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Evaluation of suppliers is essential to increasing competitive power, customer satisfaction, and profitability. Oil and gas companies can use this research to evaluate suppliers and map the potential path forward for future collaborations. Six supply chain managers in Iran designed HFIS for the oil and gas industry. Shannon Entropy was used to determine the relative weights of suppliers concerning overall uncertainty because the Oil and Gas industry uses many unstructured Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Using Matlab Toolbox FIS, a future cooperation roadmap was developed. Experts suggested future collaboration with certain suppliers based on the HFIS results. The future cooperation strategy proposed by the framework is highly in line with their expectations. FIS results indicate that the proposed can help select the most appropriate suppliers for cooperation while providing a roadmap for weaker suppliers to improve their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Market turbulences and their impact on the financial market, particularly on the stock market, is a financial topic that has received significant research attention recently. This study compared the characteristics of stock return and volatility in selected developed and emerging markets between the 2008 financial crisis and the 2019 worldwide pandemic. In this sense, we seek to answer two concerns. First, do the developed and emerging markets behave similarly during crisis periods? Second, does economic strength always shield markets from poor economic circumstances? For this purpose, the daily return data of E7 (Emerging 7) and G7 (Developed 7) countries for two sample periods—namely, the financial crisis period of 2007–2009 and the global pandemic period of 2019–2021—were chosen. By using univariate GARCH models, namely GARCH, EGARCH, and TGARCH, the study discovered that developing and developed markets reacted differently to these two financial crises. While emerging markets responded similarly to these two crises, developed economies acted differently, being more volatile and sensitive to the worldwide pandemic of 2019 than the financial crisis of 2008. Moreover, a country's economic prowess does not always shield it from economic turmoil. This study will help investors identify diversification opportunities among the developed and emerging markets during a crisis period. Additionally, this will help portfolio and fund managers understand the behaviour of stock markets during times of market crisis and thus give advice to investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]