Search

Abstract This study aimed to assess the exact location, size, and clinical significance of prostatic calcification using computed tomography (CT). We retrospectively analyzed data from 5,492 patients who underwent CT at the Department of Urology in our hospital between January 2010 and December 2020. After applying exclusion criteria (prostate cancer, post-prostatectomy, indwelling urethral catheter, severe artifacts, and software errors), 4,805 patients were included in the final analysis. Patient age, medical history, laboratory findings, and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) were collected, with linear regression used to identify predictors of IPSS. Of the 4,805 patients, 1,525 had no calcification, 285 had calcification with a Hounsfield unit (HU)

Objective: Female urethral diverticulum (UD), an evagination of the urethral mucosa into the surrounding connective tissue, is extremely rare in pregnancy. No clear guidelines on the optimal management of UD have been established, except for a common conservative approach. Here, we discuss how to manage UD with pregnancy. Case report: A 39-year-old gravida 4, para 0, abortion 3 (G4P0A3) woman at 34+0 gestational weeks (GW) visited our outpatient department with a 6-cm septate vaginal mass. Transvaginal ultrasound sonography (TVUS) revealed a 5.5 x 4.9-cm multicystic mass, which was confirmed as UD with pelvic MRI. She was admitted because of preterm labor. A cesarean section was performed at 36+5 GW due to a previous myomectomy, and a healthy male baby was born. UD was still observed in the patient two months after delivery. Periurethral diverticulectomy was performed, and pathological analysis revealed UD with chronic inflammation and edema. Conclusion: Previous reports and our case report show that UD can develop during pregnancy and that pelvic MRI is suitable for its accurate diagnosis. Vaginal delivery is possible in pregnant women with the small size of the UD. UD aspiration can permit vaginal delivery in a few cases; however, pus can occur at the aspirated site after the operation. If UD is still observed after delivery, urethral diverticulectomy is recommended.

Objectives Heavy metals eluted from mine waste pollute surrounding soil and water systems, which can spread to crops and have a harmful effect on the human body. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of recycling discarded mussel shells(MS) and manila clam shells (MC) as stabilizers for the immobilization of arsenic(As) and heavy metals(Pb, Zn) in soil. Methods MS and MC were processed with -#10 mesh natural material, -#20 mesh natural material, and -#10 mesh calcined material and treated at 0-10 wt%. After 1 week or 4 weeks of wet curing, it was eluted with 0.1 N HCl and the concentrations of As, Pb, and Zn in the soil were analyzed through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES) analysis. In addition, red lettuce was cultivated in the stabilized soil and the concentration of heavy metals that were transferred to crops was evaluated. The stabilization mechanism was investigated by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX) analysis. Results and Discussion The stabilization efficiency for arsenic and heavy metals was in the order of natural -#10 mesh < natural -#20 mesh < calcined -#10 mesh. The calcined stabilizer showed a high stabilization efficiency of 98% at a 2 wt% treatment level. Pb was not detected in the red lettuce grown in the stabiliz ed soil, and the standard for leafy vegetables (Pb-0.3 mg/kg or less) was satisfied according to the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The SEM-EDX analysis revealed that As was stabilized through Ca-As precipitation and heavy metals(Pb, Zn) were stabilized through pozzolanic reactions. Conclusion Stabilizers developed from MS and MC can be effectively applied to the stabilization of As and heavy metal-contaminated soil, and are expected to be used as economical and environmentally friendly stabilizers.

Hepatic metabolism is an important process for evaluate the potential activity and toxicity of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) metabolites. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has advocated the development of in vitro assays that mimic in vivo hepatic metabolism to eventually replace classical animal tests. In response to this need, we established a 3D mouse liver organoid (mLO) platform that mimics the animal model and is distinct from existing models. We evaluated the effects the activity of EDC metabolites generated through mLOs based on human cell-based reporter gene assays in addition to existing models. This study emphasizes the importance of hepatic ex-vivo and suggests the need a new metabolic model through a 3D mLOs platform. These results indicate that mLOs provides a novel biological method to screen for potential endocrine-disrupting activities of EDC metabolites.

Plant diseases and insect pests cause tremendous losses in agriculture, forestry and fruit tree production worldwide. The continuous application of chemical pesticides in the control of pests and diseases is increasingly becoming undesirable due to the associated health risks, environmental pollution and pesticide resistance. Biological control strategies are generally safer and more sustainable alternatives in plant disease and insect pest management. Bacillus species have been widely studied and commercialized as biocontrol agents, due to their ability to produce a wide range of versatile antimicrobial lipopeptides, polyketides, insecticidal toxins and the elicitation for induced systemic resistance (ISR). This review focuses on the biocontrol prospects of antimicrobial peptides from Bacillus sp. and the elicitation of ISR against plant diseases and insect pests of economic importance in agriculture, forestry and fruit tree production. The review summarizes the biocontrol reports of antimicrobial and insecticidal peptides from Bacillus sp. including lipopeptides, polyketides, bacterial volatile compounds and the elicitation of ISR against various phytopathogens and insect pests and the mechanisms involved in their antimicrobial/insecticidal activity and plant defence responses. This study will help researchers identify the gaps for future research in the application of Bacillus sp. in the eco-friendly management of plant diseases and insect pests.

ABSTRACTJapanese encephalitis (JE), caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is a highly threatening disease with no specific treatment. Fortunately, the development of vaccines has enabled effective defense against JE. However, re-emerging genotype V (GV) JEV poses a challenge as current vaccines are genotype III (GIII)-based and provide suboptimal protection. Given the isolation of GV JEVs from Malaysia, China, and the Republic of Korea, there is a concern about the potential for a broader outbreak. Under the hypothesis that a GV-based vaccine is necessary for effective defense against GV JEV, we developed a pentameric recombinant antigen using cholera toxin B as a scaffold and mucosal adjuvant, which was conjugated with the E protein domain III of GV by genetic fusion. This GV-based vaccine antigen induced a more effective immune response in mice against GV JEV isolates compared to GIII-based antigen and efficiently protected animals from lethal challenges. Furthermore, a bivalent vaccine approach, inoculating simultaneously with GIII- and GV-based antigens, showed protective efficacy against both GIII and GV JEVs. This strategy presents a promising avenue for comprehensive protection in regions facing the threat of diverse JEV genotypes, including both prevalent GIII and GI as well as emerging GV strains.

Importance: The Yi Shen Juan Bi (YSJB) pill has been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with several studies reporting its anti-inflammatory effects and ability to prevent bone destruction. However, the lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness and toxicity of individual components of YSJB limits its widespread use.Objective: This protocol outlines a systematic review and/or meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of YSJB.Data Resources: We will search worldwide electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, CiNii, J-STAGE, KoreaMed, Korean Medical Database, Korean Studies Information Service System, National Digital Science Library, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, and Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System. In addition, we will conduct manual searches, and, if necessary, contact authors directly. The search will cover publications until June 2024.Study Selection: We will select randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compare the use of YSJB for the treatment of RA against other treatments.Study Extraction and Synthesis: Data from the selected RCTs will be extracted, including sample size, patient characteristics, intervention details, and outcome measures. We will perform a meta-analysis using Review Manager software.Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): The primary outcome measures will include disease activity scores such as effective rate, swollen joint count, tender joint count, and morning stiffness. Secondary outcome measures will include blood test results and adverse events.Results : : The results will reveal the effectiveness and safety of YSJB for the treatment of RA.Conclusion : s and Relevance: The findings will provide an evidence-based review of the use of YSJB for RA.S.

The restoration of the endangered Korean fir (Abies koreana E.H.Wilson) forests requires mass production of high-quality and well-developed seedlings for outplanting. However, phytopathogenic fungal infections lower the survival rate and growth vigor of A. koreana seedlings, frustrating the re-afforestation efforts. This study isolated and identified the phytopathogenic fungi causing seedling blight and wilt diseases in A. koreana seedlings and investigated the potential of Bacillus velezensis CE 100 in controlling the fungal pathogens and promoting seedling growth. Phomopsis mali and Fusarium oxysporum were confirmed as the causal agents of blight and wilt diseases, respectively, and both fungi reduced the survival rate of A. koreana seedlings. B. velezensis CE 100 produced cell wall-degrading enzymes: chitinase, protease, and β-1,3-glucanase, and the bacterial crude enzyme fraction inhibited the spore germination and mycelial growth of P. mali and F. oxysporum in a concentration-dependent manner, causing severe morphological deformations. Consequently, treatment with B. velezensis CE 100 improved the survival rate of seedlings infected with either P. mali or F. oxysporum compared to the control and PB media treatment. The bacterium also increased nutrient availability through ammonia–nitrogen production and phosphate solubilization and produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and its inoculation remarkably improved seedling growth (root and shoot dry weight) compared to the control and PB media treatment group. This is the first study to report P. mali and F. oxysporum as the pathogens causing seedling blight and wilt diseases in A. koreana nursery seedling, and the possibility of using B. velezensis CE 100 to control the fungal pathogens and improve the seedling growth without chemical use.

Cherry leaf spot (CLS) disease is one of the most common and deleterious disease of flowering cherry seedlings which lowers frost tolerance, growth, and biomass production during the season, and reduces flower production in following season. This study isolated two phytopathogens, Alternaria alternata CH3 and Alternaria alternata CH10, and confirmed their pathogenicity of CLS disease in flowering cherry seedlings, causing brownish spots and necrotic lesions on the leaves. We also isolated a plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), Bacillus subtilis strain CV21, and investigated its antifungal and plant growth-promoting properties. The bacterium produced cell wall-degrading enzymes such as chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and protease and effectively antagonized both A. alternata CH3 and A. alternata CH10 and the crude enzyme fraction (100 µl/mL) of B. subtilis CV21 inhibited spore germination by 40.1 % and 25.1 % and reduced mycelial growth by 29.1 % and 42.5 % against A. alternata CH3 and A. alternata CH10. The crude enzyme fraction degraded the cell walls of both phytopathogens in a concentration-dependent manner, causing swelling with bulbous structures in the hyphal cell, and cell wall lysis with severe perforations, loss of shape and aggregation of spores compared to control. Treatment with the bacterial culture broth on flowering cherry seedlings reduced CLS disease by 1.3-fold and 3.4-fold compared to the chemical treatment and the control group, respectively. In addition, B. subtilis CV21 also demonstrated plant growth-promoting properties such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production up to a maximum concentration of 3.5 µg/mL during the experimental period and exhibited potential for phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation. The inoculation of nursery seedlings with B. subtilis CV21 culture broth improved the chlorophyll content, and increased seedling growth and biomass production compared to chemical treatment and the control group. The results demonstrate that the B. subtilis CV21 could be effectively applied as a bio-fungicide to control CLS and as bio-stimulant/bio-fertilizer to enhance the growth of flowering cherry seedlings.

In this study, we fabricated vertical Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) based on wide bandgap semiconductor beta-phase gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) and silicon carbide (SiC), respectively, and conducted proton irradiation experiments to analyze the radiation hardness of the SBDs comparatively. The effects of proton radiation on the performance of SBDs were assessed through measurements of forward current, capacitance, and breakdown characteristics. Both devices exhibited degradation in current and capacitance characteristics following proton irradiation, attributed to displacement damage (DD). Notably, the β-Ga2O3-based SBD demonstrated more pronounced deterioration compared to the SiC-based device despite similar vacancy distributions as confirmed by SRIM simulation. Moreover, a decrease in contact radius correlated with exacerbated degradation in the current characteristics of the β-Ga2O3-based SBD. Following proton irradiation, breakdown voltages of both devices increased due to elevated resistance induced by displacement damage. While both β-Ga2O3 and SiC-based SBDs experienced displacement damage under high fluence proton irradiation, the extent of performance degradation varied depending on the dimensions and quality of epitaxial and substrate layers.

Abstract Background 4-Aminopyridine (4AP) is a medication for the symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis. Several 4AP-based PET tracers have been developed for imaging demyelination. In preclinical studies, [11C]3MeO4AP has shown promise due to its high brain permeability, high metabolic stability, high plasma availability, and high in vivo binding affinity. To prepare for the translation to human studies, we developed a cGMP-compatible automated radiosynthesis protocol and evaluated the whole-body biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of [11C]3MeO4AP in non-human primates (NHPs). Methods Automated radiosynthesis was carried out using a GE TRACERlab FX-C Pro synthesis module. One male and one female adult rhesus macaques were used in the study. A high-resolution CT from cranial vertex to knee was acquired. PET data were collected using a dynamic acquisition protocol with four bed positions and 13 passes over a total scan time of ~ 150 min. Based on the CT and PET images, volumes of interest (VOIs) were manually drawn for selected organs. Non-decay corrected time-activity curves (TACs) were extracted for each VOI. Radiation dosimetry and effective dose were calculated from the integrated TACs using OLINDA software. Results Fully automated radiosynthesis of [11C]3MeO4AP was achieved with 7.3 ± 1.2% (n = 4) of non-decay corrected radiochemical yield within 38 min of synthesis and purification time. [11C]3MeO4AP distributed quickly throughout the body and into the brain. The organs with highest dose were the kidneys. The average effective dose of [11C]3MeO4AP was 4.0 ± 0.6 μSv/MBq. No significant changes in vital signs were observed during the scan. Conclusion A cGMP-compatible automated radiosynthesis of [11C]3MeO4AP was developed. The whole-body biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of [11C]3MeO4AP was successfully evaluated in NHPs. [11C]3MeO4AP shows lower average effective dose than [18F]3F4AP and similar average effective dose as other carbon-11 tracers.

Purpose: The regions where patients diagnosed with prostate cancer by biopsy receive prostatectomy are divided into national hub and regional hubs, and to confirm the change in the role of regional hubs compared to national hub. Materials and Methods: Data from July 2013 to June 2017 encompassing 218,155 patients aged ≥18 years diagnosed with prostate cancer were analyzed using the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service database. The degree of patient outflow was assessed by dividing the regional diagnosis-to-surgery ratio with the national ratio for each year. Based on this ratio, national and regional hubs were determined. Results: Seoul consistently maintained a patient influx with a ratio above 1.6. Busan and Gyeonggi consistently exceeded 0.9, while Ulsan and Daegu steadily increased, exceeding 1.0 between 2015 and 2016. Jeonnam province also consistently maintained the ratio above 0.7. Jeju, Daejeon, Gangwon, and Incheon remained below 0.5, indicative of substantial patient outflows, whereas Gwangju and Gyeongbuk had the highest patient outflows with ratios below 0.15. Therefore, Seoul was designated as a national hub, whereas Busan, Gyeonggi, Ulsan, Daegu, and Jeonnam were classified as regional hubs. Jeju, Daejeon, Gangwon, and Incheon were the dominant outflow areas, while Gwangju and Gyeongbuk were the highest outflow areas. Conclusions: Seoul, as the national hub for prostate cancer surgery, operated on 1.76 times more patients than any other region during 2013–2017. Busan, Gyeonggi, Ulsan, Daegu, and Jeonnam functioned as regional hubs, but approximately 10%–20% of patients sought treatment at national hubs.

Kombucha, a fermented tea beverage, is produced through the symbiotic interaction of several microbial strains, including acetic acid bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast, collectively known as symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). As its health benefits and distinctive flavor gain wider recognition, consumer demand and research on kombucha fermentation have increased. This study focused on developing starter cultures to produce functional kombucha through precision fermentation technology using selected microbial strains newly isolated from food sources. The isolated bacterial and yeast strains were evaluated and selected based on their fermentation characteristics. Notably, a lactic acid bacterial strain was chosen for its ability to overproduce the γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), a functional food component known to enhance cognitive function and reduce mental stress. To produce the GABA-fortified kombucha, selected single strains of Acetobacter pasteurianus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were mixed and used as starter cultures. By optimizing the inoculation ratios and initial sugar concentration, a functional kombucha enriched with acetic acid, lactic acid, and GABA was successfully produced. The resulting kombucha demonstrated 2.2 mg/L of GABA production and 1.15 times higher antioxidant activity after the fermentation, highlighting its enhanced health-promoting properties.

This study aimed to investigate sway parameters and physical activity level of the age/gender-matched older adults with osteoporosis faller and nonfaller patients. By examining these factors, our objective was to understand how these faller and nonfaller groups with osteoporosis differed particularly in terms of balance capabilities and their impact on physical activity levels. We recruited 24 patients with osteoporosis: 12 who reported a fall within a year before recruitment (fallers) and 12 without falls (nonfallers). Given the close association between biochemical markers of musculoskeletal health such as serum calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), Vitamin D, and renal function, we compared these markers in both groups. As a result, elderly individuals with osteoporosis and with a history of falls within the preceding year indicated significantly higher sway velocity (P = 0.012*), sway area (P

Objectives The soil around waste mine sites can be contaminated with heavy metals by mine tailings and leachate, and heavy metals can accumulate in the body through crops harvested from contaminated soil. The stabilization method is often applied to the restoration of contaminated soil around abandoned mines, but it is necessary to develop natural stabilizers that are not harmful to the environment. In this study, starfish(Asterina pectinifera) and cockle shells were evaluated as stabilizers for arsenic and heavy metal(Pb, Zn) contaminated soil. Methods Starfish and cockle shells were processed into -#10 mesh, -#20 mesh, and calcined (900°C, 2hr) -#10 mesh to evaluate their characteristics through XRD and XRF analyses. The stabilized soil was eluted at 0.1 N HCl. Then the stabilization efficiency was evaluated with ICP-OES analysis, and the stabilization mechanism was identified with SEM-EDX analysis. Afterwards, lettuce was cultivated in the stabilized soil and the concentration of heavy metals transferred from the soil to the lettuce was evaluated. Results and Discussion The calcination process converts the CaCO3 in the natural stabilizer into CaO. Arsenic and heavy metals are effectively immobilized within the soil through pozzolanic reactions and Ca-As precipitation. Nitric acid decomposition of lettuce grown in the stabilized soil demonstrated the absence of arsenic, meeting the safety standards outlined in the Korean Food Standard Codex. Conclusion The stabilization of soil contaminated with arsenic and heavy metals by starfish and cockle shell was confirmed to be attributed to pozzolanic reactions and the formation of insoluble precipitates. In addition, they could be used as natural waste stabilizers based on their high calcium carbonate content.

Objectives In this study, high-pressure soil washing was performed on in-situ gas station soils for the remediation of petroleum-contaminated gas station sites. Methods On-site gas station soils (GSS) collected from four different locations were subjected to high-pressure soil washing to analyze the amount of fine soil removal and TPH concentration after washing according to the cut-off size (0.075, 0.105 mm). In addition, the four GSS were evaluated for the relationship between the organic matter content of each soil and TPH removal efficiency. Furthermore, to evaluate the disintegration force of high-pressure soil washing technology to disperse soil aggregates, the particle size distribution of the soil before and after washing was evaluated and XRD analysis was performed. Results and Discussion As the cut-off size increased (0.075 mm → 0.105 mm), the removal rate of fine soil in the GSS increased, and the TPH concentration tended to decrease. With respect to the TPH Soil Contamination Warning Standard for Region 2 (800 mg/kg), only the GSS 3 was in compliance with the standard (630 mg/kg). There were no significant differences in fine soil removal rates among the soils, which was expected since all the soils tested represented the same sandy loam. Washing efficiencies by soil were relatively low for soils with relatively high organic matter content. The particle size distribution showed the largest particle reduction was in the 2-0.850 mm range after remediation, while soil particles increased in the 0.105-0.075 mm and

Photoreceptors in the mammalian retina convert light signals into electrical and molecular signals through phototransduction and transfer the visual inputs to second-order neurons via specialized ribbon synapses. Two kinds of photoreceptors, rods and cones, possess distinct morphology and function. Currently, we have limited knowledge about rod versus (vs.) cone synapse development and the associated genes. The transcription factor neural retina leucine zipper (NRL) determines the rod vs. cone photoreceptor cell fate and is critical for rod differentiation. Nrl knockout mice fail to form rods, generating all cone or S-cone-like (SCL) photoreceptors in the retina, whereas ectopic expression of Nrl using a cone-rod homeobox (Crx) promoter (CrxpNrl) forms all rods. Here, we examined rod and cone pre-synapse development, including axonal elongation, terminal shaping, and synaptic lamination in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) in the presence or absence of Nrl. We show that NRL loss and knockdown result in delayed OPL maturation and plasticity with aberrant dendrites of bipolar neurons. The integrated analyses of the transcriptome in developing rods and SCLs with NRL CUT&RUN and synaptic gene ontology analyses identified G protein subunit beta (Gnb) 1 and p21 (RAC1) activated kinase 5 (Pak5 or Pak7) transcripts were upregulated in developing rods and down-regulated in developing SCLs. Notably, Gnb1 and Gnb5 are rod dominant, and Gnb3 is enriched in cones. NRL binds to the genes of Gnb1, Gnb3, and Gnb5. NRL also regulates pre-synapse ribbon genes, and their expression is altered in rods and SCLs. Our study of histological and gene analyses provides new insights into the morphogenesis of photoreceptor pre-synapse development and regulation of associated genes in the developing retina.

Abstract Bioresorbable bioelectronics, with their natural degradation properties, hold significant potential to eliminate the need for surgical removal. Despite notable achievements, two major challenges hinder their practical application in medical settings. First, they necessitate sustainable energy solutions with biodegradable components via biosafe powering mechanisms. More importantly, reliability in their function is undermined by unpredictable device lifetimes due to the complex polymer degradation kinetics. Here, we propose an on-demand bioresorbable neurostimulator to address these issues, thus allowing for clinical operations to be manipulated using biosafe ultrasound sources. Our ultrasound-mediated transient mechanism enables (1) electrical stimulation through transcutaneous ultrasound-driven triboelectricity and (2) rapid device elimination using high-intensity ultrasound without adverse health effects. Furthermore, we perform neurophysiological analyses to show that our neurostimulator provides therapeutic benefits for both compression peripheral nerve injury and hereditary peripheral neuropathy. We anticipate that the on-demand bioresorbable neurostimulator will prove useful in the development of medical implants to treat peripheral neuropathy.

Abstract Preoperative templating needs to be precise to optimize hip arthroplasty outcomes. Unexpected implant mismatches can occur despite meticulous planning. We investigated the risk factors for oversized and undersized stem mismatch during uncemented hemiarthroplasty using a double-tapered wedge rectangular stem for femoral neck fracture. Out of 154 consecutive patients who underwent hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fracture, 104 patients were divided into three groups: (1) oversized (n = 17; 16.3%), (2) matched (n = 80; 76.9%), and (3) undersized stem group (n = 7; 6.7%). A smaller femoral head offset (odds ratio [OR] = 0.89, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.81–0.98, P = 0.017), smaller isthmus diameter (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.35–0.92, P = 0.021), and smaller canal flare index (OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.04–0.98, P = 0.047) were significantly associated with oversized stem insertion, while older age (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.01–1.39, P = 0.037) was associated with undersized stem insertion in logistic regression. In conclusion, when performing hemiarthroplasty for a femoral neck fracture with a double-tapered wedge rectangular stem, surgeons must pay close attention to proximal femoral geometry and patient age during preoperative planning to avoid stem mismatch.

Abstract Background Large-scale data on the photosynthetic characteristics of whole crop canopy is crucial for improving yield. However, current data collection methods remain challenging, and the time constraints associated with photosynthetic data collection further complicate matters. Developing a practical yet easy-to-use tool for collecting whole-canopy data is essential to address these challenges. Furthermore, it is necessary to obtain instantaneous measurements of photosynthetic rate over a wide range of CO2 concentrations under an unsteady state to enable faster data collection and obtain reliable biochemical limits of carbon assimilation. This study developed a semi-open chamber system with steady and unsteady state measurement techniques to collect biochemical photosynthetic data from an entire cucumber canopy, emphasizing the correction procedures for CO2 concentration of unsteady state measurements applicable regardless of chamber scale. Results After constructing a semi-open chamber system, we described how to correct measurement errors according to chamber volume. In order to assess the accuracy of the newly developed system, an analysis was conducted to determine the overall measurement error resulting from variations in the reference, sample CO2 concentration, and leakage flow rate. The total measurement error was accurate to no more than 10%. Furthermore, the difference between the photosynthetic rate of the single leaf and that of the whole-canopy was not significant in Rubisco activity-limited carboxylation range. In addition, the Farquhar–von Caemmerer–Berry (FvCB) model parameters and the photosynthetic rate estimation values were compared to evaluate the steady- and unsteady state measurement methods between the cucumber seedlings' single-leaf and whole-canopy. The average root mean square error of the FvCB model in the steady (standard A-Ci response) and unsteady states (800 to 400 ramp) of the chambers was 1.4 and 2.3, respectively. Results show that the developed system is suitable for measuring the gas exchange rate of the cucumber canopy. Conclusions We demonstrate the correction method for measurement errors to enable the gas exchange rate of the whole-canopy even in an unsteady state. The correction method of the measurement system of the gas exchange rate for the whole- canopy can be applied regardless of the volume of the chamber, and it can be applied simply to other chamber systems. In addition, an unsteady state measurement method for fast data collection was also applicable. However, it was deemed necessary to identify a more optimal measurement range by conducting measurements across a broader range of values.

Background: Occipital neuralgia (ON) is an established risk factor for headaches in the posterior cervical region. Several conservative treatments by nerve decompression and pain relief are available for ON, but these treatments have limitations. Acupuncture treatment, which is known to demonstrate analgesic effects, involves various stimulation methods, and several studies have reported their clinical benefit. No recent systematic review (SR) has compared each acupuncture type for ON treatment. Thus, this SR aims to investigate the clinical effectiveness of each acupuncture type for treating ON. Methods: We will identify relevant studies using electronic databases, including EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Korean Studies Information Service System (KISS), Korean Medical Database, KoreaMed, and National Digital Science Library (NDSL) from the inception until August 2023. The primary outcome will include the numerical change of pain symptoms (visual analog scale and numerical rating scale) and effective rate. Safety and secondary outcomes will include adverse events and quality of life. We will compare the conservative treatment with the acupuncture treatment using network meta-analysis. The Cochrane Collaboration “risk of bias” tools will be used to assess the quality of included trials. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation will be used to examine the evidence level. Conclusion: This study will provide clinical evidence of several acupuncture types for ON and help clinicians decide on the best.

Purpose: Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising cancer therapeutic agent because of its tumor selectivity and its ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells while sparing most normal cells. We evaluated whether docetaxel enhances TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in prostate cancer (PCa) cells and its mechanism. Materials and Methods: LNCap-LN3, PC3, and DU 145 PCa cell lines were used to investigate the effects of TRAIL with docetaxel treatment (dosages, 1, 3, 5, and 10 nmol). To evaluate the mechanism, death receptor 4 (DR4), DR5, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and E2F1 levels were assessed in PCa cells. Results: Hormone-sensitive LNCap-LN3 showed apoptosis in proportion to the concentration of docetaxel. Castration-resistant PC3 and DU 145 showed no change irrespective of the docetaxel concentration. However, combinations of docetaxel (2 nM) and TRAIL (100 ng/mL) had a significant effect on apoptosis of DU 145 cells. In DU 145 cells, docetaxel reduced EZH2 and elevated expression of DR4. The decrease of EZH2 by docetaxel was correlated with the E2F1 level, which was considered as the promoter of EZH2. DZNep reduced EZH2 and elevated DR4 in all PCa cells. Additionally, DZNep-enhanced TRAIL mediated reduction of PCa cell viability. Conclusions: Docetaxel and the EZH2 inhibitor reduced EZH2 and elevated expression of DR4 in all PCa cell lines. Docetaxel-enhanced TRAIL mediated apoptosis in PCa via elevation of DR4 through epigenetic regulation by EZH2. To improve the efficacy of TRAIL for PCa treatment, adding docetaxel or EZH2 inhibitors to TRAIL may be promising.

Abstract Background Fluorine‐18 labeled N‐(4‐chloro‐3‐(((fluoro‐18F)methyl‐d2)thio)phenyl)picolinamide, [18F]mG4P027, is a potent positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for mGluR4. Our previous in vitro and in vivo evaluations have demonstrated that this tracer is promising for further translational studies. However, automated radiosynthesis process poses significant challenges that need to be addressed. Methods The automated radiosynthesis was performed using the TRACERlab FX2N module, which comprises two distinct reactors capable of accommodating the two‐step reactions. Several problem‐solving strategies were employed to overcome challenges during the automation process. This included modifications to the reaction solvents, reaction conditions, use of a scavenger, drying methods, and the handling of the precursor. Results The use of n‐Bu4NN3 for scavenging excess compound 1 along with an efficient drying procedure played a key role in the success of the radiosynthesis. The water was successfully removed by using a different duct to overcome the water sensitivity for the second reaction. Conclusions Significant modifications were made to the manual process by carefully examining this process and addressing the root causes of the challenges associated with its automation. We successfully implemented automated radiosynthesis using the TRACERlab FX2N module and consequently, obtained a high‐purity radiolabeled [18F]mG4P027 in high yield, meeting the requirements for future human studies.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a promising biomaterial rich in bioactive growth factors, offering potential as a therapeutic agent for various diseases. However, its effectiveness in central nervous system disorders like vascular dementia (VaD) remains underexplored. This study investigated the potential of PRP to mitigate VaD progression in vivo. A rat model of VaD was established via bilateral common carotid artery occlusion and hypovolemia operation. Rats were randomly assigned to receive either PRP or platelet-poor plasma (PPP)--the latter being a byproduct of PRP preparation and used as a reference standard--resulting in the groups designated as 'operated group (OP)+PRP' and 'OP+PPP', respectively. PRP or PPP (500 µl) was administered intraperitoneally on the day of the operation and postoperative days 2, 4, 6, and 8. Cognitive function was assessed using the Y-maze, Barnes maze, and passive avoidance tests. On postoperative day 8, hippocampal samples were subjected to histological and semi-quantitative analyses. OP exhibited significant memory decline compared to controls, while the 'OP+PRP' group showed notable improvement. Histological analysis revealed increased neuronal loss and neuroinflammation in OP hippocampi, mitigated in 'OP+PRP'. Semi-quantitative analysis showed decreased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in OP, restored in 'OP+PPP' and further in 'OP+PRP'. These results highlight PRP's protective effects against VaD-induced hippocampal damage and cognitive impairment, partially attributed to BDNF/TrkB pathway upregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining and industrial operations are often associated with metalloid and heavy metal contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals can weaken the soil’s purification ability to remediate and can accumulate in the human body through crops grown in contaminated soil. In this study, a stabilization method was applied for the remediation of arsenic (As) and heavy metal (Pb and Zn) contaminated soil. Scallop shells (SLS) and starfish (Asterias amurensis, ASF), commonly regarded as waste resource materials, are selected as stabilizers. Proper recycling/reuse measures are required to limit uncontrolled disposal of SLS and ASF, prevent environmental degradation of coastal areas, and take advantage of their high calcium carbonate contents. The stabilizers were processed through −#10 mesh (0.2 mm) and −#20 mesh (0.85 mm) sieves. In addition, calcined stabilizers were produced by calcining SLS and ASF at 900 °C to compare stabilization efficiency based on the presence/absence of high-temperature heat treatment. Each of the three types of processed stabilizers was added to contaminated soil at 2 to 10 wt.%, and the mixtures were subjected to wet curing for 28 days. Extraction with 0.1 N HCl was applied for stabilization efficiency assessment. Crops were cultivated in the stabilized soil to evaluate As and heavy metal immobilization capacity. Analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) established that calcite (CaCO3) was observed in the natural materials and quicklime (CaO) in the calcined materials. The stabilization efficiency assessment results showed that treatment with SLS and ASF effectively reduced the elution of Pb and Zn. SLS was effective in immobilizing As, but the application of natural ASF increased the leachability of As due to the presence of organic matter. However, applying calcined ASF effectively immobilized As because the organic matter was removed at high temperatures. When the transition of As and heavy metals to crops was evaluated, Pb concentrations that exceeded the criterion for leafy vegetables were detected in the lettuce grown in contaminated soil. However, Pb was not detected in the lettuce grown in SLS- and ASF-treated soil, confirming the stability of heavy metal immobilization. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analysis showed that the pozzolanic reaction is related to heavy metal immobilization, and Ca–As precipitation is related to the immobilization of As. The results of this study verified that SLS and ASF effectively immobilize As and heavy metals (Pb and Zn) around mines and that they can be used safely in agricultural soil.

Accurate wind data are crucial for successful search and rescue (SAR) operations on the sea surface in maritime accidents, as survivors or debris tend to drift with the wind. As maritime accidents frequently occur outside the range of wind stations, SAR operations heavily rely on wind forecasts generated by numerical models. However, numerical models encounter delays in generating results due to spin-up issues, and their predictions can sometimes exhibit inherent biases caused by geographical factors. To overcome these limitations, we reviewed the observations for the first 24 h of the 72-hour forecast from the ECMWF and then post-processed the forecast for the remaining 48 h. By effectively reducing the dimensionality of input variables comprising observation and forecast data using principal component analysis, we improved wind predictions with support vector regression. Our model achieved an average RMSE improvement of 16.01% compared to the original forecast from the ECMWF. Furthermore, it achieved an average RMSE improvement of 5.42% for locations without observation data by employing a model trained on data from the nearest wind station and then applying an adaptive weighting scheme to the output of that model.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), emerges annually in several Asian countries. Its major symptoms include watery diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, and dehydration. PED outbreaks incur significant economic losses. The efficacy of vaccines is limited by viral mutations and insufficient intestinal mucosal immunity. Therefore, new vaccines against these recent variants are urgently needed. Herein, we isolated and genetically characterized a novel Korean PEDV strain using NGS. Comparative genomic analysis demonstrated that the CKK1-1 strain belonged to genogroup 2. The isolated strain was cultured in sodium-glycochenodeoxycholic acid for 180 passages. Typically, PEDV isolation and passage require proteases, such as trypsin. However, the CKK1-1 strain adapted to this atypical culture condition, achieving a high titer of 8.83 ± 0.14 log TCID50/mL. In vitro biological analysis revealed no cell syncytium formation without trypsin; however, a cell-lysis-type cytopathic effect was noted. Notably, pathogenicity evaluation showed that CKK1-1 p0 exhibited naturally weakened virulence in five-day-old piglets, while piglets administered with CKK1-1 p180 exhibited 100% survival and reduced clinical symptoms. Collectively, our data demonstrate that this Korean PEDV strain, attenuated through atypical culture conditions with Na-glycochenodeoxycholic acid, has potential as a vaccine candidate, providing valuable insights into the genetic variation in and pathogenicity of PEDV.

This retrospective study reports the isolation and characterization of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a household cat in South Korea. The cat, which was presented with respiratory symptoms, was identified during a retrospective analysis of samples collected between April 2021 and March 2022. Genomic sequencing revealed that the isolated virus belonged to the Omicron variant (BA.1), coinciding with its global emergence in early 2022. This case study provides evidence for the potential of direct human-to-cat transmission of the Omicron variant in South Korea during its period of widespread circulation. Our findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in both human and animal populations to track viral evolution and potential spillover events.

AimsThis study aimed to construct a model that describes heart health behaviors in middle-aged working women and verify the goodness-of-fit of the model based on Salutogenesis.Methods and resultsThis study adopted a cross-sectional design. Participants were 330 middle-aged working women in South Korea. Data were analyzed using structural equation modelling with Sobel’s Z test. In the multiple mediation model, stress coping strategy (β = 0.26; p

ABSTRACTObjectives Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by a mutation in the beta-globin gene resulting in abnormal hemoglobin S (HgbS). The significant sequela of SCD include anemia and recurrent vaso-occlusive episodes (VOEs) which may effectuate patients to receive chronic blood transfusions. Current pharmacotherapy options for SCD include hydroxyurea, voxelotor, Lglutamine, and crizanlizumab. Simple and exchange transfusions are often utilized as prophylaxis to prevent emergency department (ED)/urgent care (UC) visits or hospitalizations from VOEs by reducing the level of sickled red blood cells (RBCs). In addition, the treatment of VOEs involves intravenous (IV) hydration and pain management. Studies have demonstrated that sickle cell infusion centers (SCIC) decrease hospital admissions for VOEs, and IV hydration and pain medications are the key components of management employed. Thus, we hypothesized that implementing a structured infusion protocol in the outpatient setting would reduce the incidence of VOEs.Methods Here, we discuss two patients with SCD who were trialed on scheduled outpatient IV hydration and opioids with the goal of decreasing the frequency of VOEs in the setting of the current blood product shortage and the patients' refusal to receive exchange transfusions.Results Overall, the two patients had opposing outcomes- one demonstrated reduced frequency of VOEs, whereas the other had mixed results due to noncompliance to scheduled outpatient sessions.Discussion/Conclusion The use of outpatient SCICs may be an effective intervention for prevention of VOEs in patients with SCD, and further patient-centered research and quality improvement initiatives are needed to further quantify and understand the factors contributing to their efficacy.

ABSTRACT The human gut microbiome is engaged in biological homeostasis in the gut-liver axis and across multi-organs. The aim of this study is to investigate the therapeutic effects of human gut-derived microbes, Bacteroides species on liver cirrhosis in a mouse model. The experiment was performed on male mice, which were divided into five groups: normal control (NC), disease control, Bacteroides dorei-, Bacteroides cellulosilyticus-, and ursodeoxycholic acid-supplemented groups after 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine treatment. The therapeutic effect was evaluated based on liver physiology and the expression level of hepatic fibrosis. Untargeted and targeted metabolic profiling was conducted on cecal, fecal, liver, and serum samples using ultra-performance liquid-chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass-spectrometry. The gut microbial taxonomic composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing from the stool of each mice group. The Bacteroides treatment improved the liver/body weight ratio and normalized hepatic fibrosis biomarkers, including COL1A1. The fecal metabolome showed the most distinctive and characteristic profiles according to different treatments, compared to other sample matrices (cecum, liver, and blood). Key metabolites were identified, which indicated the potential therapeutic effect of the B. dorei treatment. Among them, a short-chain fatty acid, propionic acid, showed consistent upregulation in the cecum and liver after the B. dorei treatment. Microbiome analysis showed that Akkermansia muciniphila was retained in the group treated with B. dorei at a similar level as in the NC group. Our current multiomics study of systemic dynamics demonstrated that Bacteroides species, particularly B. dorei, ameliorated liver cirrhosis by modulating the metabolic and microbial environment to the normal state within the gut-liver axis. IMPORTANCE The human gut microbiome mediates bidirectional interaction within the gut-liver axis, while liver diseases, including liver cirrhosis, are very closely related to the state of the gut environment. Thus, improving the health of the gut-liver axis by targeting the intestinal microbiota is a potential therapeutic approach in hepatic diseases. This study examines changes in metabolomics and microbiome composition by treating bacteria derived from the human gut in mice with liver cirrhosis. Interorgan-based multiomics profiling coupled with functional examination demonstrated that the treatment of Bacteroides dorei pertained to protective effects on liver cirrhosis by normalizing the functional, metabolic, and metagenomic environment through the gut-liver axis. The study provides the potential value of a multiomics-based and interorgan-targeted evaluation platform for the comprehensive examination and mechanistic understanding of a wide range of biologics, including gut microbes. Furthermore, the current finding also suggests in-depth future research focusing on the discovery and validation of next-generation probiotics and products (postbiotics).

The Shaan virus is a new paramyxovirus species recently isolated from an insectivorous bat. Therefore, its replication characteristics remain unclear. We used transcriptome analysis and molecular experiments to examine host cell responses in human A549, HEK293, and monkey MARC-145 cell lines infected with the Shaan virus (ShaV/B16-40). Transcriptome data showed that Shaan virus infection induced innate immune responses associated with defense mechanisms against viral infection in all infected host cells. In real-time RT-PCR, IFN-α, -β and -λ1 were significantly upregulated in response to infection with Shaan virus in A549 and HEK-293 cells. However, the expression of IFN-α and -λ1 did not change in MARC-145 infected cells, while IFN-β significantly increased compared to the control in all the infected cell lines. In DEG analysis, the viperin expression pattern by Shaan virus infection varied depending on the host cell types or their origins. Viperin was highly induced at the RNA level by Shaan virus infection, and viperin protein expression was detected by western blotting. Although viperin, an ISG, has broad inhibitory effects on a range of viral pathogens, viperin knockdown or knock-in in the infected cells indicated that this protein did not markedly affect Shaan virus replication. Interestingly, these effects were independent of CMPK2 expression, which is beneficial for the antiviral effects of viperin. Therefore, the present results suggest that Shaan virus might have a strategy to evade the antiviral effect of viperin or not be significantly affected by viperin.