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The main objective of this study was to investigate how ambidextrous leadership contributes to competitive advantage and financial performance in Indonesia's microfinance institutions (MFIs). A secondary aim was to analyze the moderating effect of intellectual capital on the relationship between ambidextrous leadership and competitive advantage and the mediating role of competitive advantage in the indirect link between ambidextrous leadership and financial performance. Data were collected from 88 firms in the MFI sector through purposive sampling. The Moderation-Mediation (MODMED) procedure was used to assess four proposed relationships. The results indicated that ambidextrous leadership is crucial for achieving competitive advantage, with intellectual capital as a moderator in this relationship. Furthermore, competitive advantage was found to significantly explain financial performance and serve as an intermediary in the connection between ambidextrous leadership and financial performance. This study addresses the existing literature gap by examining ambidextrous leadership's influence on competitive advantage. It also introduces a fresh perspective by suggesting that intellectual capital acts as a boundary condition in the link between ambidextrous leadership and competitive advantage. The findings offer pragmatic insights for organizations, particularly MFIs in Indonesia, to enhance their competitive advantage through effective leadership and strategic management of intellectual resources., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Effendi, So, Setiadi and Soepriyanto.)

The manufacturing sector's adherence to managing natural resources from the environment still needs to be improved. This study's objective is to determine how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) influences the financial performance of manufacturing firms featured in the LQ45 Index, as measured by Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Net Profit Margin (NPM). All manufacturing companies that are included in the LQ45 Index's population for this study were sampled using the purposive sampling method. This study uses secondary data from the CSRI based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) G4 standard for 2018-2020 and the annual reports of companies in the manufacturing industry sector listed on the LQ45 Index. Moreover, applying a quantitative methodology, descriptive statistical methods, conventional assumption tests, and simple linear regression analysis were applied in this study's data analysis. The results of the study proved that CSR has a significant effect on ROA but does not affect the ROE and NPM of LQ45 manufacturing companies. In accordance with the signaling theory, CSR disclosure sends a favourable message to outsiders, which stakeholders and shareholders will respond to through changes in business earnings. CSR implementation can establish a positive image for the company, but it can also improve the company's image in both the commodity and capital markets. Investors will be more attracted to a company with a positive corporate image since a positive corporate image increases consumer loyalty. As consumer loyalty rises, the company's sales will likewise rise, and its profitability will increase as a result. This paper opens a new research path in corporate social responsibility and financial performance for possible links among variables; a matter that has not been previously explored in Indonesia Manufacturing Public Companies., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Meiryani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Purpose: Palm oil is the leading commodity of the plantation sub-sector in Indonesia, providing a tremendous economic impact for the people and the government. However, the development of oil palm plantations raises the issue of environmental damage because oil palms use large quantities of water. The purpose of this study is to explore circular water management accountability practices through disclosures issued by each company and the effectiveness of water management voluntary disclosure under the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards on increasing stakeholder trust and reducing information asymmetry., Design/methodology/approach: This study used secondary data collected from reports published by plantation sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and accessible online. Analysis was performed using the method of Miles and Huberman (1992): data reduction, data presentation, conclusion drawing, and verification. Data reduction was conducted by identifying plantation sub-sector companies that reported water management practices consecutively from 2018 to 2020 and seeking all disclosures related to water management and circular water management practices with 3R indicators. Data presentation was carried out by presenting findings from circular water management disclosures and comparing inter-year circular water management accountability practices to examine reporting routines. Finally, conclusions were drawn and verified., Findings: The results of this study show that only six of the 20 plantation sub-sector companies reported circular water management with 3R indicators for three consecutive years (2018-2020). Two of these six companies attached GRI index references to their reports consisting of GRI 303 (Water and Effluents) and GRI 306 (Waste), while the other four did not. In addition, water management voluntary disclosure under the GRI standards was shown to increase stakeholder trust and reduce information asymmetry., Originality/value: This study raises the concepts of water accounting and circular water management accountability practices in plantation sub-sector companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX)., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

The COVID-19 outbreak has emphasized the importance of leadership style in achieving organizational performance. It also implies changes in administrative processes to remote working, impacting employee activities, and performance. Employee performance is one of the aspects that might influence a company's success. If employees are productive and provide high-quality work, the company's performance will increase. This study aims to analyze the effect of Transformational Leadership and Remote Working on Employee Performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was conducted by performing a questionnaire distribution survey and acquiring 136 respondents. The research was conducted on a Jakarta area company that had implemented Remote Working. The number of samples in this study was determined using a simple random sampling procedure, in which the sampling was done at random without consideration for the population's existing strata. This study uses a quantitative approach method based on factual data and research data in statistical figures related to concluding research problems. The source of data in this study is primary data that was directly obtained from sources without going through intermediaries. This study shows that Transformational Leadership has no significant impact on Employee Performance during the COVID-19 pandemic, and Remote Working has a significant impact on Employee Performance during the COVID-19 pandemic., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Meiryani, Nelviana, Koh, Soepriyanto, Aljuaid and Hasan.)

This study scrutinizes the effect of blockchain technology on sustainable performance in the circumstances of Vietnam, a developing country. In which, we consider management accounting system as a mediating factor. Additionally, digital transformation is employed as the moderating variable for links in the research model. It provides empirical evidence about this context from manufacturing businesses in Vietnam. Our paper has been carried out utilizing a quantitative technique. Our population is already represented by manufacturing companies in Vietnam. Survey questionnaires were distributed to potential participants via their email. After removing missing answers and outliers, our final sample consisted of 568 observations. By employing the partial least squares structural equation modeling, our findings explicate that blockchain technology has a substantial favorable impact on sustainable performance, and management accounting system positively mediates this effect. Moreover, digital transformation acts as favorable moderator role on the link between blockchain technology and management accounting system, and the link between management accounting system and sustainable performance, respectively. Therefore, this paper has been conducted to complement experiential verification on sustainable performance in the early digital circumstances in developing market, particularly Vietnam. Accordingly, this is a pioneering study in this area that integrates all the above factors in the same experimental model. This contributes to supporting a scientific perspective for policy formulation to both digitize and internationalize the Vietnamese economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study utilized Multiple Linear Regression along with advanced classification algorithms such as Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree, and Random Forest, to detect financial statement fraud. Model performance was evaluated using key metrics, including precision, recall, accuracy, and F1-Score. The analysis also identified significant indicators of fraud, such as Accounts Receivable Turnover, Days Outstanding Accounts Receivable, Days Payables Outstanding, Logarithm of Gross Profit, Gross Profit Margin, Inventory to Sales Ratio, and Total Asset Turnover. Among the models, Random Forest emerged as the most effective algorithm, consistently outperforming others on both training and testing datasets. Logistic Regression and SVM demonstrated strong reliability, whereas KNN and Decision Tree faced overfitting challenges, limiting their practical application. These findings emphasize the critical need for enhanced fraud detection frameworks, leveraging machine learning algorithms like Random Forest to identify fraud patterns effectively. The study highlights the importance of strengthening internal controls, implementing targeted fraud detection measures, and promoting regulatory improvements to enhance transparency and financial accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial technologies and payment applications have revolutionized money flow recently, with cryptocurrencies offering decentralization, though still limited in transactional use. This study investigates the factors influencing the use of cryptocurrencies for business transactions in North Carolina (NC). This exploratory research utilizes an extended technology acceptance model (TAM) using survey data collected from 228 North Carolina residents and applying Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to find the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Our results indicate that perceived usefulness, social influence, and personal innovativeness significantly impact users' intentions to adopt cryptocurrencies as a medium of exchange. A surprising finding is that ownership has a negative effect on the intention to use cryptos for business transactions. The findings imply that regulators and cryptocurrency issuers should make the system more useful, take full advantage of social media to promote cryptos, and encourage crypto holders to use cryptos for their intended utility rather than just as speculative instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of unscheduled news announcements on market contagion during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Using coexceedance of stock returns as a metric for market contagion effect, we assess the contribution of news releases from the United States and China on the financial contagion of a representative group of global equity markets through a quantile analysis framework. The empirical results are mixed: news events originating in the United States have a greater impact on market contagion compared with those originating in China, especially at lower quantiles. Stock markets respond asymmetrically to good news versus bad news, and the latter lead to a sharper common fall among the markets than the boost to the market caused by good news. We also find evidence that conditional variance and investor sentiment play some role in the spread of financial market crises, despite differences in extent and direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present paper examines the existing literature on how FinTech and RegTech contribute to business sustainability and the sustainability of new-age technology firms. It highlights the opportunities and challenges faced by new age technology firms, especially in emerging markets, in ushering in business sustainability and provides insights to attain economic stability, growth, and social and environmental sustainability through FinTech and RegTech. Methodology: We conducted a systematic literature review using the SALSA (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, and Analysis) framework to examine existing literature on the topic of the current study. To analyse the evolution and development of this domain, we extract published literature from Scopus using search strings based on the PICOC (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Context) framework population, without considering any time frame. Thematic synthesis is used for data extraction and further classification of literature to synthesize the current body of knowledge and ascertain future research agendas in FinTech, RegTech and sustainability. Finding: We find that FinTech has favourable influence on banks, SMEs and agriculture performance but is a significant challenger to the traditional finance industry. Although, there is suggestive evidence in favour of cyber security being a factor for FinTech adoption, further evidence is still required. Results highlight differences in market penetration of FinTech in developed and emerging economies, and demographic factors like the age of the population and demographic dividend of the emerging economies play an important role in the rise of FinTech in emerging economies. RegTech has continuously evolved to address the challenges posed by evolving financial technologies, with a focus on improving internal control systems. This study outlines the future research agenda in terms of protection against non-compliance, money laundering, terror financing, and cyber security, which are other major reasons for the adoption of RegTech. RegTech has also shown a positive impact on preventing financial crime, reducing compliance costs, and easy onboarding of clients. Practical implications: This paper reveals the connection between FinTech and RegTech and business sustainability, the factors that influence their adoption, and the challenges of adopting these technologies. The findings underscore the issues that policymakers must tackle to promote responsible FinTech adoption, striking a balance between innovation and sustainability. Originality: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study examining and presenting a structured literature review of the existing literature on the impact of FinTech/RegTech on business sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Regarding the magnitude of the impact caused by money laundering, the size of the organization and the many parties involved, this paper aims to explore the methods used in detecting money laundering, especially the use of technology. Design/methodology/approach: This research is a literature review from various research sources originating from Pro-Quest, Emerald, Science Direct and Google Scholar. Findings: The researchers found that the most widely used methods for detecting money laundering were artificial intelligence, machine learning, data mining and social network analysis. Research limitations/implications: This research is expected to help the government or institutions such as the police, forensic accountants and investigative auditors in the fight against money laundering. This research is limited to only a few sources, and it is hoped that further research can explore more deeply related to other methods for detecting money laundering. Originality/value: This paper discusses the methods that are widely used in detecting money laundering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to exploration potential money laundering crimes with virtual currency facilities in Indonesia. Money laundering using crypto is the process of disguising the origin of money obtained illegally. Then, the perpetrator transfers it to a legitimate business. Virtual money then started to become a phenomenon in society since the emergence of cryptocurrencies as a form of technology development of e-commerce activities. Design/methodology/approach: This research method is normative law which is prescriptive. The data collection technique used is document study or literature study by collecting primary and secondary legal materials. Findings: The results of this study show that the bitcoin virtual currency has the potential to act as a means of money laundering. There are technologies and online platforms that are moving with more sophisticated methods. Through bitcoin exchanges, it has the greatest potential for money laundering. The usage of virtual currency (cryptocurrency) by those who commit money laundering offenses is responsible for the actions' severe negative effects on the State of Indonesia. Originality/value: To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first study conducted in Indonesia that explores potential money-laundering crimes using virtual currency facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the relationship between the readability of annual reports and corporate performance in Chinese listed firms. Design/methodology/approach: This research examined the annual report readability factors of Chinese listed companies by using a textual analysis method using Python to extract the text from the annual reports, convert it into numerical form to facilitate statistical analysis and then merge the results with data from the Chinese stock market to explain the impact on corporate performance and predict future earnings in the Chinese financial markets from 2008 to 2021. Findings: Study findings indicate that firms with better financial reporting readability are more profitable, incur lower agency costs and have low earnings in the Chinese stock markets when readability is low (i.e. more complexity and length of annual reports). It was also found that when a listed company has a good performance, it prefers to use a short space to explain its operating and financial status. More generally, the means of the report length are short, and accounting terms are used less frequently; in the case of a poor company, the annual report is particularly long and accounting terms are more frequently used. In the context of the COVID-19 crisis, this study served as a proxy measure of returns prior to the announcement of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, an instrumental variable approach is used, which helps results to remain robust and control for fixed effects and potential endogeneity problems. Research limitations/implications: Although this study's results cannot be generalised globally because of their limited scope, they can still be generalised across non-English speaking countries. Thus, future cross-country research is encouraged to examine the textual analysis of financial reports across those countries. Practical implications: This study conveys two messages to investors and policymakers within the Chinese market. First, investors ought to pay greater attention to the nonfinancial information contained in annual reports to improve the accuracy of their predictions regarding future firm performance. Second, Chinese policymakers are encouraged to instate a policy for the use of plain English in annual reports to make them more readable by international investors. Originality/value: This study contributes to the paucity of research that examines English-written annual reports in non-English speaking countries by examining the readability of annual reports in the Chinese market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current phenomenon is that crypto asset investment is considered high risk, yet the number of crypto asset investors is increasing. This research investigates the determinants of crypto investment decisions: driven by rational or irrational behavior, specifically testing the moderating role of social influence on the determinants of investment decisions. The research combines technological factors (crypto platforms) and psychological factors (herding behavior FOMO (Fear of Missing Out)) with external factors of social influence a moderating variable. This study uses quantitative research methods and primary data from respondents who are crypto asset investors domiciled in Indonesia. The sample consisted of 124 respondents consisting of 95 male respondents and 29 female respondents. Statistical analysis including analysis of the Outer Model, Inner Model and direct effect and Moderated Regression Analysis was carried out using SmartPLS 0.3 software. The results showed that crypto platforms, financial literacy, herding behavior, FoMO had an effect on investment decisions, and social influence was able to moderate the influence of crypto platforms, financial literacy, herding behavior, FoMO on investment decisions. Suggestions given for further research are: develop further research models that can represent the determinants of investment decisions in crypto by using other research variables in predicting their influence on investment decisions such as regret experience, attitude, risk tolerance, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigates the diversification benefits of multiple cryptocurrencies and their usefulness as investment assets, individually or combined, in enhancing the performance of a well-diversified portfolio of traditional assets before and during the pandemic COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses two optimization techniques, namely the mean-variance and the maximum Sharpe ratio. The naïve diversification rules are used for comparison. Besides, the Sharpe and the Sortino ratios are used as performance measures. Findings: The results show that cryptocurrencies diversification benefits occur more during the COVID-19 pandemic rather than before it, with the maximum Sharpe ratio portfolio presenting its highest performance. Furthermore, the results suggest that, during COVID-19, the diversification benefits are slightly better when using a combination of cryptocurrencies to an already well-diversified portfolio of traditional assets rather than individual ones. This serves to improve the performance of the maximum Sharpe ratio portfolio, and to some extent, the naïve portfolio. Yet, cryptocurrencies, whether added individually or combined to a well-diversified portfolio of traditional assets, don't fit in the minimum variance portfolio. Besides, the efficient frontier during COVID-19 pandemic dominates the one before COVID-19 pandemic, giving the investor a better risk-return trade-off. Originality/value: To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first study that examines the diversification benefits of multiple cryptocurrencies both as individual investments and as additional asset classes, before and during COVID-19 pandemic. The paper covers all analyses performed separately in previous studies, which brings new evidence regarding the potential for cryptocurrencies in portfolio diversification under different portfolio strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the intricate relationship between corporate financial strategies, encapsulated by book-tax differences (BTDs), and firms' engagement in corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs during economic crises. Using an unbalanced panel dataset drawn from financial, annual, and sustainability reports of over 97 Indonesian non-financial firms from 2017 to 2022, this study reveals that economic crises and CSR activities positively influence total BTD and permanent differences. Notably, firms strategically leverage CSR initiatives amidst crises to enhance their corporate image and manage internal challenges like aggressive tax planning. The robustness of these findings was validated through endogeneity analysis and by examining sub-samples from industries most impacted by the pandemic. In the industries least affected by the pandemic, the direct impact of CSR on BTD was found to be negative, indicating that in the general context, the CSR programs held by these industries are largely driven by normative motives. However, when specified in the crisis context, CSR serves as a strategic buffer for these industries, which reaffirms the prevalence of CSR strategic motives during Indonesia's pandemic challenges. The findings suggest policy implications for shareholders, regulators, and policymakers to ensure CSR transparency aligns with long-term corporate values and societal impact, incentivizing genuine CSR practices amidst economic uncertainty. Despite its contributions, the study recommends future research explore different domains of CSR and validate findings across diverse contexts to enrich the understanding of CSR's role in corporate resilience strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Business Administration & Social Studies is the property of Aves Yayincilik Ltd. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Investment efficiency is expected to mitigate agency problems in investment decision-making. However, the role of investment efficiency in accounting performance- based pay is less well-known. Purpose: This study investigates the moderating effects of investment efficiency on the nexus between accounting performance and executive compensation, which is termed accounting performance-based pay. We predict that executives at firms with more investment efficiency will receive a higher accounting performance-based pay. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses a sample comprising 888 firm-year observations of non-financial companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2010 to 2018. Finding/result: Using the level of investment efficiency and executive cash compensation as measures, we find that executive accounting performance-based pay significantly increases in investment-efficient firms. We also find that the association between investment efficiency and accounting pay-for-performance sensitivity is consistent with a robustness check using a different measure of investment efficiency. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Indonesian firms generally incorporate relative investment efficiency when designing executive compensation contracts. Originality/value (state of the art): This study fills an important gap in the literature on the role of investment efficiency and the use of accounting performance-based pay to address empirical evidence of the incentive alignment effect of strategic decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Syntax Literate is the property of Ridwan Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to improve investment decisions in crypto assets by optimizing the integration of financial literacy and risk perception through behavioral finance, emphasizing an in-depth understanding of the psychological and behavioral factors that influence financial decision-making. This study used a quantitative approach with primary data sourced from online questionnaires distributed via the Google Forms platform. The Slovin technique was used for sampling, resulting in a sample of 300 respondents. The analysis technique used by SEM-PLS is the Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square with the help of the SmartPLS program. The research was conducted at PT Indodax Nasional Indonesia or "INDODAX - Indonesia Bitcoin & Crypto Exchange". The results find that the integration of financial literacy, understanding of risk through behavioral finance, and the use of technology can significantly improve investment decisions in crypto assets. This research provides in-depth insights into the relationship between financial literacy, risk perception, and investment decisionmaking in crypto assets. The theoretical implications of the study confirm that financial literacy, understanding of risk, and related education contribute to improving optimal investment decisions in crypto assets as well as shaping financial behavior. The practical implication is the need for financial organizations and educational institutions to focus on financial literacy education and risk perception training to support optimal investment decision-making in crypto assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Efforts to prevent and eradicate the crime of money laundering require a strong legal basis to ensure legal certainty. This paper aims to analyse law enforcement on money launderers with juridical review perspectives. Design/methodology/approach: The research method used in this study is the statute approach, which is to examine all laws and regulations related to the crime of money laundering. The writing method used is the normative method, which is a type of research that uses the analysis of certain legislation. Findings: Three new findings were discovered. In assessing the validity or validation of a business ownership or business transaction, there are at least three pieces of evidence that need to be used, namely, presence/absence of company/business registration in an official government database; the presence/absence (including the amount) of tax reported on income tax and VAT; and the presence/absence of other legal documents relating to the existence or general licensing of a business. Research limitations/implications: The results of this study are also expected to be helpful for the community, government agencies, or institutions, such as the police, to combat corruption, and money laundering. The Prosecutor's Office and the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) describe the handling of money laundering crimes originating from money laundering crimes. Social implications: This research can provide an overview and input for the broader community as an early warning so as not to commit money laundering crimes. Originality/value: This is one of the pioneer studies looking into law enforcement on money launderers with comprehensive juridical review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to explore the impact of "Performance Expectancy" (PE) on the performance of Indian automotive manufacturing employees through their "Behavioural Intention" (BI) in the context of digital learning within the volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) world. Design/methodology/approach: A descriptive research design was adopted to gather data from 211 employees of Indian automotive manufacturing companies. Structural equation modelling was applied for data analysis and obtaining results. Findings: Largely, the findings indicate that BI does mediate the relationship between PE and employee performance (EP) in the context of the Indian automotive manufacturing sector. The findings would help in boosting digital learning initiatives, improving EP and fostering organizational success in the VUCA world. Research limitations/implications: The current study focused on the Indian manufacturing industry. Extending the research beyond the manufacturing sector to other industries in India could possibly help in generalizing the findings, and thereby enhance knowledge of the broader consequences of digital learning on EP. Practical implications: Digital learning platforms can enhance sustainable industrialization in the manufacturing sector by providing employees with access to digital learning opportunities. Managers must provide employees with access to digital learning opportunities for making them more creative and innovative, so that they can become real change agents, and can handle real-world problems more efficiently, leading the organization to deal with the complexities and unpredictability in this VUCA world. Originality/value: Within the ambits of Indian automotive manufacturing organizations, there have been limited research studies that have used two constructs of the UTAUT2 framework to see their impact on EP in terms of digital learning. Thus, based on the limited information available, this research stands as a pioneering effort in the realm of digital learning within the Indian automotive manufacturing industry, where the relationship between PE and EP is examined through the mediational role of BI of employees. Moreover, this research possibly would pave the way for further research studies on exploring the role of potential factors influencing the strength and direction of the relationships between these variables (PE and EP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital currency, defined as an internet-based monetary unit or medium of exchange, shares characteristics with physical money but enables instantaneous and borderless capital transfers. The transition from physical to digital money, driven by the digital economy and e-commerce, has revolutionized business models and induced fundamental changes. Given the volume of cryptocurrency transactions and their impact on financial markets, a deep study of this phenomenon is necessary. This research aims to explore attitudes towards cryptocurrency investment from the perspective of Iranian economic actors in virtual networks. It employs a qualitative approach with thematic analysis. The study's unit of analysis includes cryptocurrency investors and activists, as well as experts in economics, banking, management, stock market, sociology, accounting, law, and related disciplines. A total of 17 individuals were selected through purposive sampling. The findings indicate that cryptocurrencies significantly impact economic exchanges at both micro and macro levels due to their high speed and efficiency in payments, particularly international transactions, the security of currency exchanges, and the elimination of additional operational costs incurred by intermediary institutions. Factors influencing attitudes towards cryptocurrency investment were gathered using semi-structured interviews. The initial number of extracted codes was 1535, which were reduced to 113 codes, then to 38 sub-codes in the secondary (axial) coding phase, and finally to 7 main codes in the selective coding phase. These main codes are: social factors (4 indicators), determinants (5 indicators), political factors (4 indicators), personal factors (11 indicators), cultural factors (4 indicators), technical factors (4 indicators), and management factors (6 indicators). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines market co‐movement between pairs of financial assets in the time‐frequency domain. Recent finance literature confirms the integration of cryptocurrencies and financial assets, which may bring more investments with the possibility of surplus liquidity in the cryptocurrency segment, leading to financial instability. The novelty of this paper is examining the integration of cryptocurrencies and the indices of equity, sustainability, renewable energy, and crude oil for the daily observations from 2015 to 2021 by using the wavelet coherency method. The empirical results signify no integration in the short‐term scales and grow stronger in the medium‐term scales, especially during the COVID‐19 period, and further exhibit weaker heterogeneous associations in the long‐term scales. However, the sustainability, clean energy indices follow similar dynamics of the equity market and crypto pairs. In contrast, the global crude oil index showcases the minor integration with cryptocurrencies compared with other traditional asset classes. Hence, the cryptocurrency market fails to confirm the safe haven features, especially during the COVID‐19 periods (Medium‐term), which facilitate the domestic and international investors expecting to hedge their price risk in equity markets using cryptocurrencies may have to look for short‐term. The lead–lag heterogeneous effects of the asset‐pairs may pave arbitrage opportunities for investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence related to the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosure and profitability on the value of food and beverage subsector companies. The research population is a food and beverage subsector manufacturing company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019 to 2021. This study used a purposive sampling technique in sampling and obtained a sample of 48 companies with a total of 130 observational data. CSR disclosure in research is measured using GRI Standards, and profitability is proxied by Return on Equity (ROE). Firm value is proxied by Tobin's Q with period t + 1, the use of periods in firm value is a novelty in research. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that CSR disclosure has a significant negative effect on firm value. While profitability has a significant positive effect on firm value. This study contributes to the literature by introducing a temporal perspective in firm value measurement, highlighting the delayed impact of CSR disclosure and profitability on firm performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's purpose is to examine the effect of herding, loss aversion, overconfidence, and fear of missing out (FOMO) biases on crypto investors' investment decisions. The study also looks at how FOMO plays a mediating role between herding, loss aversion, overconfidence, and crypto investment decisions. To acquire data from crypto retail investors, the study used a questionnaire survey. A total of 473 responses were gathered and analyzed with SmartPLS. To achieve the study's aims, factor analysis and partial least square structural equation modelling were used. The study's findings found that FOMO, herding, loss aversion, and overconfidence biases have a substantial effect on the investment decisions of crypto investors, in respective order. In addition, FOMO bias establishes a complementary partial mediation on the relationship between herding, loss aversion, and crypto investors' decision-making behavior. Ergo, the present study assisted individual and institutional cryptocurrency investors, crypto portfolio managers, policymakers, researchers, and market regulators in broadening their knowledge base about cryptocurrency and forecasting investors' behavior. Hence, this study contributes to the field of behavioral finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether tax knowledge, tax fairness and trust affect voluntary tax compliance among small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Given the growing budget deficits and debt levels of developing economies, we contend that an understanding of the factors associated with voluntary tax compliance among SMEs could enhance tax revenue mobilization. Although the majority of businesses are SMEs, questions about their tax compliance have become topical among stakeholders due to perceived low levels of compliance, hence, an investigation into the factors underlying their tax compliance behavior is critical for stakeholders, particularly governments and tax authorities. We used a survey-based approach to sample 341 SMEs operating within Ghana's oil city of Secondi-Takoradi. We employed the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique to analyze the retrieved data. Generally, our empirical results indicate that social factors and behavioral motivations are key determinants of voluntary tax compliance among SMEs in Ghana. Specifically, our results suggest that SMEs' perception of tax fairness, knowledge about the tax system, and trust in government are significant predictors of voluntary tax compliance. Additionally, we find a significant mediating role of tax fairness in the relationship between tax knowledge and voluntary tax compliance. As governments seek to raise tax revenues and manage public debt, our results provide important insights into social and behavioral factors that could aid in enhancing tax compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak understanding the behavioral dynamics and role of knowledge-oriented leadership (KOL) in driving knowledge worker performance (KWP) is paramount for organizations striving to adapt and thrive in the post-pandemic era. Drawing on the path-goal theory, this study explores the impact of KOL on KWP. In addition, this study seeks to examine both the direct and indirect influences of KOL on KWP via digital orientation (DO) and digital citizenship practices (DCP), especially for higher education institutions (HEIs) located in China. Design/methodology/approach: The sample consisted of 319 academic staff from HEIs in China. The study used Smart-PLS 4.0 for analytical examination. Findings: The results indicate that the impact of knowledge-oriented leadership on KWP is negligible. Furthermore, DCP and DO partially mediate the relationship between KOL and KWP. The findings of this research have practical implications for Chinese HEIs and organizations across industries, providing insights into how to navigate the complexities of the post-pandemic work environment and effectively harness digitalization to optimize the KWP. Research limitations/implications: The implications of this research extend beyond the HEIs, providing organizations in various industries with evidence-based strategies to promote effective leadership, foster digital skills, and cultivate a culture of digital citizenship in the post-pandemic work landscape. Originality/value: Despite the increasing significance of KOL in the higher education sector, there is a dearth of studies establishing a relationship between KOL and KWP in HEIs. The present study seeks to fill this gap by examining the association among KOL, KWP, DO, and DCP in HEIs during the post-pandemic. This research provides significant contributions to the existing literature on the topic by scientifically exploring the association between KOL and KWP by examining the intervention mechanism of both digital citizenship practices and digital orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic has transformed the nature of work, with the implementation of the Work from Home (WFH) arrangement. This change has implied a series of considerations for business operations, including leadership. The purpose of this study is to ascertain academic personnel's view on the leadership received during the WFH period, to assess the leadership styles used, as well as measure the achievement of the outcomes of leadership. The study was conducted within private higher education in South Africa. Whilst some studies assess the leadership styles during the WFH period, no study could be located that assesses this phenomenon within higher education, as well as private higher education in South Africa, to be specific. The study utilised a quantitative research methodology with a cross-sectional design and a positivist research paradigm. The target population included all academic personnel within the private higher education institution under study (i.e., 133 personnel). Total population sampling was utilised, and data was collected through an online administered survey utilising the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), comprising 46 items. Eleven items were also included to ascertain the demographic details of participants. The study utilised descriptive, inferential and multivariate analysis techniques. A response rate of 79% was achieved. The findings of this study suggested that academic personnel held a generally positive sentiment toward the leadership approaches used by seniors during the WFH period. Transformational leadership was found to be the dominant approach utilised, as was found, through the correlation with literature, to be the suitable approach used during WFH. In addition, the study found a general level of comfort amongst staff regarding the achievement of the outcomes of leadership. Although there was an overall positive sentiment held regarding leadership during WFH, primary results also suggest areas for improvement, particularly on the increase in the use of transformational leadership and avoidance of instances of passive avoidance leadership. Considering that WFH has been identified as a viable solution for the foreseeable future, private higher education in South Africa should give due consideration to the leadership suggestions recommended in this study, to ensure that leadership approaches are conducive to WFH. This study contributes to literature surrounding the concept of leadership within the WFH period, within private higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the influence of change management, organizational culture, and transformational leadership on the performance of Bank Syariah Indonesia employees. This study uses a quantitative approach with an explanatory research type. The data collection method uses questionnaire dissemination. The population used in this study was employees of Bank Syariah Indonesia, amounting to 100 people. Still, in the dissemination process, questionnaires were obtained again and then reduced to 78 questionnaires. The method to process data is SEM (Structural Equation Model), which uses AMOS software version 24.0 as a tool. Based on the results of the goodness of fit criteria analysis, after modification, indices obtained χ2: 334.059 with P=0.05, CMIN / DF: 1.114 (=2.00), RMSE: 0.038 (=0.08), GFI: 0.805 (=0.90), NFI: 0.874 (=0.90), TLI: 0.978 (=0.90), IFI: 0.985 (=0.90). The goodness of fit criterion is in good condition, where after modification, indices can see a decrease in the value of chi-square offset by an increase in other criteria. This explains that modifying indices improves the goodness of fit criteria in good condition. The results of this research analysis include (1) change management has a significant influence on transformational leadership; (2) organizational culture has no influence on transformational leadership; (3) change management has a significant influence on employee performance; (4) organizational culture has a significant influence on employee performance; (5) Transformational leadership has no significant effect on employee performance; (6) transformational leadership has no mediating influence on change management and employee performance; (7) Transformational leadership has no mediating influence on organizational culture and employee performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of income smoothing still occurs in the Indonesian economy. There are several cases of income smoothing that have occurred, including at PT. Kimia Farma Tbk, PT and Lippo Tbk where these companies have published different financial reports. The purpose of this research is to determine the direct effect of profitability on income smoothing, financial leverage on income smoothing, profitability on company value, financial leverage on company value, the indirect effect of profitability on company value through income smoothing, financial leverage on company value through income smoothing and Income smoothing has a direct effect on company value. This research uses a mixed method. The population used in this research is automotive sub-sector manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2018-2022 period. The sampling method is to use a purposive sampling technique so that the samples obtained are 50 samples. The research results show that there is no direct influence of profitability on income smoothing, there is no direct influence of financial leverage on profit smoothing, there is a direct influence of profitability on firm value, there is no direct influence of financial leverage on firm value, there is no indirect influence income smoothing between profitability and company value, there is no indirect effect of income smoothing between financial leverage on company value and there is no direct effect of income smoothing on company value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused massive economic shocks, hurting companies and disrupting global production and consumption of markets, organizations, and commodities. This study investigates the effect of government intervention and transformational leadership on the relationship between COVID-19 containment measures and the performance of SMEs in Ghana's beverage manufacturing sector. Employing exploratory and cross-sectional design, we gathered empirical data using a quantitative research method. Participants completed research questionnaires independently, without any assistance from researchers, to provide data for the study. The questionnaires were self-administered. The data was collected from 100 SMEs, each with 500 leaders, owners, or CEOs. A structural equation model was used to analyze the data. The results showed that COVID-19 containment measures positively influenced SMEs' beverage businesses and transformational leadership. Results showed that transformational leadership significantly impacted the performance of SME beverage firms. The finding also indicated that government interventions significantly influenced the performance of SME beverage firms. The results showed that the performance of SME beverage firms and COVID-19 containment measures were mediated by transformational leadership style. However, government interventions have had a positive effect but did not moderate COVID-19 containment measures and the performance of SME beverage firms. The study contributes to the body of knowledge in the literature by establishing empirical evidence about how COVID-19 containment measures affect the performance of beverage manufacturing SMEs through the moderating effect of government intervention and the mediating effect of transformational leadership as limited studies have been conducted in this area in a single study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: A comprehensive standardized evaluation tool was needed to assess community awareness and preparedness when the pandemic hit the United States. This study aimed to develop and validate a new Coronavirus Awareness and Preparedness Scale (CAPS) through psychometric testing. Methods: This study unfolded in two phases. Phase 1 (conducted in March and April 2020) focused on the development of the scale. Phase 2 (conducted in June and July 2020) measured the reliability and validity of the scale. Psychometric testing, including exploratory factor analysis and reliability testing, was performed with a convenience sample of 1237 faculty, staff, and students at a southern university in the United States. Results: The final CAPS model consists of four factors with 26 items: threat (seven items), confidence (11 items), individual precautions (three items), and public precautions (five items). The scale demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.75). Strong and statistically significant item correlations were observed within the subscales through item analysis. Conclusion: The CAPS is a reliable and valid comprehensive evaluation instrument designed to gauge community awareness and preparedness during the early stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Its adaptability makes it suitable for measuring readiness and preparedness concerning any novel airborne disease or future airborne pandemic within a community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Contabilidade do Mestrado em Ciências Contábeis da UERJ is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to investigate the role of corporate social responsibility as a mediator between social factors and sustainable socially responsible purchases in the food industry of Sindh, Pakistan. To determine the findings of this study, a sample size of 250 is drawn from the study's primary data. The department of purchasing is requested to voluntarily complete the questionnaire utilized in previous studies. The convenience sampling strategy and the snowball sampling strategy are considered for data collection. For data analysis, SmartPLS version 3 is utilized. This study revealed that corporate social responsibility partially mediates the connection between human rights, social welfare, and sustainable socially responsible purchasing. Nevertheless, the full mediation effect between safety and health for socially responsible purchasing has been uncovered. The novel finding of this study is that the mediation effect was not previously conducted a. However, the mediating role of corporate social responsibility and the food industry has been evaluated in the context of Sindh, Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex disclosure limits the ability of users to extract useful information from the financial reports disclosed by firms and affects the decisions and perceptions of the stockholders of the information and adjusts their expectations of returns and consequently will affect the financing costs of the company. Based on this, the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the readability of financial reporting and financing costs, as well as to investigate the moderating effect of profit quality and audit quality on this relationship in Iran's capital market. For this purpose, the data of 138 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange were collected for ten years from 1391 to 1400, and the hypotheses of the research were investigated using the statistical method of multivariable linear regression. The results of the research hypotheses test show a significant and negative relationship between the readability of financial reporting and the cost of capital of companies. Also, the results show that profit management as an index of profit quality measurement intensifies the negative relationship between readability and financing costs. In other words, the increase in earnings management in companies with lower readability has led to an increase in financing costs. Also, the audit quality in companies that have lower readability has adjusted the cost of capital in a positive direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the relationship between digitalization and money laundering and tests whether ethical behaviour of firms and corruption moderate this association. Design/methodology/approach: The sample includes 114 countries during 2016. Basel Anti-Money Laundering Report for 2016 is used to collect data concerning money laundering. Digitalization proxies are collected from digital adoption index from the World Bank for 2016. Finally, the remaining variables are gathered from the Global Competitiveness Report for the same year. Findings: Results show negative and significant associations between the overall digitalization score and sub-scores dealing with digitalization adoption by businesses, people and government and money laundering. When testing for the moderating effect of corruption, the negative and significant association remains stable for both low and high corrupt environments for the overall digitalization score and sub-scores dealing digitalization adoption by businesses and people and money laundering. Similarly, ethical behaviour of firms does not moderate the association between digitalization (overall index and digitalization by business and people) and money laundering, as the relationship remains negative and significant for low and high ethical behaviour sub-samples. By contrast, the association becomes insignificant between digitalization adoption by government and money laundering for countries characterized by high corruption and low ethical behaviour of firms, while it is negative and significant for countries characterized by low corruption and high ethical behaviour firms. Originality/value: These findings confirm that digitalization effort represents a crucial arm to combat money laundering. It also emphasizes the interrelation that may exist between digitalization effort in governmental institutions and institutional environment, as low levels of money laundering cannot be reached if the digitalization effort undertaken by governments is not supported by low corruption and ethical business environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the historical development and evolution of beneficial ownership practices in Indonesia, which will eventually lead to more accountability and transparency. A qualitative technique of document analysis is employed to achieve the study objectives. The paper summarises Indonesia's AML regime and the crucial role of identifying beneficial owners in ensuring the financial integrity of the country. It analyses the influence of international AML standards and initiatives, domestic regulatory reforms, and the contributions of various stakeholders, including the government, financial institutions, and relevant entities. It further examines the impact of technological advancements, such as digital verification tools and data analytics, in fortifying the accuracy and efficiency of beneficial ownership disclosure. Moreover, the study evaluates the effectiveness of evolving beneficial ownership practices in Indonesia's AML regime. It discusses the enhancements in risk assessment, customer due diligence procedures, and the detection of money laundering and associated financial crimes. The implications of intensified accountability and transparency in beneficial ownership practices are meticulously analysed. The study emphasises the benefits of a more resilient financial system, augmented investor confidence, and an enhanced reputation for Indonesia in the global fight against money laundering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study quantifies intergovernmental transfers' contemporaneous and lagged effects on local tax revenues of districts/municipalities in Indonesia. This study found that transfer as aggregate and unconditional transfers/ Dana Alokasi Umum have crowding-in effects on local tax revenues. Meanwhile, revenue sharing/ Dana Bagi Hasil and conditional transfers/ Dana Alokasi Khusus do not significantly affect the tax revenues of districts/municipalities. In addition, system-Generalized Method of Moments estimation results show that the contemporaneous effects of transfers are more prominent in magnitude than their lagged effects. It indicates that local tax enforcement due to transfers provides a larger portion than the local spending stimulus in determining local revenue increases. Our findings refute the negative stigma that emerged after implementing fiscal decentralization, particularly related to the disincentive effect of transfers on local government efforts to generate their revenues. Therefore, equitably endowing local governments with intergovernmental transfers will improve their accountability and build public trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate consumer intention to pay for services in the travel and tourism industry using cryptocurrencies. This research investigates the impact of technology awareness, motivational factors and consumer attitudes on the intention to pay for tourism services using cryptocurrency by analyzing data collected from 794 respondents in the Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia). The empirical findings support the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and confirm that technology awareness, motivational factors and attitudes towards cryptocurrencies have a statistically significant impact on the intention to use cryptocurrencies to pay for tourism services. The results also suggest that technology awareness has an indirect effect on intention through the mediators of motivational factors and attitude, with motivation indirectly affecting intention through the mediator of attitude towards cryptocurrencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) in their report projected that over 4.5 trillion dollars are globally lost due to fraud, with individual organizations losing about 5 per cent of their revenues to fraud annually. Thus, organizations need to understand what contributes to fraud from an individual to organizational perspective, so that strategies to mitigate fraud are formulated. The objective of this paper is to identify various fraud-related theories used in research and their evolution. Subsequently, this study tries to identify the most commonly used fraud theory, approach and unit of analysis. Methodology: This paper employed a systematic review process and the name of the theory was used as the keyword in the Scopus database to identify papers that discussed the theories. A total of 342 papers were initially identified and analysed after which repeated papers were eliminated. Following this, 39 most recent papers were further analysed to identify the most common theories, research approaches and units of analysis, used in fraud research. Findings: The analysis found that fraud theories comprised of theories discussing individual factors and organizational factors, which contribute to fraud. The findings further reveal that the Fraud Triangle Contributions: This paper contributes to the growing interest in the study related to fraud by providing a comprehensive analysis of theories related to fraud by bringing together most commonly used theories in fraud research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the theory of gender socialization, women and men show different values when exposed to different moral development. Gender diversity expresses the differences in the moral and personality characteristics of men and women, and people's actions are a reflection of their inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, the presence of women in the composition of the audit committee and the board of directors makes the organization more effective and reduces the representation costs of companies, and this also reduces financial irregularities in companies through the opportunistic behavior of managers. The development of the capital market and the rules established by the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization in line with the regulatory environment in accepted companies have increased the level of management in companies. However, due to information asymmetry between shareholders and managers, accounting irregularities also exist. However, according to the fuzzy management theory, when the firm's performance is poor, managers tend to provide information in a vague and complex manner because the market may react to the information disclosed in a complex manner with a delay. The purpose of this research is the effect of the presence of women in the board of directors and the audit committee on accounting irregularities. In terms of purpose, the current research is an applied research, and in terms of the method of data collection, it is a post-event semi-experimental research in the field of accounting proof research, that is, it is based on the analysis of past information. In terms of data analysis method, it is correlation research. The current research is an applied research in terms of its purpose, and in terms of the method of data collection, it is a post-event semi-experimental research in the field of accounting proof research, that is, it is based on the analysis of past information. In terms of the data analysis method, it is correlational research, because the current research seeks to find the relationship between research variables in a statistical community. The research data were collected from the compact discs of the statistical and image archive of the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization, the Tehran Stock Exchange website, Rahvard Navin software. Finally, according to the volume of samples, the 13th version of Eviews software and Stata were used for data analysis. Based on the theory of gender socialization, men and women show different values when exposed to different moral development. Gender diversity expresses the differences in the moral and personality characteristics of men and women, and people's actions are a reflection of their inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, the presence of women in the composition of the audit committee and the board of directors increases the effectiveness of the organization and reduces the costs of representing companies. The findings of the research indicate that the presence of women in the audit committee reduces financial irregularities in companies. Also, the findings indicate that the presence of women in the board of directors can have a negative and significant impact on financial irregularities through monitoring the opportunistic behavior of managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RAP: Revista Brasileira de Administração Pública is the property of RAP: Revista Brasileira de Administracao Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Motivation: The topic of the article is of paramount importance in today’s ever-evolving business landscape. As companies strive to expand their operations and stay ahead of the competition, mergers and acquisitions have become a popular strategy. However, the risks and complexities associated with these transactions cannot be overlooked. Understanding the role of due diligence is essential for any organization considering a business takeover. It serves as a powerful tool to uncover potential risks, assess the viability of the transaction, and make well-informed decisions. By conducting a thorough due diligence process, companies can identify financial discrepancies, legal liabilities, operational inefficiencies, and hidden risks that may impact the success of the transaction. Aim: The goal of the research was to analyze to what extent is the resulting value of a business is affected by improperly performed due diligence. The method used for data collection was in-debt literature research based on the Web of Science database. Subsequent content analysis was used to identify the 10 most common errors that can occur during the process of due diligence. The following research used the data obtained from answering the first research question with. Ishikawa fishbone diagram was used as a specific method of causal analysis. Results: The main findings include the identification of the most common errors occurring during the performance of due diligence, such as wrong financial analysis, incomplete financial accounts, Incomplete accounting statements, or adjusting entries for receivables. The main causes include excessive work pressure on auditors, past due receivables, poor supplier vetting, or failure to document the application of prices. The research is beneficial for auditors or audited companies so that they could avoid such errors. However, there are also several limitations as it is very time and cost-consuming to deal with due diligence on a company-by-company basis. Also, the application of Ishikawa fishbone diagram and brainstorming prior to diagram depends on the number of experts involve. Another limitation is that the research results applied under current accounting legislation only, and there are different laws and regulations in different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on an analysis of 208 articles, this paper argues that while the fraud literature varies on the diagnosis of fraud, it is rooted in a common narrative as to its nature and causes. Specifically, this paper adopts an investigative approach to understand how fraud is often researched and shapes audit policies and practices. The findings reveal that fraud is generally looked at as an individual and/or organizational phenomenon, thereby allowing the meso-level of analysis to escape scrutiny. A gap, therefore, exists in being able to detect fraud at the meso-level, such as in financial services (i.e., LIBOR rigging). A meso-level analysis of fraud will allow researchers to highlight problems across the general field like the banks rigging the LIBOR or distorting the currency market as in the forex scandal. A meso-level analysis of fraud is important because it highlights the contagious behavior across the field and offers insights for fraud prevention and detection. Recognizing this unique epistemology will allow researchers to uncover new knowledge and not remain wedded to a reified understanding of fraud and fraud risks. Policymakers can derive insights and draft policies that reflect practitioners' needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]