also necessary because of their role as signalling molecules in various development-related pathways. Plants possess sophisticated antioxidant systems for scavenging as well as regulating ROS levels to protect cells from damage. Proline is one such crucial non-enzymatic osmolyte of antioxidant machinery that functions in the reduction of stress. There has been extensive research on improving the tolerance, effectiveness, and protection of plants against stress, and to date, various substances have been used to mitigate the adverse effects of salt. In the present study Zinc (Zn) was applied to elucidate its effect on proline metabolism and stressresponsive mechanisms in proso millet. The results of our study indicate the negative impact on growth and development with increasing treatments of NaCl. However, the low doses of exogenous Zn proved beneficial in mitigating the effects of NaCl by improving morphological and biochemical features. In salttreated plants, the low doses of Zn (1 mg/L, 2 mg/L) rescued the negative impact of salt (150mM) as evidenced by increase in shoot length (SL) by 7.26% and 25.5%, root length (RL) by 21.84% and 39.07% and membrane stability index (MSI) by 132.57% and 151.58% respectively.The proline content improved at all concentrations with maximum increase of 66.65% at 2 mg/L Zn. Similarly, the low doses of Zn also rescued the salt induced stress at 200mM NaCl. The enzymes related to proline biosynthesis were also improved at lower doses of Zn. In salt treated plants (150mM), Zn (1 mg/L, 2 mg/L) increased the activity of P5CS by 19.344% and 21%. The P5CR and OAT activities were also improved with maximum increase of 21.66% and 21.84% at 2 mg/L Zn respectively. Similarly, the low doses of Zn also increased the activities of P5CS, P5CR and OAT at 200mM NaCl. Whereas P5CDH enzyme activity showed a decrease of 82.5% at 2mg/L Zn+150mM NaCl and 56.7% at 2mg/L Zn+200mMNaCl. These results strongly imply the modulatory role of Zn in maintaining of proline pool during NaCl stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fenugreek seed (FS) contains abundant functional biomolecules that activate the antioxidative and immunity system of aquatic animals. In this study, the methanolic extract of FS was included in Nile tilapia diets at 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2% levels and fed to fish for 90 days. Nile tilapia (10.57 ± 0.14 g) were randomly divided into five triplicate groups to check the growth performance, haematobiochemical profile, immunity, antioxidative response, and tolerance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. The results revealed that the methanolic extract of FS significantly improved the growth performance while reducing the feed conversion ratio (FCR). Methanolic extract of FS also modulated the haematobiochemical profile. Markedly, the lysozyme and phagocytic activities were activated by the dietary methanolic extract of FS. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was improved, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was decreased by the dietary methanolic extract of FS. The SOD was markedly increased in the fish-fed dietary methanolic extract of FS at 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2%, while the MDA decreased in the fish fed 0.15 and 0.2%. The transcription of IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β genes showed upregulated expression by ethanolic extract of FS. Accordingly, Nile tilapia showed high resistance against the A. hydrophila infection. The regression analysis revealed that the inclusion of 0.09% is recommended to improve the specific growth rate and FCR. In conclusion, the study revealed that an ethanolic extract of FS is recommended to enhance the growth performance, immunity, antioxidative response, and tolerance to A. hydrophila in Nile tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiotic stress factors such as salinity, drought, flooding, as well as low and high temperatures are the main factors that drastically influence crop yield worldwide. The current study was designed to evaluate the effects of foliar spraying with humic acid and algal extract alone or in combination with organic fertilizers under salty soil conditions on the growth, essential oil composition, and quality of two basil varieties (O. basilicum var. basilicum and O. basilicum var. Genovese). Growth characters significantly increased when plants were sprayed with 1.5% humic acid and/or 3 ml/L algal extract (oligo X) as control < humic acid < algal extract (oligo X) < humic acid + algal extract (oligo X). Also, essential oil composition, yield, and proline content significantly increased after spraying with humic acid 1.5% and/or 3 mL/L algal extract. The two varieties differed in their growth characteristics; the number of branches and herb fresh weight; as well as essential oil percentage and yield per plant under control conditions, and thus differences were due to the differences in salinity stress tolerance. Both varieties differed in their response to treatments with humic acid and algal extract. The GC/MS results show the presence of 30 components in the essential oils of the studied basil plants. The major compounds were linalool, Estragole, and Eucalyptol. Linalool and Eucalyptol were much higher in O. basilicum L., while Estragole was much higher in O. basilicum var. Genovese. These results revealed humic acid and algal extract's vital role as eco-friendly fertilizers in improving basil plant growth, yield, and quality under salinity stress conditions. Which may be involved in sustainable medicinal plant production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German chamomile otherwise known as Matricaria chamomilla L. syn Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert is widely used in herbal teas and cosmetics given its outstanding antioxidant properties. Two released cultivars of German chamomile viz. 'CIM-Sammohak' and 'CIM-Ujjwala' were chemically profiled to investigate the constitutional makeup of their aerial parts, flowers, leaves, and roots collected during the flowering season. The whole aerial part and then the aerial part inclusive of flowers harvested 50 cm above ground level were investigated separately to note the differences in the chemical composition due to the flowers. The oils from the flowers of CIM-Sammohak were also chemically distinguished using hydro distillation and steam distillation methods. α-bisabolone oxide A, α-bisabolol oxide A, and α-bisabolol oxide B were higher in the flowers using hydro distillation method while the concentrations of α-(E, E)-farnesene, germacrene D, and (E)-β-farnesene increased on using steam distillation technique for flowers essential oil extraction. α-bisabolol oxide A (0.1 %-41.9 %), α-bisabolone oxide A (2.1%-28.3%), (E)-β-farnesene (1.0%-39.6%), and α-bisabolol oxide B (1.5 %-16.6 %) were identified to be the major compounds in all the oils of CIM-Sammohak whereas the oils of CIM-Ujjwala revealed entirely different composition dominant of acetylenic molecules viz. (2Z,8Z)-matricaria ester (60.1%-81.9%) and (2E,8Z)-matricaria ester (1.5%-7.2%). The flower yield of CIM- Sammohak was higher compared to CIM-Ujjwala; and it is highly demanded in the market for its dry flower and essential oils. However, the CIM-Ujjwala is suitable as source of bioactive (2Z,8Z)-matricaria ester useful in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to investigate the potential effect of nanocurcumin as feed additive in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus to improve its growth performance, health status and resistance against Aspergillus flavus. The control group was fed on a basal diet without nanocurcumin, and four diets T1, T2, T3 and T4 were supplemented with 10, 25, 40 and 55 mg/kg of nanocurcumin, respectively, in triplicate (20 fish/replicate). The duration of the feeding trial was 60 days. The final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival rate showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased values in the nanocurcumin groups than the control. Fish fed with nanocurcumin supplementation showed improvement in RBCs, haemoglobin, total protein, albumin and globulin while there was a decrease in the liver enzymes (AST and ALT), glucose and alkaline phosphatase. The creatinine was also decreased in fish fed nanocurcumin. The digestive enzymes amylase and lipase increased in the nanocurcumin‐treated groups, and the triglycerides values showed non‐significant increase, whereas the cholesterol values showed non‐significant decrease in T1 and T4. Meanwhile, the cortisol was nearly the same in all groups. At the end of the trial, the fish were challenged with Aspergillus flavus for 15 days. Aspergillus flavus resulted in the mortality of 100% of the control group and the groups with lower doses of nanocurcumin (T1 and T2) within the first week and second week post challenge respectively. In the treatments with high doses (T3 and T4), higher survival rates were recorded in a dose‐dependent manner. The pathogenicity of Aspergillus flavus was confirmed histopathologically. It was concluded that the dietary supplementation of nanocurcumin enhanced the health status of O. niloticus by improving the haemato‐immunological response and body composition parameters of the fish, and protected it from the Aspergillus flavus infection with optimum inclusion levels of 25–40 mg/kg diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is the majorly cultivated staple crop worldwide. The world witnesses a great percentage of yield loss of wheat due to drought stress. The present study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of phytosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) in contributing to drought resilience in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under rain-fed conditions. FeONPs were biosynthesized by using leaf extract of Prosopis cineraria as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized to evaluate the structural and biochemical aspects. The FeONPs were found to be irregularly spherical in shape with a mean size of 42.6 nm. The concentration of nanoparticles in the sample was found to be 164.01 mg lâˆ'1. An experimental setup was laid out in a randomized-plot design with 3 replications for Rabi season 2020â€"2021. Five dosages of nanoparticles were prepared as 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm from the stock solution. The wheat crop varieties grown in the field were subjected to a total of 3 treatments; Nanopriming, foliar application of FeONPs at seedling development stage (20 DAS), and tillering stage (30 DAS). Plants that were not treated with NPs were considered as control. No irrigation regime was followed as the effect of NPs on the crop was to be assessed under rain-fed conditions only. Plant growth parameters were recorded. The obtained results revealed that the application of FeONPs positively affected all the morphological and yield attributes in the wheat crop. The highest concentrations used were found to be most effective and showed a significantly pronounced effect as compared to the control at p ≤ 0.05. The study concluded that the FeONPs can contribute to drought resilience in wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis amongst cultured Oreochromis niloticus and Mugil cephalus and evaluated the potential use of oregano essential oil (OEO) and glutaraldehyde (GA)‐quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) combination for its possible control in the light of levels used in Egyptian aquaculture. The total prevalence of E. faecalis was 50.5%, whereas O. niloticus was the most affected species 59%. Molecular typing revealed that the retrieved isolates shared a common ancestor and showed 99.86% genetic similarity to E. faecalis type strain (CAU: 182). The in vitro assays revealed that the measurement techniques showed a highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) reduction in E. faecalis count at 1250 mg L−1 OEO with complete inhibition at 2500 mg L−1. The techniques have a strong positive correlation (p ≤ 0.01) with a slope of regression (R2 = 0.872), and their compatibility reached high levels with the area under the curve (AUC) at different wavelengths. Of interest, GA and QACs had LC50 of 2.19 and 5.16 mg L−1, respectively, in red tilapia. Moreover, these chemicals had a synergistic effect, with the best bactericidal activity at T1 conc. (0.5 mg GA + 1.2 mg QACs) after 10 min of exposure in both fresh and marine water. Organic matter delayed the activity of the disinfectant and increase the exposure time to 30 min in marine water. Overall, OEO, GA and QACs could be considered as potential surrogates for antibiotic usage for possible control of E. faecalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial and viral diseases in aquaculture result in severe production and economic losses. Among pathogenic bacteria, species belonging to the Vibrio genus are one of the most common and widespread disease-causing agents. Vibrio infections play a leading role in constraining the sustainable growth of the aquaculture sector worldwide and, consequently, are the target of manifold disease prevention strategies. During the early, larval stages of development, Vibrio species are a common cause of high mortality rates in reared fish and shellfish, circumstances under which the host organisms might be highly susceptible to disease preventive or treatment strategies such as vaccines and antibiotics use, respectively. Regardless of host developmental stage, Vibrio infections may occur suddenly and can lead to the loss of the entire population reared in a given aquaculture system. Furthermore, the frequency of Vibrio--associated diseases in humans is increasing globally and has been linked to anthropic activities, in particular human-driven climate change and intensive livestock production. In this context, here we cover the current knowledge of Vibrio infections in fish aquaculture, with a focus on the model species gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), a highly valuable reared fish in the Mediterranean climatic zone. Molecular methods currently used for fast detection and identification of Vibrio pathogens and their antibiotic resistance profiles are addressed. Targeted therapeutic approaches are critically examined. They include vaccination, phage therapy and probiotics supplementation, which bear promise in supressing vibriosis in land-based fish rearing and in mitigating possible threats to human health and the environment. This literature review suggests that antibiotic resistance is increasing among Vibrio species, with the use of probiotics constituting a promising, sustainable approach to prevent Vibrio infections in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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