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Reproduction-manipulating bacteria like Wolbachia can shift sex ratios in insects towards females, but skewed sex ratios may also arise from genetic conflicts. The flea beetle Altica lythri harbors three main mtDNA strains that are coupled to three different Wolbachia infections. Depending on the mtDNA types, the females produce either offspring with a balanced sex ratio or exclusively daughters. To obtain markers that can monitor when sex bias arises in the beetle’s ontogeny, we elucidated the sex determination cascade of A. lythri. We established a RT-PCR method based on length variants of dsx (doublesex) transcripts to determine the sex of morphologically indistinguishable eggs and larvae. In females of one mtDNA type (HT1/HT1*) known to produce only daughters, male offspring were already missing at the egg stage while for females of another type (HT2), the dsx splice variants revealed a balanced sex ratio among eggs and larvae. Our data suggest that the sex determination cascade in A. lythri is initiated by maternally transmitted female-specific tra (transformer) mRNA as primary signal. This tra mRNA seems to be involved in a positive feedback loop that maintains the production of the female splice variant, as known for female offspring in Tribolium castaneum. The translation of the maternally transmitted female tra mRNA must be inhibited in male offspring, but the underlying primary genetic signal remains to be identified. We discuss which differences between the mtDNA types can influence sex determination and lead to the skewed sex ratio of HT1.

This study examines the infant–father attachment in infants born preterm (

The loss of gauge invariance in models of light-matter interaction which arises from material and photonic space truncation can pose significant challenges to conventional quantum optical models when matter and light strongly hybridize. In structured photonic environments, necessary in practice to achieve strong light-matter coupling, a rigorous model of field quantization within the medium is also needed. Here, we use the framework of macroscopic QED by quantizing the fields in an arbitrary material system, with a spatially-dependent dispersive and absorptive dielectric, starting from a fundamental light-matter action. We truncate the material and mode degrees of freedom while respecting the gauge principle by imposing a partial gauge fixing constraint during canonical quantization, which admits a large number of gauges including the Coulomb and multipolar gauges. We also consider gauge conditions with explicit time-dependence, enabling us to unambiguously introduce phenomenologically time-dependent light-matter interactions in any gauge. Our results allow one to derive rigorous models of ultrastrong light-matter interactions in structured photonic environments with no gauge ambiguity. Results for two-level systems and the dipole approximation are discussed, as well as how to go beyond the dipole approximation for effective single-particle models. By comparing with the limiting case of an inhomogeneous dielectric, where dispersion and absorption can be neglected and the fields can be expanded in terms of the generalized transverse eigenfunctions of the dielectric, we show how lossy systems can introduce an additional gauge ambiguity, which we resolve and predict to have fundamental implications for open quantum system models. Finally, we show how observables in mode-truncated systems can be calculated without ambiguity by using a simple gauge-invariant photodetection model., Note the argument regarding ambiguities due to intrinsic mode truncation in open quantum systems has been reworked and clarified compared to the previous version

Chiral emission can be achieved from a circularly polarized dipole emitter in a nanophotonic structure that possess special polarization properties such as a polarization singularity, namely with right or left circularly polarization (C-points). Recently, Chen et al. [Nature Physics 16, 571 (2020)] demonstrated the surprising result of chiral radiation from a linearly-polarized (LP) dipole emitter, and argued that this effect is caused by a decoupling with the underlying eigenmodes of a non-Hermitian system, working at an exceptional point (EP). Here we present a quasinormal mode (QNM) approach to model a similar index-modulated ring resonator working near an EP and show the same unusual chiral power flow properties from LP emitters, in direct agreement with the experimental results. We explain these results quantitatively without invoking the interpretation of a missing dimension (the Jordan vector) and a decoupling from the cavity eigenmodes, since the correct eigenmodes are the QNMs which explain the chiral emission using only two cavity modes. By coupling a LP emitter with the dominant two QNMs of the ring resonator, we show how the chiral emission depend on the position and orientation of the emitter, which is also verified by the excellent agreement with respect to the power flow between the QNM theory and full numerical dipole solutions. We also show how a normal mode solution will fail to capture the correct chirality since it does not take into account the essential QNM phase. Moreover, we demonstrate how one can achieve frequency-dependent chiral emission, and replace lossy materials with gain materials in the index modulation to reverse the chirality., 12 pages, 5 figures

Objective: Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for children aims not only at improving symptoms but also at changing the quality of life. To our knowledge, no studies exist to date that focused on both aspects. In this paper, we investigated changes in problem behavior and health-related quality of life based on long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy with children suffering from emotional and behavioral disorders. Method: We investigated 76 children in the treatment group and analyzed pre- and post-treatment symptoms. Furthermore, we compared the outcome data with a control group of 27 children of similar age and diagnoses who received no psychotherapy, both under routine care conditions. The children included in the study were treated on average for 66 sessions. Parent and adolescent ratings on the Achenbach Scales and the Quality of Life Inventory for Adolescents were compared before and after treatment. Results: We found a highly significant improvement of internalizing symptomatology based on parent ratings with a large effect. Different from prior investigations based on short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy we found changes in quality of life with large effects. Conclusion: These findings indicate that long-term psychodynamic treatment can improve life quality in children beyond symptom change.

Quantum emitters coupled to plasmonic resonators are known to allow enhanced broadband Purcell factors, and such systems have been recently suggested as possible candidates for on-demand single photon sources, with fast operation speeds. However, a true single photon source has strict requirements of high efficiency (brightness) and quantum indistinguishability of the emitted photons, which can be quantified through two-photon interference experiments. To help address this problem, we employ and extend a recently developed quantized quasinormal mode approach, which rigorously quantizes arbitrarily lossy open system modes, to compute the key parameters that accurately quantify the figures of merit for plasmon-based single photon sources. We also present a quantized input-output theory to quantify the radiative and nonradiative quantum efficiencies. We exemplify the theory using a nanoplasmonic dimer resonator made up of two gold nanorods, which yields large Purcell factors and good radiative output beta factors. Considering an optically pulsed excitation scheme, we explore the key roles of pulse duration and pure dephasing on the single photon properties, and show that ultrashort pulses (sub-ps) are generally required for such structures, even for low temperature operation. We also quantify the role of the nonradiative beta factor both for single photon and two-photon emission processes. Our general approach can be applied to a wide variety of plasmon systems, including metal-dielectrics, and cavity-waveguide systems, without recourse to phenomenological quantization schemes.

We present a quantized quasinormal approach to rigorously describe coupled lossy resonators, and quantify the quantum coupling parameters as a function of distance between the resonators. We also make a direct connection between classical and quantum quasinormal modes parameters and theories, offering new and unique insights into coupled open cavity resonators. We present detailed calculations for coupled microdisk resonators and show striking interference effects that depend on the phase of the quasinormal modes, an effect that is also significant for high quality factor modes. Our results demonstrate that commonly adopted master equations for such systems are generally not applicable and we discuss the new physics that is captured using the quantized quasinormal mode coupling parameters and show how these relate to the classical mode parameters. Using these new insights, we also present several models to fix the failures of the dissipative Jaynes-Cummings type models for coupled cavity resonators. Additionally, we show how to improve the classical and quantum lossless mode models (i.e., using normal modes) by employing a non-diagonal mode expansion based on the knowledge of the quasinormal mode eigenfrequencies, and analytical coupled mode theory, to accurately capture the mode interference effects for high quality factors., 21 pages, 9 figures

Background Coronary angiographies (CAs) are among the most common diagnostic procedures carried out in German hospitals, and substantial regional differences in their frequency of use have been documented. Given the heterogeneity with regard to the expected benefits and the varying scope for discretion depending on the indication for the procedure, we hypothesized that the observed variation and the association of need and supply factors differs by indication for CA. Methods We investigated the correlation between supply factors and the regional rates of CAs in Germany while controlling for need using spatial‐autoregressive error models (SARE) and spatial cross-regressive models with autoregressive errors (SCRARE). The overall rates of CAs and the rates in specific patient subgroups, namely, patients with and without myocardial infarction (MI), were calculated based on a comprehensive set of nationwide routine data from three statutory health insurances at the district level. Results Although little variation was found in cases with MI, considerable variation was seen in the overall cases and cases without MI. The SARE models revealed a positive association between the number of hospitals with a cardiac catheterization laboratory per 10,000 population and the rates of overall cases and cases without MI, whereas no such relationship existed in cases with MI. Additionally, an association between regional deprivation and the rates of CAs was found in cases with MI, but no such association was seen in cases without MI. Conclusions The results supported the hypothesis that the relative association of need and supply factors differed by the indication for CA. Although the regional differences in the frequency of use of CAs can only be explained in part by the factors examined in our study, it offers insight into patient access to and the provision of CA services and can provide a platform for further local research.

Background: Few studies in clinical attachment research to date have examined children with an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis. This is surprising for two reasons: first, there are a number of parallels between the behaviors of children with an insecure and disorganized attachment and the behaviors of children with an ADHD diagnosis. Second, secure attachment has a positive effect on the development of skills in areas in which children with ADHD demonstrate problems (e.g., attention span, impulse control). There are currently no findings on whether or not and how insecure and disorganized attachment and ADHD affect children’s emotion recognition ability. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, part exploratory and part hypothesis-driven in the context of basic research. A clinical sample of 5- to 10-year-old children with an ADHD diagnosis and their parents is to be compared to a non-clinical unaffected control group. Over a period of 3 years, 80 subjects and their parents are to be recruited in each group for participation in the study. Discussion: This study is the first to examine links between attachment, emotion recognition ability, and ADHD. It is also the first to include not just children with ADHD but also their mothers and fathers in its design. The findings should help reduce the research gap and generate more knowledge for family interventions in the case of ADHD.

In the presence of arbitrary three-dimensional linear media with material loss and amplification, we present an electromagnetic field quantization scheme for quasinormal modes (QNMs), extending previous work for lossy media [Franke et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 213901 (2019)]. Applying a symmetrization transformation, we show two fundamentally different ways for constructing a QNM photon Fock space, including (i) where there is a separate operator basis for both gain and loss, and (ii) where the loss and gain degrees of freedom are combined into a single basis. These QNM operator bases are subsequently used to derive the associated QNM master equations, including the interaction with a quantum emitter, modelled as a quantized two-level system (TLS). We then compare the two different quantization approaches, and also show how commonly used phenomenological methods to quantize light in gain-loss resonators are corrected by several important aspects, such as a loss-induced and gain-induced intermode coupling, which appears through the rigorous treatment of loss and amplification on a dissipative mode level. For specific resonator designs, modelled in a fully consistent way with the classical Maxwell equations with open boundary conditions, we then present numerical results for the quantum parameters and observables of a TLS weakly interacting with the medium-assisted field in a gain-loss microdisk resonator system, and discuss the validity of the different quantization approaches for several gain-loss parameter regimes., Comment: 44 pages, 7 figures

We demonstrate a fundamental breakdown of the photonic spontaneous emission (SE) formula derived from Fermi's golden rule, in absorptive and amplifying media, where one assumes the SE rate scales with the local photon density of states, an approach often used in more complex, semiclassical nanophotonics simulations. Using a rigorous quantization of the macroscopic Maxwell equations in the presence of arbitrary linear media, we derive a corrected Fermi's golden rule and master equation for a quantum two-level system (TLS) that yields a quantum pumping term and a modified decay rate that is net positive. We show rigorous numerical results of the temporal dynamics of the TLS for an example of two coupled microdisk resonators, forming a gain-loss medium, and demonstrate the clear failure of the commonly adopted formulas based solely on the local density of states., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

Attachment and Externalizing Behavior Problems in Primary School Children with ADHD When examining children with ADHD, attachment research does not usually differentiate between the different clinical pictures within the disorder. This study examines attachment and ADHD in children who display a simple or unspecified form of ADHD, in order to be able to draw specific conclusions about this particular group. Attachment, ADHD symptoms as well as externalizing behavior problems were assessed from 93 children aged five to nine years, 48 of whom had an ADHD diagnosis. The distributions of attachment representations between children with ADHD and those without ADHD differ greatly. In addition, externalizing behavior problems differ between attachment classifications. Attachment seems to be an important factor in the etiology of ADHD, however, ADHD as well as externalizing behavior problems as a global construct are too unspecific to determine the influence of attachment on the disorder. Subsequent studies should first focus on specific symptom patterns within the clinical picture whereas clinical practice should consider the parent-child relation an important factor in the development as well as the treatment of ADHD.

We introduce a second quantization scheme based on quasinormal modes, which are the dissipative modes of leaky optical cavities and plasmonic resonators with complex eigenfrequencies. The theory enables the construction of multiplasmon or multiphoton Fock states for arbitrary three-dimensional dissipative resonators and gives a solid understanding to the limits of phenomenological dissipative Jaynes-Cummings models. In the general case, we show how different quasinormal modes interfere through an off-diagonal mode coupling and demonstrate how these results affect cavity-modified spontaneous emission. To illustrate the practical application of the theory, we show examples using a gold nanorod dimer and a hybrid dielectric-metal cavity structure.

The growth mechanism and the barrier performance of Al2O3, SiO2 and a binary Si-Al oxide (SiAlxOy) deposited by spatial atomic layer deposition (SALD) were investigated. Alumina and silica were deposited by TMA and BDEAS with growth-per-cycles (GPC) of 0.16 and 0.013 nm, respectively. Interestingly a significant higher GPC of 0.225 nm was found for SiAlxOy. Although alumina in principle has excellent barrier properties, the films easily degraded and lose their barrier performance if exposed to water vapor at elevated temperatures. Therefore, the barrier performances of these films were investigated under harsh environment conditions. We found that the barrier performance of 100 nm Al2O3 failed in less than one day at 70 °C with 70 % relative humidity, whereas 100 nm SiAlxOy sustained for approximately one week. However, the resistivity of those barrier systems was significantly improved by inserting a single 3.3 nm SiO2 layer into the barrier films. In this way the barrier system withstands up to 5 months and the intrinsic water vapor transition rate was reduced by two to three orders of magnitude to ∼10-4 g/m2/day at these tough aging conditions.

Objective: Parallels in findings of attachment and ADHD research suggest a connection between both constructs. However, the few articles dealing with that tie investigate children with all conceivable expressions of ADHD and have not found sufficient evidence regarding the connection between ADHD and attachment. This study sought to collect evidence of a possible connection between the two aspects among children with the predominantly inattentive ADHD type. Method: The sample consisted of 93 children aged 5 - 9 years, 48 of whom had an ADHD diagnosis of the predominantly inattentive type. Attachment was coded using the German adaptation of the Attachment Story Completion Task, externalizing behavior problems were rated using the Child Behavior Checklist 4 - 18. ADHD was assessed using both clinical diagnoses as well as the German ADHD Rating scale. Results: Results revealed a large difference in the distribution of attachment classification between children with ADHD and those without ADHD. Regression analysis, however, showed no independent effect on ADHD when externalizing behavior problems were controlled for. Conclusions: Both constructs seem to be connected, however, in the investigation of the influence of attachment on the disorder, ADHD as a global construct is too unspecific. As opposed to previous studies, considering only the inattentive type, the relation might completely be moderated by externalizing behavior problems. Subsequent studies should first focus on specific symptom patterns which at best should be analyzed within longitudinal studies.

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Brill via the DOI in this record

SF’s research was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (ES/J500094/1) through the North West Doctoral Training Centre Social Statistics pathway (PhD project: ’Health, Mortality and Partnership Status: Protection or Selection’). He also held an Advanced Quantitative Methods (AQM) enhanced stipend. Background: This paper examines cause-specific mortality by partnership status. Although non-marital cohabitation has spread rapidly in industrialised countries, only a few studies have investigated mortality by partnership status and no recent study has investigated cause-specific mortality by partnership status. Methods: We use data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study and apply competing risks survival models. Results: The simultaneous analysis shows that married individuals have lower mortality than non-married from circulatory, respiratory, digestive, alcohol and accident related causes of deaths, but not from cancer. The analysis by partnership status reveals that once we distinguish premarital and postmarital cohabitants from other non-married groups, the differences between partnered and non-partnered individuals become even more pronounced for all causes of death; this is largely due to similar cause-specific mortality levels between married and cohabiting individuals. Conclusions: With declining marriage rates and the spread of cohabitation and separation, a distinction between partnered and non-partnered individuals is critical to understanding whether and how having a partner shapes the individuals’ health behaviour and mortality. The cause-specific analysis supports both the importance of selection into partnership and the protective effect of living with someone together. Postprint

Attachment and Externalizing Behavior Problems in Primary School Children with ADHD When examining children with ADHD, attachment research does not usually differentiate between the different clinical pictures within the disorder. This study examines attachment and ADHD in children who display a simple or unspecified form of ADHD, in order to be able to draw specific conclusions about this particular group. Attachment, ADHD symptoms as well as externalizing behavior problems were assessed from 93 children aged five to nine years, 48 of whom had an ADHD diagnosis. The distributions of attachment representations between children with ADHD and those without ADHD differ greatly. In addition, externalizing behavior problems differ between attachment classifications. Attachment seems to be an important factor in the etiology of ADHD, however, ADHD as well as externalizing behavior problems as a global construct are too unspecific to determine the influence of attachment on the disorder. Subsequent studies should first focus on specific symptom patterns within the clinical picture whereas clinical practice should consider the parent-child relation an important factor in the development as well as the treatment of ADHD.

This paper proposes the extraction of surrogate field models from 3-D electromagnetic simulation results, for use in a Vlasov beam-dynamics code. Each accelerator component is represented by a dedicated surrogate field model based on a series expansion of its 3-D field distribution. The obtained beam-dynamics simulation results are validated against a particle-in-cell tracking code that integrates a 3-D field distribution of the corresponding accelerator component.

Sebastian Franke’s research was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council [ES/J500094/1] through the North West Doctoral Training Centre Social Statistics pathway (Ph.D. project: “Health, Mortality and Partnership Status: Protection or Selection”). The permission of the Office for National Statistics to use the Longitudinal Study is gratefully acknowledged, as is the help provided by staff of the Centre for Longitudinal Study Information and User Support (CeLSIUS). CeLSIUS is supported by the ESRC Census of Population Programme (Award Ref: ES/K000365/1). This paper investigates the relationship between partnership status and mortality in England and Wales. Using data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (ONS LS) for the period between 2001 and 2011, we examine whether married people have lower mortality levels than unmarried individuals; whether individuals who cohabit have mortality levels similar to those of married or single persons; and how much the fact that married couples live with someone rather than alone explains their low mortality. Our analysis shows first that married individuals have lower mortality than unmarried persons. Second, men and women in pre-marital unions exhibit mortality levels similar to those of married men and women, whereas mortality levels are elevated for post-marital cohabitants. Third, controlling for household size and the presence of children reduces mortality differences between married and unmarried non-partnered individuals, but significant differences persist. The study supports both protection and selection theory. The increase in mortality differences by age group between never-married cohabitants and married couples is likely a sign of the long-term accumulation of health and wealth benefits of marriage. Similar mortality levels of cohabiting and married couples at younger ages suggest that healthier individuals are more likely to find a partner. Postprint

Der Beitrag „Stripped to the core“ wirft einen praxisorientierten Blick auf moderne Public Affairs-Arbeit. Vom politischen Audit als Nullmessung und Bedarfsermittlung uber kontinuierliches Monitoring, Veranstaltungsformate bis hin zum Einfluss der Digitalisierung wird abseits von Buzzwords und Beratersprech erlautert, wie Themenwelten und Akteure zusammenhangen und mit welchen Instrumenten interessengeleitete politische Kommunikation zum Erfolg gefuhrt werden kann. Unter dem nuchternen Motto „Was nutzt wem wann wieviel?“ raumen die Autoren aus ihrer Sicht als Praktiker dabei mit verbreiteten Mythen auf und beugen uberzogenen Erwartungen an Public Affairs-Arbeit vor.

Objective This study investigates the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Attitudes Scale Toward Persons with Disabilities (MAS) among German 10th graders, to advance knowledge about the situation in German classrooms with regard to attitudes toward persons with disabilities. Method Four hundred twenty-one German 10th graders attending the most common regular schools of the German educational system completed the MAS. Confirmatory factor analyses, multigroup confirmatory factor analyses, multivariate analyses of variance and model based clustering were used to investigate: the factor structure, invariance of the factor structure across gender and school types, differences on the MAS between gender and school types, and the existence of groups of students with different attitudes. Results The authors reject previously proposed measurement models of the MAS, based on inadequate model fit. They identify a factor structure of the MAS with good model fit, the German MAS (G-MAS). The G-MAS, like 2 recently reported factor structures, assesses 4 dimensions: behavioral avoidance, positive cognitions, and 2 affective dimensions-calm and negative affect. The G-MAS is invariant across gender, but not across school types. The authors find no differences on these dimensions between students from different types of schools, but there are gender differences. Conclusions Findings are discussed in light of the outcome that, of the studied sample, less than 1/3 of the students clearly expresses positive attitudes toward persons with disabilities. (PsycINFO Database Record

Scyphistomae show different modes of propagation, occasionally allowing the sudden release of great numbers of medusae through strobilation leading to so-called jellyfish blooms. Accordingly, factors regulating asexual reproduction strategies will control scyphistoma density, which, in turn, may influence blooming potential. We studied 11 scyphistoma species in 6 combinations of temperature and food supply to test the effects of these factors on asexual reproduction strategies and reproduction rates. Temperature and food availability increased reproduction rates for all species and observed reproduction modes. In all cases, starvation was the most important factor constraining the asexual reproduction of scyphistomae. Differences in scyphistoma density were found according to the reproductive strategy adopted by each species. Different Aurelia lineages and Sanderia malayensis presented a multi-mode strategy, developing up to 5 propagation modes. These species reached the highest densities, mostly through lateral budding and stolons. Cassiopea sp., Cephea cephea, Mastigias papua and Phyllorhiza punctata adopted a mono-mode reproductive strategy, developing only free-swimming buds. Lychnorhiza lucerna, Rhizostoma pulmo and Rhopilema esculentum also presented a mono-mode strategy, but they only developed podocysts. These 3 species had the lowest reproduction rates and polyp densities; not only their reproduction rates but also the need for a 2-fold set of environmental stimuli to produce new polyps (one for encystment, another for excystment) made this reproduction mode the slowest of those observed to be utilized for propagation. We conclude that blooms may be defined phylogenetically by the specific asexual modes each species develops, which, in turn, is regulated by environmental conditions Fil: Schiariti, Agustin. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina Fil: Morandini, André C.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Jarms, Gerhard. Universitat Hamburg; Alemania Fil: von Glehn Paes, Renato. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Franke, Sebastian. Universitat Hamburg; Alemania Fil: Mianzan, Hermes Walter. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina

Background: there is ample literature showing pain and depression are related. However, different dimensions of pain have been used in former studies. Objective: the objective of the study was to compare the strength of the association of different pain dimensions with depression in older adults. Methods: assessments including evaluation of pain (severity, frequency, chronicity, quality, pain medication, painful body sites) and depression (measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) were performed in an observational study in community dwelling older adults (sample mean age 76, n= 1130) in Germany. The associations of different dimension of pain with depression were assessed using descriptive and multivariate methods. Results: the number of painful body areas was most significantly associated with self-reported late life depression (OR 1.20, CI 1.11–1.31). Pain severity and frequency (OR 1.12, CI 1.01–1.23 and OR 1.18, CI 1.01–1.37) were also associated with depression; quality and duration were not. Except for severity (OR 1.12, CI 1.02–1.24) associations of pain dimensions were strongly reduced when controlling for relevant confounders and gender was an effect modifier. Conclusions: multisite pain, pain severity and frequency were the best predictors of late life depression. Clinicians should be especially aware of depressive disorders when older patients are complaining of pain in multiple areas across the body.

Tierquälerei zählt bei Kindern und Jugendlichen als Verhaltensauffälligkeit im Sinne der Störung des Sozialverhaltens. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang von Tierquälerei und Callous-Unemotional Traits (CU-Traits) als Psychopathy-Kerndimensionen bei inhaftierten Jungen und Mädchen (n = 334). Angewendet wurde die Psychopathy Checkliste für Jugendliche (PCL:YV). Es fanden sich bei den Jungen höchst signifikante Korrelationen zwischen den CU-Traits sowie den Psychopathy-Verhaltensdimensionen und Tierquälerei. Bei den Mädchen waren die Korrelationen geringfügig kleiner, fanden sich allerdings nicht für Tierquälerei und dem Interpersonalen Psychopathy-Faktor. Die männlichen Tierquäler zeigten sowohl für die CU-Traits als auch für die Psychopathy-Verhaltensdimensionen signifikant höhere PCL:YV-Werte als diejenigen Straftäter ohne Tierquälerei. Auch die weiblichen Tierquäler erreichten in allen Psychopathy-Dimensionen höhere Werte als die Nicht-Tierquäler bis auf den Interpersonalen Faktor. Diese Befunde wurden diskutiert und möglichen geschlechtsspezifischen Profilen zugeordnet. Tierquälerei scheint als Symptom für die Unterscheidung des Antisocial bzw. des Psychopathic Types der Antisozialen Persönlichkeitsstörung des DSM-V von Bedeutung zu sein.

Background Psychopathy is a specific syndrome that predicts future violent and aggressive behavior in adults. Studies in youth and adults have demonstrated a strong association between early traumatic incidents and later dissocial behavior. Moreover, the impact of personality pathology and emotional dysregulation on aggressive and violent behavior is well established. However, few studies have addressed the relationship between early traumatization and psychopathic traits in adolescents. Method The present study examined associations between both general dimensions of personality pathology and early traumatic experiences and the dimensions of psychopathy in 170 male and 171 female adolescent detainees. Results Analyses revealed associations between physical abuse, emotional dysregulation and psychopathic traits in delinquent boys but not in delinquent girls. Conclusion Hypothesized relationships between trauma, personality pathology could only be confirmed in the lifestyle and antisocial, but not in the core affective and interpersonal facets of psychopathy.

In this paper, we derive a novel condition for single-resonance operation of microwave travelling-wave ring resonators which in contrast to the published condition derived from Su is valid for the ring's field multiplication factor M = S 31 . Unlike analyses available in literature, the analysis shown in this paper employs signal flow graphs, which is more flexible and allows to account for discontinuities with spatial expansion.

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Validität des Psychopathy-Konzepts bei delinquenten Mädchen und widmet sich der Frage, inwiefern sich Unterschiede zwischen Mädchen mit und ohne Psychopathy-Eigenschaften finden lassen. Anhand der Ergebnisse aus der Psychopathy-Checkliste Youth Version (PCL:YV) wurden 171 inhaftierte Mädchen (14 – 19 Jahre) in eine Gruppe mit hochausgeprägten Callous-unemotional Traits (CU-Gruppe), in eine mit hochausgeprägtem aggressiv-impulsivem Verhalten (Behavioral-Gruppe) sowie in eine Gruppe ohne Psychopathy-Eigenschaften eingeteilt und hinsichtlich allgemeiner Psychopathologie, ADHS, Traumatisierung, Heimaufenthalten sowie Gewaltdelikten mit Hilfe einfaktorieller ANOVAs verglichen. 30 % der Mädchen wiesen Psychopathy-Eigenschaften im Sinne von hochausgeprägten CU-Traits auf, 40 % zeigten ausschließlich extrem impulsiv-aggressives Verhalten. 15 % ließen sich aufgrund ihrer zu geringen Psychopathy-Ausprägung keiner Gruppe zuordnen, bei 15 % lagen keinerlei Auffälligkeiten vor. Sowohl die CU- als auch die Behavioral-Gruppe wiesen im Vergleich zu den Mädchen ohne Psychopathy signifikant mehr ADHS-Symptome sowie externalisierendes und internalisierendes Verhalten auf. Außerdem gaben sie mehr emotionale Misshandlung und mehr Heimaufenthalte an. Die beiden Psychopathy-Gruppen unterschieden sich nur dahingehend, dass die Behavioral-Gruppe signifikant mehr Gewaltstraftaten und Verurteilungen zeigten. Die gefundenen Unterschiede zwischen den delinquenten Mädchen mit hoch ausgeprägten Psychopathy-Eigenschaften im Vergleich zu denen ohne Psychopathy stärken die Annahme, dass es sich um ein valides Konzept handelt, welches eine spezifische Subgruppe unterscheiden kann. Gleichzeitig wird aufgrund der Heterogenität des Konzepts–Persönlichkeitsdimensionen sowie Verhaltensdimensionen–deutlich, dass eine differenzierte Betrachtung der Psychopathy-Dimensionen von übergeordneter Bedeutung ist.

Manufacturing of Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) for lighting is still some distance from the industry recognized cost target of 100 € /m2. Within the government funded Light In-Line (LILi) project, a team of material supplier, machine manufacturers and basic researchers have investigated potential ways to reduce OLED manufacturing costs. The concept developed within the LILi-project shows that a competitive cost structure can now be reached.

OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of various risk factors on three functional outcomes during rehabilitation. SETTING Geriatric inpatient rehabilitation unit. DESIGN Observational longitudinal study. PARTICIPANTS One hundred sixty-one geriatric rehabilitation inpatients (men, women), mean age 82, who were capable of walking at baseline. MEASUREMENTS Functional status was assessed weekly between admission and discharge and at a follow-up 4 months later at home using the function component of the Short Form-Late Life Function and Disability Instrument, the Barthel Index, and Habitual Gait Speed. Various risk factors, such as falls-related self-efficacy (Falls Efficacy Scale-International), were measured. Associations between predictors and functional status at discharge and follow-up were analyzed using linear regression models and bivariate plots. RESULTS Fear of falling predicted functioning across all outcomes except for habitual gait speed at discharge and follow-up. Visual comparison of functional trajectories between subgroups confirmed these findings, with different levels of fear of falling across time in linear plots. Thus, superior ability of this measure to discriminate between functional status at baseline across all outcomes and to discriminate between functional change especially with regard to the performance-based outcome was demonstrated. CONCLUSION Falls-related self-efficacy is the only parameter that significantly predicts rehabilitation outcome at discharge and follow-up across all outcomes. Therefore, it should be routinely assessed in future studies in (geriatric) rehabilitation and considered to be an important treatment goal.

Background It is unclear which weather parameters effect the motion-sensor-based measurement of physical activity in terms of walking duration in older people. Methods Between March 2009 and April 2010, the physical activity of 1324 German community-dwelling older people (≥65 years, 56.4% men) was recorded over 5 days using accelerometers. Multilevel linear regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of local daily weather parameters (daylight, maximum temperature, total global radiation, average precipitation, average wind speed and average humidity) on walking duration. Results Mean daily walking duration was comparable for men and women, with 104.4±50.7 min and 102.9±47.8 min, respectively. A linear relationship with walking duration was seen for all considered weather parameters. The strongest effect was found for global radiation, which involved an increase in walking duration of 16.1 min in men and 19.2 min in women between an average winter day (with about 0.8 kWh/m 2 radiation) and an average summer day (with about 6 kWh/m 2 radiation); similar patterns were found for daily maximum temperature and daylight. Furthermore, physical activity decreased significantly with increasing wind speed, precipitation and humidity. Conclusions Studies on physical activity in community dwelling older people should consider weather conditions.

Alumina layers were grown from trimethylaluminum (TMA) and water, ozone as well as an oxygen plasma as co-reactants in low temperature spatial atomic layer deposition (ALD). The influence of the amount of precursor, the precursor exposure duration, and substrate temperature were investigated with respect to the growth rate while employing different oxygen sources. The TMA/water process provided alumina (AlOx) films with superb film quality as shown by infrared measurements. Ozone-based processes allowed lower substrate temperatures. Nevertheless, carbon residuals in different binding states were found within the bulk material. However, the carbon impurities have no impact on the barrier performance, since 50 nm AlOx grown by TMA either with water or ozone exhibited a water vapor transition rate in the range of 10−6 g/m2/day. However, when our home-built microwave plasma source was applied in a remote configuration, the water vapor transition rate was one order of magnitude higher due to a reduction in fil...

Several tests of physical performance like gait speed or standing balance are part of the geriatric assessment. Measures of physical activity like daily walking duration are more difficult to assess but may be of higher relevance for daily requirements. It is therefore of interest to what extent physical performance measures are associated with physical activity.In a cohort study, baseline screening was performed in 1271 community-living people aged 65-90 years from Ulm, Germany. Average daily walking duration was assessed in all participants by accelerometers over a one-week period. Habitual gait speed, 5-Chair-Rise test, standing balance and handgrip strength served as measures of physical performance. The association between measures of physical performance and physical activity was calculated by linear regression analysis.The mean daily walking duration was 104.8 minutes in men and 103.0 minutes in women. A positive relationship between gait speed and walking duration was observed in men and women with low gait speed (≤0.8 m/s) but not in participants above this threshold. Standing balance and hand grip strength were positively and 5-Chair-Rise test inversely related with average daily walking duration. A relationship between hand grip strength and walking duration was only observed in women aged 75 years and more.Physical performance measures and objectively measured walking duration are related with each other but only a small percentage of the variance of daily walking duration was explained by physical performance measures. Therefore, factors other than physical performance seem to influence daily walking duration to a great extent.

It is unclear which weather parameters effect the motion-sensor-based measurement of physical activity in terms of walking duration in older people.Between March 2009 and April 2010, the physical activity of 1324 German community-dwelling older people (≥65 years, 56.4% men) was recorded over 5 days using accelerometers. Multilevel linear regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of local daily weather parameters (daylight, maximum temperature, total global radiation, average precipitation, average wind speed and average humidity) on walking duration.Mean daily walking duration was comparable for men and women, with 104.4±50.7 min and 102.9±47.8 min, respectively. A linear relationship with walking duration was seen for all considered weather parameters. The strongest effect was found for global radiation, which involved an increase in walking duration of 16.1 min in men and 19.2 min in women between an average winter day (with about 0.8 kWh/m(2) radiation) and an average summer day (with about 6 kWh/m(2) radiation); similar patterns were found for daily maximum temperature and daylight. Furthermore, physical activity decreased significantly with increasing wind speed, precipitation and humidity.Studies on physical activity in community dwelling older people should consider weather conditions.

To examine the effects of various risk factors on three functional outcomes during rehabilitation.Geriatric inpatient rehabilitation unit.Observational longitudinal study.One hundred sixty-one geriatric rehabilitation inpatients (men, women), mean age 82, who were capable of walking at baseline.Functional status was assessed weekly between admission and discharge and at a follow-up 4 months later at home using the function component of the Short Form-Late Life Function and Disability Instrument, the Barthel Index, and Habitual Gait Speed. Various risk factors, such as falls-related self-efficacy (Falls Efficacy Scale-International), were measured. Associations between predictors and functional status at discharge and follow-up were analyzed using linear regression models and bivariate plots.Fear of falling predicted functioning across all outcomes except for habitual gait speed at discharge and follow-up. Visual comparison of functional trajectories between subgroups confirmed these findings, with different levels of fear of falling across time in linear plots. Thus, superior ability of this measure to discriminate between functional status at baseline across all outcomes and to discriminate between functional change especially with regard to the performance-based outcome was demonstrated.Falls-related self-efficacy is the only parameter that significantly predicts rehabilitation outcome at discharge and follow-up across all outcomes. Therefore, it should be routinely assessed in future studies in (geriatric) rehabilitation and considered to be an important treatment goal.

In this study, we examine organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) having Al top electrodes deposited on organic layers by direct-current magnetron sputtering. The OLEDs consisted of electronically doped transport layers and phosphorescent emission layer were characterized by typical current–voltage–luminance measurement. They showed higher leakage currents, decreased forward currents, and corresponding increases of driving voltage after the sputter deposition on the organic layers. The OLEDs exhibited randomly distributed bright spots on the active area, and the bright spots were investigated by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In order to prove the origins of sputter damage, simple organic/Al layer samples were made and investigated by ellipsometry and laser-induced desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The results are compared with previous works addressing the fundamental phenomena of magnetron sputtering. We conclude that the high leakage current originated from a penetration of sputtered metal atoms into the underlying organic layers, and the decrease of forward current resulted from an interface degradation caused by the radiation of plasma, which reduces charge carrier injection preferentially at the Al/organic layer interface.

In this study a high efficient p-i-n type orange organic light emitting diode (OLED) is presented. It is based on doped charge transport layers to realize low operating voltage and emitting layer which consists of alpha-NPD(4,4-bis [N-(1- naphtyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl) and Iridium(III)bis(2-methyldibenzo-[f,h]quinoxaline)(acetylacetonate) as a host and a phosphorescence dye dopant respectively. Organic layers are vacuum-sublimed on ITO-coated glass substrates in vertical inline deposition tool, and aluminium is deposited directly on organic layer by DC magnetron sputtering to form a cathode. Since sputter deposition of top electrode is known to damage organic layers and degrade OLED performance, various sputter process parameters are selected and applied for cathode formations, and the OLEDs are characterized by means of I-V-L measurements. The OLED characteristics are evaluated with the plasma factors based on sputter process parameters in order to explain the damage sources from sputtering process. The characteristics of OLEDs that cathodes are deposited by sputtering and evaporation are compared. The fabricated OLED which has the lowest damage level exhibits almost comparable result to the OLED that the cathode is deposited by evaporation. The OLED shows good performances of driving voltage of 4.25 V and luminous efficacy of 7.77 lm/W and current efficiency of 10.68 cd/A at 1000cd/m 2 .

Gigabit home access networks (HANs) are a pivotal technology to be developed if the European Union (EU) Vision of the Future Internet is to be realised. Consumers will require such HANs to be simple to install, without any new wires, and easy enough to use so that information services running on the HAN will be “just another utility,” as, for instance, electricity, water and gas are today. The hOME Gigabit Access (OMEGA) HAN project [1] aims at bridging the gap between home and access network, providing Gbit/s connectivity to users. The project considers a combination of various technologies such as radio frequency (RF) and free-space or wireless optical links (FSO-operating at infrared and visible wavelengths) in order to meet user demands and provide wireless connectivity within and the home and its surroundings. When combined with power-line communications this enables a home backbone that meets the “without new wires” vision. A technology-independent MAC layer will control this network and provide services as well as connectivity to any number of devices the user wishes to connect to it in any room in a house/apartment, and further, this MAC layer will allow the service to follow the user from device to device. In order to make this vision come true, substantial progress is required in the fields of optical-wireless physical layers, in protocol design, and in system architecture.