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This essay argues that scrofula was one of several disorders, including gout, rickets, and venereal disease, that were 'rebranded' as hereditary in response to broader cultural changes that took place during the Restoration and eighteenth century in England. While the purposes of scrofula's recategorisation were more political than medical, they resulted in this heretofore relatively obscure childhood ailment assuming a new prominence within both medical and popular discourses of the period. Scrofula became both emblem and proof of the links between sexual promiscuity, financial profligacy, and physiological degeneration, its symbolic status reinforced by the legal and moral language used to model processes of hereditary transmission. By likening the inheritance of scrofula to the inheritance of original sin-or, more commonly, to the inheritance of a 'docked entail' or damaged estate-eighteenth-century writers and artists not only made this non-inherited ailment into a sign of catastrophic hereditary decline; they also paved the way for scrofula to be identified as a disease of aristocratic vice, even though its association with crowded, unsanitary living conditions likely made it more common among the poor. By the same token, financial models of disease inheritance facilitated a bias toward paternal transmission, with scrofula often portrayed as passing, like a title or an estate, from father to son rather than from mother to daughter.

Tuberculous lymphadenitis constitutes up to 40% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Chronic cervical lymphadenopathy may be the only manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the head and neck region. Symptoms, clinical findings and prognosis differ greatly depending on the host’s immune system, existing comorbidities, site and extension of infection as well as early diagnosis and commencement of treatment. We report a case of miliary tuberculosis with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary involvement in a healthy male who was successfully treated with surgical drainage of neck abscess followed by 9 months of an anti-tuberculosis drugs treatment.

This article tells the story of an eighteenth-century medical pamphlet called An essay on the nature and cure of the King’s Evil, deduced from observation and practice. This was written by John Morley (d. 1776/7), a wealthy Essex landowner who advertised free medical treatments. The pamphlet is one of many short tracts on scrofula produced after the ceremony of ‘the royal touch’ ceased with the death of Queen Anne. However, it merits special attention from historians of medicine and historians of the book because it was edited and reprinted many more times than other surviving scrofula tracts: 42 editions appeared between 1760 and 1824. This suggests significant popularity. The Essay is also of interest because the first fifteen editions display changes and additions completed by Morley before his death in late 1776 or early 1777. Between these versions, Morley consistently refashioned his identity as practitioner and author. He also adjusted his portrayal of the intended readers of the pamphlet: in later editions, readers are recorded using the Essay in increasingly complex and autonomous ways to design their own medical treatments. The pamphlet is therefore testimony to the fluid relationship between practitioner and patient. It shows that seemingly simple, formulaic and easy-to-read forms like pamphlets and case studies could play a variety of complex and shifting roles in eighteenth-century medical encounters and the construction of healing knowledge.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) occurs when at the minimum there is resistance to isoniazid and rifampin. Prevention of new infections of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and progression to TB disease is critical to reduce the burden and mortality of this disease. We present the case of a 73-year-old human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative female who presented with cervical lymphadenopathy and who was diagnosed with MDR-TB.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculous lymphadenitis or scrofula, also called colliquative tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most common clinical form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. However, at present it is of rare occurrence and there are no reports in Ecuador. CLINICAL CASE: A 75-year-old female patient with 2 years of evolution of adenopathies in the neck, which abscessed and drained spontaneously, leaving scars. Acid-alcohol bacilli (BAAR) was observed in the aspirate of one of the lymph nodes by the Ziehl-Neelsen technique, initiating treatment with pyrazinamide, isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol for six months. In subsequent controls, fistula closed and flattening of the lymph nodes were observed, and clinical cure was determined. CONCLUSIONS: Since this is a rare clinical presentation of M. tuberculosis infection, its publication is important to alert health workers, for its early diagnosis and timely treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is a multiorgan disease that can affect any part of the body. Though it is thought to be affecting mainly the pulmonary system, genitourinary TB is a rare but important manifestation of TB. It has been reported in

Case Presentation: A 32-year-old male who recently immigrated from Kenya presented to the emergency department (ED) with a painful, enlarging, right-sided neck mass for eight weeks duration. Point-of-care ultrasound was used to reveal a large cystic mass with internal septations and numerous hypoechoic round lesions. Initial tuberculosis blood test ordered in the ED was positive with cultures ultimately growing Mycobaceterium tuberculosis.Discussion: Scrofula should be considered in the differential in patients presenting with enlarging neck masses who have epidemiological risk factors for tuberculosis.

Based on data mining technology, the rules of acupoint selection of acupuncture-moxibustion for scrofula in ancient times were analyzed. The relevant articles of acupuncture and moxibustion for scrofula were searched in the Chinese Medical Code , and the original article, acupoint name, acupoint characteristic, and acupoint meridian tropism, etc. were screened and extracted. The Microsoft Excel 2019 was used to establish a acupoint prescription database, and the frequency of acupoints as well as their meridian tropism and characteristics were analyzed. The SPSS21.0 was applied to perform cluster analysis of acupuncture prescriptions; the SPSS Modeler 18.0 was used to perform the association rules analysis of the neck and the chest-armpit acupoints, respectively. As a result, 314 acupuncture prescriptions were extracted, including 236 single-acupoint prescriptions and 78 multiple-acupoints prescriptions (53 for neck and 25 for chest-armpit). A total of 54 acupoints were involved, with a total frequency of 530. The top 3 commonly-used acupoints were Tianjing (TE 10), Zulinqi (GB 41) and Taichong (LR 3); the most commonly-used meridians were hand shaoyang meridian, foot shaoyang meridian, hand yangming meridian and foot yangming meridian; the most commonly-used special acupoints were he -sea points and shu- stream points. The cluster analysis obtained 6 clusters, and the association rule analysis obtained that the core prescriptions of the neck were Quchi (LI 11), Jianyu (LI 15), Tianjing (TE 10) and Jianjing (GB 21), while the core prescriptions of the chest-armpit were Daling (PC 7), Yanglingquan (GB 34), Danzhong (CV 17), Jianjing (GB 21), Waiguan (TE 5), Zhigou (TE 6), Yuanye (GB 22) and Zhangmen (LR 13). The core prescriptions obtained from association rule analysis by difference areas were basically consistent with those by cluster analysis of total prescriptions.

Introduction: The forms of presentation of the tuberculosis (Tb) include: the pulmonary, miliaria and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Outside of the lung, the where places with major frequency localizes tuberculosis are, by order of frequency: lymphatic ganglions, pleura, genitourinary system, bones and joints, meninges, peritoneum and pericardium. Objective: To present an interesting case in the clinic of extrapulmonary Tb and lung Tb. Case presentation: Masculine 65-years patient of age, chronic alcoholic and smoker. That began to present an increase of volume in the lateral right region of the neck that went growing progressively; besides humid cough with whitish expectoration, dysphagia to the solid foods, asthenia, anorexia and loss of weight. The physical examination made evident multiple cervical suppurative adenopathias, the major of 6cm and crepitating rasps at the superior third of the right hemi-thorax. The Mantoux proof was positive and the thorax X-ray suggested a pulmonary TB. The patient was discharged with a treatment against tuberculosis and ambulatory antibiotic, which were abandoned by the patient. He was entered in second occasion in the service of geriatrics for ulceration of the major injury of the neck and dies at the third day for a generalized sepsis. Conclusions: The tuberculosis of the lymphatic ganglions is the more common presentation of the extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Illness attacks principally to the persons with low defenses and in the presented case the patient had factors that could have depressed his immune system as the age, the chronic alcoholism and the smoking Keywords: Pulmonary tuberculosis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, mantoux, scrofula.

Through analyzing the indication distribution of the different acupoints located at the upper limbs recorded in Science of Acupoints and Science of Meridians and Acupoints , the industry planning teaching materials of traditional Chinese medicine, it is discovered that the acupoints located at the upper arms are commonly selected for the treatment of scrofula and goiter, while the acupoints below the elbow at the hand meridians and those at the lower limbs of the foot meridians which running through the neck, do not have the similar indications. Based on a further analysis on the literature at ancient and modern times, it is believed that the acupoints located on the lateral side of the upper arms, especially those at the large intestine meridian of hand- yangming perhaps have the specific effect in treatment of scrofula and goiter.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) occurs when at the minimum there is resistance to isoniazid and rifampin. Prevention of new infections of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and progression to TB disease is critical to reduce the burden and mortality of this disease. We present the case of a 73-year-old human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative female who presented with cervical lymphadenopathy and who was diagnosed with MDR-TB., Learning Points: Tuberculosis is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and approximately a quarter of the world's population is estimated to be latently infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis lymphadenitis is a rare manifestation of the disease in Portugal.With the advent of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, disease surveillance by the government should be intensified, with the aim of national and global TB control, focusing on prevention., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interests: The Authors declare that there are no competing interest, (© EFIM 2020.)

Poverty, high population density and unhealthy dwellings in Siena's historic district accounted for the spread of tuberculosis in its various forms between the mid-nineteenth century and the first three decades of the twentieth century. In this paper, the author relies on statistical data relating to a time span between 1898 and 1935 to discuss the high incidence of scrofula, or tuberculosis of the lymphatic glands, among Siena's infant population.The result is a description of the most important actions implemented at city level to prevent tuberculosis and to assist and treat sick children: stays in seaside hospices promoted by Carlo Livi in order prevent and treat poor and malnourished children, the establishment of a Preventorium to accommodate children from families that included members infected with pulmonary tuberculosis, the realization of activities in the green areas of the Fortress on advice of Achille Sclavo. Furthermore, the author recalls the work of great hygienist Sclavo to raise awareness of the hygienic practices among Siena's population, which was fundamental in the prevention of epidemic diseases such as tuberculosis.