Search

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence has increased globally.The evidence shows thatdiet and gut microbial metabolites includingtrimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and kynurenine (KYN) play an important role in developing MetS. However, there is a lack of evidence on associations between between diet and these metabolites. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between dietary nitrate/nitrite and gut microbial metabolites (TMAO, KYN) on MetS and its components.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 250 adults aged 20–50 years. Dietary intake was assessed using food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), and serum TMAO and KYN levels were measured. MetS was defined usingthe National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP ATP III) criteria.ResultThe ATPIII index revealed an 11% prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the study participants. After adjusting for confounders, significant positive interactions were found: High animal-source nitrate intake and high TMAO levels with elevated triglycerides (TG) (p interaction = 0.07) and abdominal obesity (p interaction = 0.08). High animal-source nitrate intake and high KYN levels with increased TG (p interaction = 0.01) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (p interaction = 0.01).Individuals with high animal-source nitrite intake and high TMAO levels showed increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 1.57, 95%CI: 0.35–2.87, p = 0.05), hypertension (OR: 1.53, 95%CI: 0.33–2.58, p = 0.06), and lower HDL (OR: 1.96, 95%CI: 0.42–2.03, p = 0.04). Similarly, high animal-source nitrite intake with high KYN levels showed lower HDL (OR: 2.44, 95%CI: 1.92–3.89, p = 0.07) and increased risk of hypertension (OR: 2.17,95%CI: 1.69–3.40, p = 0.05). Conversely, Negative interactions were found between high plant-source nitrate/nitrite intake with high KYN and TMAO levels on MetS and some components.ConclusionThere is an interaction between dietary nitrate/nitrite source (animal vs. plant) and gut microbial metabolites (TMAO and KYN) on the risk of of MetS and its components. These findings highlight the importance of considering diet, gut microbiome metabolites, and their interactions in MetS risk assessment.

Abstract Background/Objectives Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic and autoimmune enteropathy of the gastrointestinal tract with malabsorption characteristics. The only effective treatment for CD is adhere strictly to a gluten-free diet (GFD) throughout life. We evaluated the dietary patterns in celiac disease patients and their association with dietary intakes and anthropometric measurements in Iran. Subjects/Methods This is a case-control study on 182 participants who were referred to the Khuzestan Celiac Association, Iran. Nutritional information was collected using a validated 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The software Stata (StataCorp, Version 14.0) was used to analyze the data. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to obtain participants’ dietary patterns. Results A significant relationship was observed between age and body mass index (BMI) across quartiles of the healthy dietary pattern score (P

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the behavioral inhibition and activation systems and anger rumination and expression with the mediation of difficulty in emotion regulation in college students. This was descriptive correlational research. The study population included all students aged 18 to 22 years studying in Tehran's public universities in 2023, and 384 people were selected as a sample using the convenience sampling method, and responded to the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation Scale Carver & White, Anger Rumination Scale Sukhodolsky et al., Anger Expression Scale Buss & Perry, and Brief Version of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Bjureberg et al. In order to analyze the data, path analysis was used with the hierarchical regression method according to Baron and Kenny suggestion and Sobel test. The results showed that the behavioral inhibition/activation systems were able to predict anger rumination and expression respectively through difficulty in emotion regulation. The findings are useful for having practical implications for preventive and therapeutic interventions in anger management.

Abstract Objective: To examine trends in the intake of key food groups among Iranian adults between 2005 and 2016, overall, and according to sociodemographic characteristics. Design: Repeat cross-sectional data from the Iran-STEPwise approach to risk factor surveillance (Iran-WHO STEPS) 2005–2016 were analysed. Regression analyses were used to evaluate trends in the frequency of fruits, vegetables and fish intake and type of oil used over time. Interactions by sex, age and area of residence were examined. Setting: Iran. Participants: 225 221 Iranian adults. Results: The frequency of vegetables (β: −0·03; 95 % CI (−0·06, −0·00); P-trend = 0·030) and fish (β: −0·09; 95 % CI (−0·10, −0·08); P-trend < 0·001) intake and use of solid fat (OR: 0·70; 95 % CI (0·70, 0·72); P-trend < 0·001) declined, whilst the frequency of fruit intake (β-Coeff: 0·03, 95 % CI (0·01, 0·05); P-trend = 0·014) and liquid oil use (OR: 1·40; 95 % CI (1·3, 1·4); P-trend60 years) adults (P-interaction < 0·001), whilst declines in vegetable (P-interaction < 0·001) and fish intake (P-interaction = 0·001) were larger in older adults. The declining use of solid fat was strongest in middle-aged and older adults (P-interaction = 0·035), while the increasing use of liquid oil was strongest in rural areas (P-interaction = 0·011). Conclusions: During the nutrition transition, liquid oil use and the frequency of fruit intake rose, while the frequency of vegetables and fish intake declined. Nonetheless, the fatty acid composition and cooking methods are important considerations. The changes observed are concerning from a public health perspective and demonstrate the need for interventions and possible targets for tailored strategies.

Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most common occupational complaints among dentists. Accurate assessment of the pain caused by these disorders is of paramount importance in its better control. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and evaluate the correlation of the Visual Analogue Scale with the different dimensions of the McGill Pain Questionnaire in dental students in the city of Tehran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-correlation study conducted among 120 dental students in Tehran in 2020-2021, data related to musculoskeletal disorders were collected through the Nordic questionnaire. Pain assessment was also performed using the Visual Analogue Scale and McGill Pain Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and statistical tests, including chi-square, Spearman, and Pearson correlation, to examine the relationship between the two measures. Results: In this study, the highest prevalence of disorders was observed in the neck region (42.5%), upper back (35%), and lower back (31.7%). Neck pain and discomfort, in the last 12 months, caused a reduction in work activity more than any other region among the participants. Significant correlations were found between the Visual Pain Scale and the Sensory (r=0.543, p=0.011), Affective (r=0.549, p=0.020), and Evaluative (r=0.538, p=0.035) dimensions of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Conclusion: The present study indicates that work-related musculoskeletal disorders are common in dental students. There is a high correlation between the Visual Pain Scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire in assessing pain intensity.

This study was conducted to investigate the moderated role of basic psychological needs by family cohesion in the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency among girl adolescents. It is a descriptive correlational research study. The study population included all girl adolescents aged 13 to 18, who were students in Tehran in 1401. 283 individuals were selected as a sample using the convenience sampling method and responded to the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (Cheek, 1983), Mobile Phone Addiction Index (Leung, 2008), Basic Psychological Needs Scale (Deci & Ryan, 2000), and Family Organized Cohesiveness Scale (Fisher et al., 1992). Pearson correlation and multiple regression were used to analyze the data, and the Hayes macro-Process (model 4 & 59) in SPSS24 was installed. The results showed that basic psychological needs mediate the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency. The relation of shyness with mobile phone dependency and basic psychological needs, as well as the relationship between basic psychological needs and mobile phone dependence, is moderated by family cohesion. Based on this, by increasing the satisfaction of basic psychological needs in adolescents and increasing family cohesion, their shyness, and as a result, their dependence on mobile phones will decrease. These findings are useful for understanding the complex mechanism of shyness effects on mobile phone dependency and have practical implications for preventing and reducing adolescents' dependence on mobile phones. ‌ Keywords Shyness, Mobile Phone Dependency, Basic Psychological Needs, Family Cohesion, Girl Adolescents. ‌ ‌Introduction Considering the expansion of mobile phone use among Iranian adolescents and the risk of dependency, it is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms of mobile phone dependency to make decisions for preventive interventions. Personality characteristics, especially high levels of shyness, make adolescents vulnerable to mobile phone dependency (Han et al., 2017). Shy adolescents experience communication problems, social anxiety, loneliness, and depression (Liu et al., 2019). To avoid these negative emotions, they turn to excessive use of mobile phones, which leads to dependency (Enez et al., 2016). Although existing studies have shown the effect of shyness on mobile phone dependency, the mechanism of this relationship has been less investigated from the perspective of the interaction between individual and environmental factors. One of the individual factors related to mobile phone dependency is basic psychological needs. If basic psychological needs are not met, pathological compensation may occur. Shy people's withdrawn personality facilitates unsatisfied interpersonal relationships and unmet basic psychological needs in real situations. Anonymity and lack of face-to-face contact in the mobile network space provide a relatively safe and relaxing environment for shy people so that their unmet needs can be pathologically compensated by using mobile phones. Improper mobile phone use may lead to mobile phone dependency. This mediating process, in which shyness affects mobile phone dependency through basic psychological needs, may be influenced by the family as the primary direct microsystem. Studies have shown that high family cohesion is a protective factor against Internet addiction (Wang et al., 2018). Shy people may become dependent on mobile phones to escape from social pressures in reality and eliminate negative emotions. However, if family members have intimate relationships, these relationships as a source of social support can address some basic psychological needs of shy people and reduce the incidence of mobile phone dependency (Sela et al., 2019). At present, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency among adolescents. Adolescence is a period in which the body and mind undergo drastic changes and the level of shyness increases. Also, although the effect of shyness on mobile phone dependency has been examined only in some foreign studies, the mechanism of this relationship is not clear, and few studies have examined this relationship from the perspective of the interaction between the person and the environment (Hong et al., 2019; Sela et al., 2019). Based on this, considering the expansion of mobile phone use, it is necessary to identify the impact that personal and individual characteristics and environmental factors have on mobile phone dependency in this period. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the mediating role of basic psychological needs in the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency in adolescent girls and to study the moderating role of family cohesion in the mediation process. Methodology The method of this research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all adolescent girls aged 13 to 18 who were students in Tehran in 1401. A sample of 283 was selected using a convenience sampling method and responded to the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (Cheek, 1983), Mobile Phone Addiction Index (Leung, 2008), Basic Psychological Needs Scale (Deci & Ryan, 2000) & Family Organized Cohesiveness Scale (Fisher et al., 1992). Descriptive Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression were used to analyze the data using the Hayes macro-process (models 4 & 59) in SPSS24. The moderated mediation model was also tested with 5000 bootstrap samples and a 95% confidence interval. Findings Investigating mediation paths using the Hayes regression model 4 showed that shyness has a positive and significant relationship with mobile phone dependency and a negative and significant relationship with basic psychological needs. Also, the relationship between basic psychological needs and mobile phone dependency was found to be negative and significant. When all three variables were entered into the regression equation, shyness positively and significantly predicted mobile phone dependency. Then, the indirect path of the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency was significant through the mediation of basic psychological needs. The bootstrap test results indicated the indirect effect of basic psychological needs with a 95% confidence interval, which means the mediation total effect was estimated as 57.90%. Examining the moderating paths using the 59 Hayes regression model showed that the interaction of shyness with family cohesion significantly predicted basic psychological needs and mobile phone dependency. Also, the interaction of basic psychological needs with family cohesion significantly predicted mobile phone dependency. Result The findings showed that shyness is directly and indirectly related to mobile phone dependency through basic psychological needs, and the mediation of basic psychological needs is moderated by family cohesion. In other words, the relationship of shyness with mobile phone dependency and basic psychological needs and the relationship between basic psychological needs and mobile phone dependency were all moderated by family cohesion. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency. As a practical suggestion, attention should be paid to the effect of shyness on mobile phone dependency, particularly for people with high shyness, to strengthen intervention and support and reduce the likelihood of mobile phone dependency through effective control of the level of shyness. Finally, understanding and satisfying the basic psychological needs of shy people through social skills training and self-disclosure tasks to improve social skills is important to reduce mobile phone dependency, and it is necessary to understand the importance of family cohesion in supporting individuals.

Abstract Background The evidence shows that obesity is associated with chronic inflammation in obese subjects. Polyphenols are a complex group of plant secondary metabolites that may play a role in reducing the risk of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Given the scarcity of evidence on the association between inflammatory markers and dietary polyphenols intake in overweight/obese Iranian women, the current study aims to investigate this link. Method The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 391 overweight and obese Iranian women aged 18–48 years (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2). A 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intake, as well as anthropometric indices including weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) and biochemistry parameters including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (Chole), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), galactin-3 (Gal-3), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin-1 beta (IL_1β), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PA-I), serum leptin concentrations, and C-reactive protein of high sensitivity (hs-CRP) in all participants. The inflammatory markers were assessed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Result The findings revealed a significant negative association between flavonoids intake and MCP-1 (P = 0.024), lignans intake and MCP-1 (P = 0.017), and Gal-3 (P = 0.032). These significant associations were observed between other polyphenols intake and IL_1β (P = 0.014). There was also a significant positive association between other polyphenol intake and TGF-β (P = 0.008) and between phenolic acid intake and TGF-β (P = 0.014). Conclusion Our findings suggest that a high polyphenol intake may help individuals to reduce systemic inflammation. Further large studies involving participants of different ages and genders are highly warranted.

Abstract Dietary diabetes risk reduction score (DDRRs) is inversely associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Given the importance of the association between body fat and insulin resistance and the effect of diet on these parameters, this study aimed to investigate the association between DDRRS and body composition parameters, including the visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and skeletal muscle mass (SMM). This study was conducted on 291 overweight and obese women aged 18–48 years old recruited from 20 Tehran Health Centers in 2018. The anthropometric indices, biochemical parameters, and body composition were measured. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to calculate DDRRs. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between DDRRs and body composition indicators. The mean (SD) age of participants was 36.67 (9.10) years. After adjustment for potential confounders, VAI (β = 0.27, 95% CI = − 0.73, 1.27, Ptrend = 0.052), LAP (β = 8.14, 95% CI = − 10.54, 26.82, Ptrend = 0.069), TF (β = − 1.41, 95% CI = 11.45, 17.30, Ptrend = 0.027), trunk fat percent (TF%) (β = − 21.55, 95% CI = − 44.51, 1.61, Ptrend = 0.074), body fat mass (BFM) (β = − 3.26, 95% CI = − 6.08, − 0.44, Ptrend = 0.026), visceral fat area (VFA) (β = − 45.75, 95% CI = − 86.10, − 5.41, Ptrend = 0.026), waist-to-hip ratio (WHtR) (β = − 0.014, 95% CI = − 0.031, 0.004, Ptrend = 0.066), visceral fat level (VFL) (β = − 0.38, 95% CI = − 5.89, 5.12, Ptrend = 0.064), fat mass index (FMI) (β = − 1.15, 95% CI = − 2.28, − 0.02, Ptrend = 0.048) decreased significantly over tertiles of DDRRs, and also there was no significant association between SMM and DDRRs tertiles (β = − 0.57, 95% CI = − 1.69, 0.53, Ptrend = 0.322). The findings of this study demonstrated that participants with higher adherence to the DDRRs had lower VAI (β = 0.78 vs 0.27) and LAP (β = 20.73 vs 8.14). However, there was no significant association between DDRRs and VAI, LAP and SMM, which are mentioned as the primary outcomes. Future studies with larger sample of both genders are needed to investigate our findings.

Corona epidemics have forced educational systems in many countries to use online education and adapt to digital learning environments.Despite many benefits of online education, such as unlimited time and space,resource sharing and collaboration, openness and personalization of learning,but it can be frustrating and stressful because many teachers lack the skills, resources and competencies of online education.A review of research evidence shows that a large amount of research activity is devoted to teachers' digital competencies, but information on how this feature,along with other teacher features such as use intention of online teaching and student features such as online learning difficulties affects on their online teaching behavior, are not available.Thus,the aim of this study was to investigate whether teachers'digital competencies,use intention of online teaching and students' online learning difficulties predict online teaching behavior.In this correlation study, the population was all teachers of primary and secondary schools in Tehran in the academic year1400-1401,which324teachers were selected with use of convenience sampling.They responded online to the Teachers' Digital Competence Scale,Teachers' Use Intention of Online Teaching Scale,Teachers'Online Teaching Behavior Scale&Teachers'Perceived Online Learning Difficulties of Students Questionnaire.Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data.The results showed that the online teaching behavior had a positive andsignificant relationshipwith teachers'digital competencies and the use intention of online teaching, and this relationship was negatively and significantlywith students'online learning difficulties.Also, the resultsof multiple regression analysis showed that teachers'digital competencies, use intention of online teaching and students'online learning difficulties, are able tosignificantly explain changes in teachers'online teaching behavior as predictor variable in a predictive model. Based on the research findings, it is necessaryfor teachers in online teaching to improve their digital skills and competencies in accessing and using resources, analyzing data related to students' learning characteristics, and combining digital resourceswith educational content to produce more comprehensible content, in fact, modify and improve online teaching behaviors.Also,online teaching has more requirements for teachers than traditional classroom teaching. People use digital technology and resources to varying degrees;Therefore, it is necessary for teachers in teaching activities to strengthen their desire to use online education and increase their awareness of integrating information technology with educational activities by avoiding mechanical transfer to offline-online education.Overall, the present study adds insights into improving online teaching behavior&can help to better understand the effect of teachers'characteristics including digital competencies and use intention of online teaching and students' characteristics including online learning difficulties on online teaching behavior.

Introduction: Ne An acute respiratory infection started in Wuhan city of China in December 2019. The pathogen was discovered as a novel coronavirus from the Coronaviridae family and called the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). According to clinical symptoms and laboratory tests, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients are categorized as asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe and critical state. Suggested therapies used in moderate to severe COVID-19 disease include corticosteroids, anticoagulation and antiviral drugs (e.g., remdesivir). Objectives: We reviewed the clinical outcomes associated with corticosteroid treatment for COVID-19. Patients and Methods: We planned a retrospective study with 859 patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection who were under treatment at Khorshid hospital affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (from February to May 2020). Results: A total of 859 patients were included in this study. The mean age was 63.33±15.45 years of which 43.8% (n=376) were women. We subcategorized corticosteroids by dose prescribed in smaller groups to show better results. The secondary outcome including the rate of intensive care units (ICUs) admission and death was less with corticosteroid prescription. This study showed, mortality and ICU admission were fewer in patients with ≥51 mg/d and ≥201 mg/d of methylprednisolone therapy, respectively. Conclusion: Based on this study, corticosteroid treatment can reduce both the need for ICU admission and mortality in moderate to severe COVID-19 patients. However, clinical trials are needed to investigate the effect of corticosteroid therapy on the need to mechanically ventilate a patient.

ObjectivesThe present study was conducted to evaluate whether there is a link between the diet quality index (DQI) and markers of systemic inflammation in Iranian overweight and obese women.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 200 Iranian overweight and obese women aged 18–48 years. The DQI-international (DQI-I) comprises four main components: variety, adequacy, moderation, and overall balance. Blood samples were collected in a fasted state to measure inflammatory markers.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, total energy intake, economic status, education, supplement intake, age of starting obesity, and history of body mass loss, a marginally significant negative association was observed between the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA–IR) and the DQI–I (β: −0.015, 95% CI: −0.03, 0.000; p = 0.061). The results after adjustment showed that DQI–I has a negative association with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs–CRP) concentrations (β: −0.031, 95% CI: −0.104, −0.031; p = 0.023). Furthermore, negative associations were observed between the adequacy component and levels of HOMA–IR (β: −0.025, 95% CI: −0.100, 0.047, p = 0.050) and hs-CRP (β: −0.615, 95% CI: −1.191, −0.020; p = 0.045). In addition, negative associations were found between transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and balance score (β: −6.270, 95% CI: −39.211, −3.661, p = 0.020), as well as HOMA–IR (β: −0.080, 95% CI: −0.202, −0.000, p = 0.041) and chemoattractant protein−1 (MCP−1) (β: −0.562, 95% CI: −11.414, −0.282, p = 0.021), with the various component. A marginally significant negative association between galectin 3 (Gal-3) and moderation score (β: −0.451, 95% CI: −1.171, 0.060, p = 0.060) was found. In addition, a marginally significant inverse association was also established between hs–CRP and variety score (β: −0.311, 95% CI: −0.970, 0.001, p = 0.052). The Receiver Operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that DQI–I might better predict HOMA–IR with a cut point of 3.13 (AUC = 0.698, 0.511–0.699, p = 0.050).ConclusionThese findings showed that a higher adherence to diet quality and its components could probably be related to lowering the inflammatory markers considerably in overweight and obese women.

Abstract A methanol poisoning outbreak occurred in Iran during the initial months of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of the outbreak in terms of hospitalizations and deaths. A cross-sectional linkage study was conducted based on the hospitalization data collected from thirteen referral toxicology centers throughout Iran as well as mortality data obtained from the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization (LMO). Patient data were extracted for all cases aged > 19 years with toxic alcohol poisoning during the study period from February until June 2020. A total of 795 patients were hospitalized due to methanol poisoning, of whom 84 died. Median [interquartile ratio; IQR] age was 32 [26, 40] years (range 19–91 years). Patients had generally ingested alcohol for recreational motives (653, 82.1%) while 3.1% (n = 25) had consumed alcohol-based hand sanitizers to prevent or cure COVID-19 infection. Age was significantly lower in survivors than in non-survivors (P 8, six of whom were completely alert on presentation to the emergency departments. The time from alcohol ingestion to hospital admission was not significantly different between provinces. In East Azerbaijan province, where hemodialysis was started within on average 60 min of admission, the rate of sequelae was 11.4% (compared to 19.6% average of other provinces)—equivalent to a reduction of the odds of sequelae by 2.1 times [95% CI 1.2, 3.7; p = 0.009]. Older patients were more prone to fatal outcome and sequelae, including visual disturbances. Early arrival at the hospital can facilitate timely diagnosis and treatment and may reduce long-term morbidity from methanol poisoning. Our data thus suggest the importance of raising public awareness of the risks and early symptoms of methanol intoxication.

Abstract Objective The previous evidence shows that there is an association between total dietary polyphenols intake (DPI) and its subclasses and lower risk of metabolic Syndrome (MetS). This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate associations between DPI and cardiometabolic factors in Iranian women. Methods A total of 404 Iranian women were included in this study. Dietary intakes and polyphenols intakes were measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the Phenol-Explorer database, respectively. Biochemical variables and blood pressure were evaluated using Pars Azmoon kits and mercury sphygmomanometer. Results The mean intake of total polyphenol was 2533.96 ± 1223.67 g. While there were significant negative associations between stilbenes and lignans intake and body mass index (BMI) (P-value = 0.04; P-value = 0.02, respectively), beverages containing phenolic acids and hip circumference (HC) (P-value = 0.02), total polyphenols intake and weight to hip ratio (WHR) (P-value = 0.04). Also there was significant negative associations between stilbenes intake and cholesterol (CHOL) level (P-value = 0.03), other polyphenols intake and triglyceride (TG) ((P-value = 0.01), lignan intake and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P-value = 0.03). Conclusion These findings demonstrated that dietary polyphenols were associated with cardiometabolic factors in Iranian women. Prospective and interventional studies in both genders, different populations and ethnicities need to be conducted to further the knowledge about examine associations between consumption of polyphenols and metabolic component.

Abstract There is no previous study that investigated the association between dietary intake of total and individual branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and odds of sarcopenia. The present study aimed to examine the association between dietary intake of BCAAs and sarcopenia and its components among Iranian adults. The data for this cross-sectional study was collected in 2011 among 300 older people (150 men and 150 female) with aged ≥ 55 years. We used a Block-format 117-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to evaluate usual dietary intakes. BCAAs intake was calculated by summing up the amount of valine, leucine and isoleucine intake from all food items in the FFQ. The European Sarcopenia Working Group (EWGSOP) definition was used to determine sarcopenia and its components. Mean age of study participants was 66.8 years and 51% were female. Average intake of BCAAs was 12.8 ± 5.1 g/day. Prevalence of sarcopenia and its components was not significantly different across tertile categories of total and individual BCAAs intake. We found no significant association between total BCAAs intake and odds of sarcopenia (OR for comparison of extreme tertiles 0.48, 95% CI 0.19–1.19, P-trend = 0.10) and its components (For muscle mass 0.83, 95% CI 0.39–1.77, P-trend = 0.63; for hand grip strength 0.81, 95% CI 0.37–1.75, P-trend: 0.59; for gait speed 1.22, 95% CI 0.58–2.57, P-trend = 0.56). After adjusting for potential confounders, this non-significant relationship did not alter. In addition, we did not find any significant association between individual BCAAs intake and odds of sarcopenia or its components. We found no significant association between dietary intakes of BCAAs and sarcopenia in crude model (OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.29–1.26). After controlling for several potential confounders, the result remained insignificant (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.19–1.19). In this cross-sectional study, no significant association was observed between dietary intakes of total and individual BCAAs and odds of sarcopenia and its components.

Abstract Background Given the increasing prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, it is necessary to find an easy and cost-effective method in its management and treatment. Probiotics are a group of living microorganisms that might affect NAFLD through the intestinal-liver axis. The present clinical trial aims to examine the effect of probiotic yogurt consumption on liver enzymes, steatosis and liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Methods Sixty-eight patients with NAFLD will be recruited in this study. After block matching for sex, BMI and age, patients will be randomly assigned to receive 300 g/d probiotic yogurt containing 106 cfu/g of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis strains or 300 g/d plain yogurt daily for 12 weeks and those in the control group would receive similar amounts of plain yogurts. Weight, height, and waist circumference will be measured at study baseline and after the intervention. Biochemical indicators including plasma glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile, liver markers (ALT, AST and GGT) will be examined at study baseline and at the end of the trial. Insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity will be determined using the HOMA-IR and QUICKI equation. The degree of steatosis and hepatic fibrosis will also be assessed at the beginning and end of the intervention by the same gastroenterologist using elastography with fibroscan. Discussion Probiotics have been suggested as a new strategy in the management of NAFLD. Their effects might be mediated through intestinal microbiota modification and production of short-chain fatty acids. Consumption of probiotic-enriched foods, rather than their supplements, might be a cost-effective method for long-term use in these patients. In case of finding the beneficial effects of probiotic yogurt consumption in the current clinical trial, its inclusion in the dietary plan of NAFLD patients can be recommended. Trial registration This clinical trial was registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials ( www.irct.ir ) at 2021-04-19 with code number of IRCT20210201050210N1.

Abstract Objective Research examining associations between diet quality and obesity in Iranian adults is limited by small and non‐representative samples. This study examined associations between two diet quality indices and obesity risk in a nationally representative sample of Iranian adults and interactions by sex and area of residence. Methods Data on 18,307 adults (mean age 37 [SD 15.2] years) were used from the Iranian National Survey 2001–2003. Two diet quality indices (Healthy Eating Index 2015, HEI‐2015, and Diet Quality Index International, DQI‐I) were calculated from household 24‐h dietary recalls. Multi‐level regression analyses were used to examine the association between household diet quality and individual‐level obesity risk, with interaction terms for sex and area of residence. Results Higher household HEI‐2015 and DQI‐I were associated with higher risk of obesity (HEI‐2015: relative risk ratio: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.05; DQI‐I: relative risk ratio: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.02), with stronger effect sizes in adults living in rural areas. Conclusions Higher diet quality (HEI‐2015 and DQI‐I) was associated with higher obesity risk, which was stronger in adults living in rural areas. Due to the complexity of examining these associations in a Middle Eastern country undergoing a nutrition transition, longitudinal research is needed to confirm these findings.

IntroductionThis study examined the cross-sectional association between household dietary patterns and sociodemographic characteristics and BMI in a nationally representative sample of Iranian adults.MethodsData on 6,833 households (n = 17,824 adults) from the National Comprehensive Study on Household Food Consumption Pattern and Nutritional Status 2001–2003 were used. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract dietary patterns from three household 24-h dietary recalls. Linear regression analyses were used to examine associations between dietary patterns and sociodemographic characteristics and BMI.ResultsThree dietary patterns were identified: the first was characterized by high citrus fruit intake, the second by high hydrogenated fats intake and the third by high non-leafy vegetables intake. The first and third patterns were associated with household heads with higher education and living in urban areas, while the second was associated with household heads with lower education and living in rural areas. All dietary patterns were positively associated with BMI. The strongest association was found with the first dietary pattern (β: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.55).DiscussionWhile all three dietary patterns were positively associated with BMI, the sociodemographic characteristics of Iranian adults who consumed them differed. These findings inform the design of population-level dietary interventions to address rising obesity rates in Iran.

Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic condition that is considerably prevalent across the world. Dietary intakes, in which macronutrient composition is precisely planned, might be able to reduce inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis among patients with NAFLD. A moderately carbohydrate restricted diet with weight loss has been demonstrated to improve liver fat content among overweight or obese patients. However, there is no information about the appropriateness of such a restriction, without weight loss, in normal-weight patients. This randomised clinical trial will be aimed at assessing the effect of moderate carbohydrate restriction on liver enzymes, liver steatosis and fibrosis in normal-weight patients with NAFLD.Methods and analysis This randomised controlled clinical trial will be conducted to evaluate the impact of a moderately carbohydrate restricted diet on liver enzymes, steatosis and fibrosis in 52 eligible normal-weight individuals with NAFLD. Transient elastography and controlled attenuation parameter with FibroScan will be applied to diagnose NAFLD. After individual matching based on body mass index, age and sex, patients will be randomly assigned to receive a moderately carbohydrate restricted diet or an isocaloric diet without carbohydrate restriction for 12 weeks. The primary and secondary outcomes in this study will be liver function indices, including liver steatosis and fibrosis, metabolic parameters and anthropometric measures. All these variables will be assessed at study baseline and postintervention.Ethics and dissemination The present clinical trial study was accepted by the ethics committee of TUMS (Tehran University of Medical Sciences) (code: IR.TUMS.MEDICINE.REC.1400.116).Trial registration number IRCT20210119050086N1.

Abstract Studies on the association between serum magnesium level and prediabetes yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, the present meta-analysis was designed to examine the association between serum magnesium levels and prediabetes. Online databases including PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched up to October, 2020. A total of 10 studies that reported mean and standard deviation (SD) of magnesium levels in prediabetes and healthy control group were identified. Random effects models were used to pool weighted mean differences (WMDs) of serum magnesium levels. Pooled-analysis showed that subjects with prediabetes had significantly lower serum magnesium levels compared with healthy controls (WMD = − 0.07 mmol/L; 95% CI − 0.09, − 0.05 mmol/L, P

IntroductionThe results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of folic acid supplementation on memory status due to various heterogeneity, dosage, duration, and cognitive function assessments were inconclusive. Therefore, we have performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of folic acid supplementation on memory in RCTs.MethodComprehensive computerized systematic searches were conducted throughout Scopus, PubMed/Medline, and Google Scholar from inception until February 2022 to investigate the effect of folic acid supplementation memory levels in RCTs. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) were used to estimate the overall effect size using random-effects meta-analyses.ResultsThe overall results of nine trials with 641 participants, revealed that folic acid supplementation did not significantly change memory score compared to placebo (SMD: 0.12; 95% CI: −0.17, 0.40, p = 0.418; I2 = 62.6%). However, subgroup analyses showed that supplementation with folic acid had favorable effects on memory levels considering the following conditions: (1) doses lower than 1 mg/day, (2) treatment lasting more than 6 months, (3) conducted in eastern countries, and (4) in participants equal to or older than 70 years old. The dose-response analysis suggested a significant favorable effect on memory status at doses of 6–11 mg/d and a significant decline at doses of 17–20 mg/d.DiscussionAlthough we did not find a significant effect of folic acid supplementation on memory, there were some suggestions of beneficial effects in the subgroup analyses.

Abstract Previous studies regarding the zinc status in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) yielded inconsistent results. Thus, the present meta-analysis was aimed to estimate the association between hair and serum/plasma zinc levels and ADHD. Online databases of Medline, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched up to October 2020 with no limitation in time and language. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) of hair and serum/plasma zinc levels were calculated using a random-effects model. Overall, 22 articles with 1280 subjects with ADHD and 1200 controls were included. The pooled effect size indicated that serum/plasma zinc levels in subjects with ADHD were not statistically different than their controls (WMD = − 1.26 µmol/L; 95% CI − 3.72, 1.20). Interestingly, the exclusion of one study from the analysis showed that people with ADHD significantly have lower circulating levels of zinc compared to their controls (WMD: − 2.49 µmol/L; 95% CI − 4.29, − 0.69). Also, the pooled effect size indicated that hair zinc levels in cases with ADHD were not statistically different than their controls (WMD = − 24.19 μg/g; 95% CI − 61.80, 13.42). Present meta-analysis raises the possibility that subjects with ADHD are prone to have declined levels of zinc levels. Based on current findings, screening the zinc levels in subjects with ADHD could be reasonable. Further well-designed studies are needed to clarify the role of zinc in the etiology of ADHD.

Abstract Background Iranian diet quality has been evaluated using indices that have not been created based on Iranian dietary guidelines. This study aimed to examine the applicability of two diet quality indices by examining their associations with nutrient adequacy, nutrient intakes and sociodemographics. Methods Dietary data were collected using three 24-h dietary recalls from Iranian households. Nutrient adequacy was assessed using World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization 2002 (WHO/FAO) cut points. Household diet quality was calculated using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I). Sociodemographics of the household members were assessed. Regression analyses were used to examine associations between diet quality and nutrient adequacy, and between sociodemographics and diet quality. Results A total of 6935 households were included in the analysis. Higher household diet quality was associated with adequate intake of calcium (HEI: OR 1.11, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.13; DQI-I: OR 1.14, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.16), vitamin C (HEI: OR 1.19, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.20; DQI-I: OR 1.12, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.12) and protein (HEI: OR 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.02; DQI-I: OR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.09). Higher household diet quality was associated with household heads who were older (> 56 years old) (HEI: β 2.06, 95% CI: 1.63, 2.50; DQI-I β 2.90, 95% CI: 2.34, 3.45), higher educated (college/university completed) (HEI: β 4.54, 95% CI: 4.02, 5.06; DQI-I: β 2.11, 95% CI: 1.45, 2.77) and living in urban areas (HEI: β 2.85, 95% CI: 2.54, 3.16; DQI-I: β 0.72, 95% CI: 0.32, 1.12). Conclusions Based on associations with nutrient adequacy and sociodemographics, the applicability of two diet quality indices for assessing the diet quality of Iranian households was demonstrated. Results also indicated DQI-I may be more applicable than HEI for evaluating Iranian nutrient adequacy. Findings have implications for the design and assessment of diet quality in Iranian populations. Future research should examine the link between these diet quality indices and health outcomes.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric adequacy of the Cyber-Victimization Scale among 326 girl students of Tehran that were selected with the use of virtual snowball sampling. In this correlational study, they completed the Cyber-Victimization Scale (Buelga et al., 2019), Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (Purcell, 2007), and Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale (Joseph & Stockton, 2018). The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods and internal consistency were used to compute the CYBVICS's factorial validity and reliability, respectively. To examine the construct validity of the CYBVICS, correlations between different dimensions of CYBVICS with Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale and Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale were computed. The results of principal component analysis (PC) and varimax rotation replicated 2-factor structures: direct cyber-victimization and indirect cyber-victimization in the Iranian sample. The goodness of fit indices of confirmatory factor analysis with the use of AMOS confirmed the 2 extracted factors. Correlational analyses between CYBVICS's factors with Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale's factors provided initial evidence for the CYBVICS convergent validity & correlational analyses between CYBVICS's factors with Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale's factors provided initial evidence for the CYBVICS discriminant validity. Internal consistency for the CYBVICS's factors was desirable (a=0.93). In sum, these findings provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the CYBVICS as an instrument to assess the Cyber-Victimization among Iranian girl students. Keywords Cyber-Victimization Scale (CYBVICS), Psychometric Properties, Girl Students Introduction Cyberspace due to easy and fast access to instant messaging services and social networks, not only can be used for educational purposes, positive communication with others, and entertainment among teenagers, but it can also be easily used to bully others. cyberbullying is defined as intentional, aggressive, and repetitive behavior in which an individual or group of individuals uses electronic devices -primarily the internet and smartphones- to bully a person who is unable to defend himself or herself. The increase and spread of cyberbullying among adolescents can be due to several factors such as increasing access to and widespread use of smartphones. Continuous advances in technology have led to the emergence of new methods and the transformation of coercion in cyberspace. In one classification, victimization in cyberspace includes direct and indirect victimization; Direct victimization means verbal coercion such as sending offensive messages in forums or groups and social coercion such as social exclusion from online groups. Indirect victimization includes behaviors that occur through methods such as misrepresenting the victim, forgery and identity theft and hacking a personal account, or manipulating photos, videos, and rumors about the victim. Negative consequences of cyberbullying undermine adolescent freedom of action in the use and search of valuable online resources and lead to severe functional and psychosocial consequences such as academic and behavioral problems, depressive symptoms, and increased loneliness due to lack of parental awareness. Accordingly, to take timely intervention in resolving this social problem and prevent its negative consequences, it is necessary to evaluate and identify it using up-to-date and valid tools. Method: This is a correlational research based on the covariance matrix. The statistical population includes all female students of first and second high school in Tehran, whereby 326 of whom were selected using the virtual snowball sampling method. Students responded to the scales victimization in cyberspace (Buelga et al., 2019), Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (Purcell, 2007), and Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale (Joseph & Stockton, 2018). To determine the factor validity of CYBVICS the statistical methods of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to examine its internal consistency. Also, to examine the construct validity of the CYBVICS, correlations between different dimensions of CYBVICS with Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale and Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale were reported. Results: The results of principal component analysis (PC) using varimax rotation empirically supported direct and indirect cyber victimization in the sample which explains %77.31 of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis based on AMOS software confirmed the existence of two factors and the validity of the victimization in cyberspace. The similarity of the factor structure of the Cyber-Victimization Scale with its original version shows that the interpretive power of its underlying theoretical logic is transcendental. The positive correlation of CYBVICS's factors with dimensions of the Peer Victimization Scale's supported the convergent validity of CYBVICS, indicating that the main motivations for both types of bullying may be the same and that the bully, do coercion regardless of the context, both in real life and in cyberspace. Cyberbullying and victimization are to a large extent part of the general pattern of bullying and victimization in the traditional sense that the use of electronic media is only one form of manifestation. Also, both types of victimization may be ascribed while socializing, especially from the parents, or be rooted in the characteristics of the victim. Significant but weak correlation analyses between CYBVICS's factors with Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale, while confirming the relationship between the family atmosphere and personal and social resources to face peer bullying, confirmed the divergent validity of CYBVICS. The negative atmosphere of the family, by reducing the sources of personal and social confrontation of adolescents, makes them easier targets for bullying and violence. The free pattern of family relationships with parents and the adolescent's sense of value and respect in the family is negatively related to cyber victimization and plays a protective role in this regard. The relationship between patterns of parent-adolescent relations and victimization in cyberspace suggests that in situations where the adolescent is exposed to cyberbullying, the family can play an important role in helping him or her get out of the situation. When the family has no source of protection or help, and the parent-child relationship is threatened, humiliated, and insulted, children experience more psychological and behavioral problems and consequently, more harm from being victimized by peers and so on. Finally, in this study, the numerical value of the internal consistency coefficient for measuring CYBVICS (a=0.93) showed that this scale has the necessary reliability. Conclusion The findings of the present study show that the Persian version of the Cyber-Victimization Scale as a multidimensional self-report tool in the field of cyberspace studies and psychological well-being and social adjustment, in terms of psychometrics, to measure the dimensions of cyber victimization is a valid and reliable enough and suggests its use to prevent and intervene in the problem of cyber victimization in the adolescent community and also to identify the cyber victims in school. References Aboujaoude, E., Savage, M., Starcevic, V., & Salame, W. (2015). Cyberbullying: Review of an old problem gone viral. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(1), 10–18. Alonso, C., & Romero, E. (2017). Aggressors and victims in bullying and cyberbullying: a study of personality profiles using the Five-Factor Model. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 20, E76. Álvarez-García, D., Pérez, J. C. N., González, A. D., & Pérez, C. R. (2015). Risk factors associated with cybervictimization in adolescence. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(3), 226-235. Antoniadou, N., Kokkinos, C. M., & Markos, A. (2016). Development, construct validation and measurement invariance of the Greek cyber-bullying/victimization experiences questionnaire (CBVEQ-G). Human Behavior, 65, 380–390. Barnes, H. (1982). Parent-adolescent communication. Family inventories used in a national survey of families across the family life cycle, 33-46. Betts, L. R., Houston, J. E., & Steer, O. L. (2015). Development of the multidimensional peer victimization scale–revised (MPVS-R) and the multidimensional peer bullying scale (MPVS-RB). The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 176(2), 93-109. Boulton, M. J., Smith, P. K., & Cowie, H. (2010). Short-term longitudinal relationships between children’s peer victimization/bullying experiences and self-perceptions: Evidence for reciprocity. School Psychology International, 31(3), 296-311. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American psychologist, 32(7), 513-53. Buelga, S., Cava, M. J., & Musitu, G. (2010). Cyberbullying: victimización entre adolescentes a través del teléfono móvil y de Internet. Psicothema, 22, 784–89. Buelga, S., Cava, M. J., & Musitu, G. (2012). Validación de la escala de victimización entre adolescentes a través del teléfono móvil y de Internet. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 32: 36–42. Buelga, S., Martínez-Ferrer, B., & Cava, M. J. (2017). Differences in family climate and familycommunication among cyberbullies, cybervictims, and cyber bully–victims in adolescents. Computers inHuman Behavior, 76, 164–73. Buelga, S., Martínez-Ferrer, B., & Musitu, G. (2016). Family relationships and cyberbullying. In Cyberbullying across the Globe: Gender, Family and Mental Health. Edited by Raúl Navarro, Santiago Yuberoand Elisa Larrañaga. Basel: Springer International Publishing, pp. 94–114, ISBN 978-3-319-25552-1. Buelga, S., Martínez-Ferrer, B., Cava, M. J., & Ortega-Barón, J. (2019). Psychometric Properties of the CYBVICS Cyber-Victimization Scale and Its Relationship with Psychosocial Variables. Social Sciences, 8, 13. Cava, M. J., & Buelga, S. (2018). Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Victimización Escolar entre Iguales (VE-I). Revista Evaluar, 18, 40–53. Cohen-Almagor, R. (2018). Social responsibility on the internet: Addressing the challenge of cyberbullying. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 39, 42–52. Crick, N. R., & Bigbee, M. A. (1998). Relational and overt forms of peer vic-timization: A multiinformant approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 337–347. Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (2009). Children’s treatment by peers: Victims of relational and overtaggression. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 367. Cross, D., Barnes, A., Papageorgiou, A., Hadwen, K., Hearn, L., & Lester, L. (2015). A social–ecological framework for understanding and reducing cyberbullying behaviors. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 109–117. Cross, D., Lester, L., & Barnes, A. (2015). A longitudinal study of the social and emotional predictors and consequences of cyber and traditional bullying victimization. International Journal of Public Health, 60, 207–217. Del Río, M. I., Mendo, S., Del Barco, B., & Felipe, E. (2017). Abuso del Móvil en Estudiantes Universitarios y Perfiles de victimización y agresión. Adicciones. 29, 245–55. Dempsey, J. P., Fireman, G. D., & Wang, E. (2006). Transitioning out of peer victimization in school children: Gender and behavioral characteristics. J Psychopathol Behave Ass, 28, 273-282. Estévez, E., Musitu, G., & Herrero, J. (2005). El rol de la comunicación familiar y del ajuste escolar en la salud mental del adolescente. Salud Mental, 28, 81–89. Ferrara, P., Ianniello, F., Villani, A., & Corsello, G. (2018). Cyberbullying a modern form of bullying: Let’s talk about this health and social problem. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 44. Fridh, M., Lindström, M., & Rosvall, M. (2015). Subjective health complaints in adolescent victims of cyber harassment; moderation through support from parents/friends –a Swedish population- based study. BMC Public Health, 15, 949. Fullchange, A., & Furlong, M. J. (2016). An exploration of effects of bullying victimization from a complete mental health perspective. SAGE Open, 6(1), 1-12. Garaigordobil, M. (2017). Antisocial behavior: Connection with bullying/cyberbullying and conflict resolution. Psychosocial Intervention, 26, 47–54. Garaigordobil, M., &. Machimbarrena, J. M. (2017). Stress, competence, and parental educational styles in victims and aggressors of bullying and cyberbullying. Psicothema, 29, 335–40. García, F., & Musitu, G. (1999). AF5: Autoconcepto Forma 5. Madrid: Tea. García, F., Musitu, G., & Veiga, F. (2006). Autoconcepto en adultos de España y Portugal. Psicothema, 18 (3), 551-556. García-Grau, P., Pérez, D. A., & Prado-Gascó, V. J. (2014). Self-concept in preadolescence: A brief version of AF5 scale. Motriz, Rio Claro, 20(2), 151-157. Gini, G., Pozzoli, T., Lenzi, M., & Vieno, A. (2014). Bullying victimization at school and headache: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 54, 976–986. Hinduja, S., & Patchin. J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29, 129–56. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. Joseph, S., & Stockton, H. (2018). The multidimensional peer victimization scale: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 42. Kline, R. B., (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 2ed. New York: Guilford Press. Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 1073–137. Larrañaga, E., Yubero, S., Ovejero, A., & Navarro, R. (2016). Loneliness, parent–child communication and cyberbullying victimization among Spanish youths. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 1–8. Lee, C. H., & Shin, N. (2017). Prevalence of cyberbullying and predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among Korean adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 352–58. Lereya, S. T., Samara, M., & Wolke, D. (2013). Parenting behavior and the risk of becoming a victim and a bully/victim: A meta-analysis study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 1091–108. Lohbeck, A., & Petermann, F. (2018). Cybervictimization, self-esteem, and social relationships among German secondary school students. Journal of School Violence, 17, 472–86. Martínez-Ferrer, B., Moreno, D., & Musitu, G. (2018). Are adolescents engaged in the problematic use of social networking sites more involved in peer aggression and victimization?. Frontiers in Psychology, 29(9),801. McDougall, P., & Vaillancourt, T. (2015). Long-term adult outcomes of peer victimization in childhood and adolescence. American Psychologist, 70, 300-310. Mesch, G. S. (2009). Parentalmediation, onlineactivities, andcyberbullying. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12(4), 387–393 Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2016). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage publications. Mishna, F., Saini, M., & Solomon, S. (2009). Ongoing and online: Children and youth's perceptions of cyber bullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(12), 1222-1228. Mitchell, K. J., & Jones, L. M. (2015). Cyberbullying and bullying must be studied within a broader peer victimization framework. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, 473–74. Moreno-Ruiz, D., Martinez-Ferrer, B., & García-Bacete, F. (2019). Parenting styles, cyberaggression, and cybervictimization among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 252–59. Morrow, M. T., Hubbard, J. A., & Swift, L. E. (2014). Relations among multiple types of peer victimization, reactivity to peer victimization, and academic achievement in fifth-grade boys and girls. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly,60(3), 302-327. Mynard, H., & Joseph, S. (2000). Development of the multidimensional peer‐victimization scale. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 26(2), 169-178. Nahidpoor, F., Khosravi, Z., & Khaghanifard, M. (2014). Structural model of the relationship between emotional-psychological-behavioral problems in the main family and womens’ marital satisfaction. Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 12(3), 41-59.[Text in Persian] Nansel, T. R., Haynie, D. L., & Simons-Morton, B. G. (2003). The association of bullying and victimization with middle school adjustment. J Appl Sch Psychol, 19, 45-61. Navarro, R., Ruiz-Oliva, R., Larrañaga, E., & Yubero, S. (2015). The impact of cyberbullying and social bullying on optimism, global and school-related happiness and life satisfaction among 10-12-year-old schoolchildren. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 10, 15–36. Navarro, R., Yubero, S., & Larrañaga, E. (2016). Cyberbullying Across the Globe: Gender, Family and Mental Health. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. Navarro, R., Yubero, S., & Larrañaga, E. (2018). Cyberbullying victimization and fatalism in adolescence: Resilience as a moderator. Children and Youth Services Review, 84, 215–21. Nocentini, A., Fiorentini, G., Di Paola, L., & Menesini, E. (2018). Parents, family characteristics and bullying behavior: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 41-50. Olweus, D. (1993). Victimization by peers: Antecedents and long term outcomes. In K. H. Rubin & J. B. Asendorpf (Eds.), Social withdrawal, inhibition, and shyness in childhood (pp. 315–341). London: Psychology Press. Olweus, D. (1994). Annotation. Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 35, 1171–1190. Olweus, D. (2013). School bullying: Development and some important challenges. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 751–780. Ortega-Baron, J., Buelga, S. Cava, M. J. & Torralba, E. (2017). School violence and attitude toward authority of student perpetrators of cyberbullying. Journal of Psychodidactics, 22, 14–23. Ortega-Barón, J., Buelga, S., & Cava, M. J. (2016). The influence of school climate and family climate among adolescents’ victims of cyberbullying. Comunicar, 24, 57–65. Purcell, S. (2007). The parent-adolescent relationship, adolescents’ disclosure to parents, and adolescent substance use. A dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychology. Ross, D. (2002). Bullying. In J Sandoval. Handbook of crisis counseling, intervention, and prevention in the schools (electronic version) 2nd ed. (pp. 105-135): Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates. Serafini, G., Muzio, C., Piccinini, G., Flouri, E., Ferrigno, G., Pompili, M., Girardi, P., & Amore, M. (2015). Life adversities and suicidal behavior in young individuals: A systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24, 1423–46. Storch, E. A., Brassard, M. R., & Masia-Warner, C. L. (2003). The relationship of peer victimization to social anxiety and loneliness in adolescence. Child Study Journal, 33, 1–18. Swearer, S. M., & Espelage, D. L. (2011). Expanding the social-ecological framework of bullying among youth. Bullying in north American schools, 3-10. Swearer, S. M., & Hymel, S. (2015). Understanding the psychology of bullying. Moving toward a social-ecological diathesis-stress model. American Psychologist, 70(4), 344-353. Tabori, A. V. (2007). Student victimization and bullying in the UnitedStates and Italy: A cross national study of experienced school events and stress symptoms. Unpublished manuscript, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA. Tavassoli, A., & Jalalvand, E. (2015). Using internet and the tendency to self-showing (Case study of female graduates of one university in Tehran). Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 13(4), 95-122. [Text in Persian] Thompson, R., Litrownik, A. J., Everson, M. D., English, D. J., Dubowitz, H., Proctor, L., & Flaherty, E. G. (2012). Adverse experiences and suicidal ideation in adolescence: Exploring the link using LONGSCAN samples. Psychology of Violence, 2, 211–225. Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 277–87. Tomás, J. M., & Oliver, A. (2004). Análisis psicométrico confirmatorio de una medida multidimensional del autoconcepto en español. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 38, 285-294. Van Dijk, M. P., Branje, S., Keijsers, L., Hawk, S. T., Hale, W. W., & Meeus, W. (2013). Self–concept clarity across adolescence: Longitudinal associations with open communication with parents and internalizing symptoms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(11), 1861–1876. Van Geel, M., Vedder, P., & Tanilon, J. (2014). Relationship between peer victimization, cyberbullying, and suicide in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 168, 435–42. Waasdorp, T. E., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2015). The overlap between cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(5), 483–488. Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Nansel, T. R. (2009). School bullying among adolescents in the United States: Physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(4), 368-375. Wang, J., Iannotti. R. J., & Luk, J. W. (2012). Patterns of adolescent bullying behaviors: physicalverbal exclusion rumorand cyber.Sch Psychol, 50(4), 521-534. Willard, N. E. (2007). The authority and responsibility of school officials in responding to cyberbullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, S64–S65. Williams, A. L., & Merten, M. J. (2011). IFamily: Internet and social media technology in the family context. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 40(2), 150–170. Yarigarravesh, M., Ameri, F., Farahbijari, A., & Dehshiri, R. (2019). investigating the relationship between mothers use of social networks and behavioral disorders in their children. Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 17(1), 193-218. [Text in Persian] Young, R., & Sweeting, H. (2004). Adolescent bullying, relationships, mental health and gender atypical behaviour: A gender diagnosticity approach. Sex Roles, 50, 525–538. Yubero, S., Navarro, R., Elche, M., Larrañaga, E., & Ovejero, A. (2017). Cyberbullying victimization in higher education: An exploratory analysis of its association with social and emotional factors among Spanish students. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 439–49. Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Marín-López, I. (2016). Cyberbullying: A systematic review of research, its prevalence and assessment issues in Spanish studies. Psicología Educativa, 22, 5–18.

Background:Given the role of insulin resistance in several cancers, we hypothesized that consumption of a diet that reduces insulin resistance might lower the risk of breast cancer.ObjectiveThe present study was designed to assess the association between consumption of “diabetes risk reduction diet” (DRRD) and odds of breast cancer among a large group of women in a Middle Eastern country.MethodsThis population-based case-control study enrolled 350 newly diagnosed cases of stage I-IV breast cancer and 700 age-matched apparently healthy individuals as controls. We collected dietary data via a validated 106-item Willett-format semi-quantitative dish-based food frequency questionnaire. A DRRD score was included based on 9 dietary factors (cereal fiber, coffee, nuts, whole fruits, ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated, trans fat, sugar-sweetened beverages, red and processed meat, and lower glycemic index). For food and nutrient items with a protective association with diabetes in earlier studies, participants were given the score as the quintile of that food item, but for food groups with unfavorable association with diabetes, we did vice versa. Total DRRD score ranged from 5 to 45.ResultsMean age of cases and controls was 65.28 and 61.04 years. Mean BMI of patients with breast cancer and controls was 25.5 and 21.0. We found that individuals with the greatest adherence to the DRRD were 0.41 times less likely to have breast cancer than those with the lowest adherence (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.90, and P-trend = 0.002). Stratified analysis by menopausal status indicated a significant inverse relationship in postmenopausal women (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.36–0.90), but not in premenopausal women (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.19–2.96). Moreover, by BMI status, we found statistically significant inverse association between adherence to the DRRD and odds of breast cancer among normal-weight women (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.98) but not in overweight women (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.31, 1.40). Conclusions: Significant inverse associations were found between adherence to DRRD and breast cancer, especially among postmenopausal and normal-weight women.

Deformation and time-dependent behavior of rocks are closely related to the stability and safety of underground structures and mines. In this paper, a numerical-analytical model is presented to investigate time-dependent damage and deformation of rocks under creep. The proposed model is obtained by combining the elastic-visco-plastic model based on the theory of over-stress and stress hardening law with the sub-critical crack growth model. The advantage of this model is that it is in incremental form and therefore can be implemented numerically. First, the governing equations of the model and its numerical computational algorithm are described. The proposed constitutive model is then implemented in the FLAC code using the FISH function. Determination of model parameters and calibration is done by various laboratory tests performed on a type of gypsum. The creep test was performed on gypsum under a stress of 13 MPa, which is equal to 70% of its compressive strength. After determining the parameters, by fitting the creep curve of the presented analyticalnumerical model, a good agreement is observed with the creep curve obtained from the laboratory data. It is also observed that during creep, the damage parameter and wing crack length increase.

Methodological biases are common in observational studies evaluating treatment effectiveness. The objective of this study is to emulate a target trial in a competing risks setting using hospital-based observational data. We extend established methodology accounting for immortal time bias and time-fixed confounding biases to a setting where no survival information beyond hospital discharge is available: a condition common to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) research data. This exemplary study includes a cohort of 618 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We describe methodological opportunities and challenges that cannot be overcome applying traditional statistical methods. We demonstrate the practical implementation of this trial emulation approach via clone–censor–weight techniques. We undertake a competing risk analysis, reporting the cause-specific cumulative hazards and cumulative incidence probabilities. Our analysis demonstrates that a target trial emulation framework can be extended to account for competing risks in COVID-19 hospital studies. In our analysis, we avoid immortal time bias, time-fixed confounding bias, and competing risks bias simultaneously. Choosing the length of the grace period is justified from a clinical perspective and has an important advantage in ensuring reliable results. This extended trial emulation with the competing risk analysis enables an unbiased estimation of treatment effects, along with the ability to interpret the effectiveness of treatment on all clinically important outcomes.

Abstract A possible diagnosis of RDD should be kept in mind when encountering a patient with raised plasma creatinine levels and renal mass. Timely diagnosis and management of RDD will help prevent future kidney loss.

Abstract Cytokine release syndrome with rituximab has been reported in certain diseases, however, it is rarely reported in MS patients treated with rituximab. The treating physician should suspect the syndrome when typical signs and symptoms appear.

Introduction: Due to illegal manufacturing and sales of alcoholic beverages, epidemic outbreaks of methanol poisoning may occur. The aim of this study was to determine if there were differences in the severity, course of poisoning, and outcomes between methanol-poisoned patients admitted during an outbreak versus those who were admitted following episodic exposures. Methods: The present retrospective study was performed in a single referral poisoning center between March 2018 and March 2019 in patients with confirmed methanol poisoning. During this time, in addition to episodic cases of methanol intoxication, there were three methanol poisoning outbreaks. Outbreaks were characterized by an unexpected increase in the number of methanol-poisoned patients in a short period of time, which impacted resources and decision-making. The two groups were compared regarding their severity of poisoning, sessions of hemodialysis, and clinical outcomes. Results: Outbreak cases had a higher level of methanol than episodic cases. Odds of being dialyzed more than once was 5.4 times higher in the cases presenting during an outbreak (95% CI 2.1-14.0; p=0.001). Mean hospital stay, intubation/mechanical ventilation, and death were similar between the two groups. An evaluation of the alcoholic beverage samples available in the Iranian black market during the outbreak showed a 7-percent methanol concentration with no ethanol content. Conclusions: Poisoning risk may be higher during methanol outbreaks due to the higher methanol concentrations, requiring more hemodialysis sessions for persistent metabolic acidosis. In addition to alcohol dehydrogenase blockade, careful risk assessment of all methanol poisonings can assist with stratifying the priority for, and duration of, hemodialysis to optimize outcomes.

Very-early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) has a distinct phenotype and should be considered a specific entity. VEO-IBD presents with very severe clinical pictures and is frequently known by an indeterminate colitis whose clinical remission is unmanageable. This study examines the case of a neonate with VEO-IBD, not responding to medical and surgical treatment. A 7-day-old Iranian female neonate presented with severe bloody diarrhea, poor feeding, abdominal distention, and dehydration suggesting severe proctocolitis due to an allergy to the protein in cow’s milk. The condition did not respond to the elimination of diet for 1 month. Infections, celiac disease, and cystic fibrosis were excluded. Immunological investigations were negative, but antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were positive. Due to the neonate’s persistent symptoms and failure to thrive, upper and lower endoscopies were performed, showing ulcerative colitis. At the age of 4 months, she presented with signs and symptoms of toxic colitis and acute intestinal perforation, which prompted an emergency laparotomy. Due to the necrosis of the colon, hemicolectomy and colostomy were done. The patient was resuscitated and rehabilitated and was given glucocorticoid and mesalamine. We believe that the incidence of this problem is increasing, as is shown by the rise in the number of children under 10 years old being diagnosed. These patients require more aggressive therapeutic interventions than older IBD patients to achieve complete remission because they are more likely to have extensive colonic disease.

This paper presents a novel approach, using hybrid feature selection (HFS), machine learning (ML), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to predict and optimize construction labor productivity (CLP). HFS selects factors that are most predictive of CLP to reduce the complexity of CLP data. Selected factors are used as inputs for four ML models for CLP prediction. The study results showed that random forest (RF) obtains better performance in mapping the relationship between CLP and selected factors affecting CLP, compared with the other three models. Finally, the integration of RF and PSO is developed to identify the maximum CLP value and the optimum value of each selected factor. This paper introduces a new hybrid model named HFS-RF-PSO that addresses the main limitation of existing CLP prediction studies, which is the lack of capacity to optimize CLP and its most predictive factors with respect to a construction company’s preferences, such as a targeted CLP. The major contribution of this paper is the development of the hybrid HFS-RF-PSO model as a novel approach for optimizing factors that influence CLP and identifying the maximum CLP value.

Background: Eccentric exercise makes more tensions in active muscle fibers, resulting in muscle damage and delayed pain. Therefore, Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) is a common result of severe eccentric contractions. This study aimed to clarify the combined effect of taurine and omega-3 supplementation on DOMS and muscle damage after high-intensity eccentric exercise in young untrained men. Methods: Forty-eight young untrained males were assigned to four groups (taurine+omega-3 [combined], taurine, omega-3, and one placebo group) and given 1,500 mg taurine and 1,500 mg omega-3 or 1,500 mg taurine or 1,500 mg omega-3 or placebo twice a day respectively. Each group received its supplements for twenty-eight days. DOMS and muscle damage in the lower body developed using a leg press with a weight equivalent to 70% of 1RM (One-Repetition Maximum). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Creatine kinase (CK) and perceived muscle soreness measures were repeated before, immediately, 24, 48, and 72 hr after eccentric activity. p<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: In the combined group, there was no increase in CK and LDH in immediate time and 72 hr after the exercise, respectively, compared to the period before the workout. At 24 and 48 hr after the training, there was a significant decrease in muscle pain perception in all groups compared to placebo (p<0.05). Coclusion: A combination of 1500 mg taurine and 1500 mg omega-3, two times a day, for four weeks can reduce the levels of CK and LDH enzymes as some indicators of muscle damage. It also attenuates exercise-induced DOMS and muscle damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since private sector investment is dependent on people deposits with banks, the amount of deposits affects national investment and product. The various factors influence private deposits with banks. This paper investigates the relationship between rent-seeking opportunities and bank deposits using the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) in Iranian economy during 1971-2010. The results show that the exchange rate premium and interest rate premium affect quantity of deposits with banks in the short-run with coefficients of orders -0.1486 and -0.3468, respectively. Moreover, the long-run equilibrium relationship indicates that the elasticity of deposits relative to rent-seeking opportunities in exchange and money markets are -0.0166 and -0.0389, respectively. These findings show that rent-seeking indicators have significant and negative effects on private deposits with banks. In fact, rent-seekingopportunities stimulate individuals to shift away their deposits from formal money market towards informal markets in order to make more profits.

The mechanism by which FUS mutations cause familial ALS remains unclear. Here, the authors use mouse transgenic models to show that a toxic gain-of-function underlies motor neuron degeneration, and that the toxicity of mutant FUS does not depend on a loss or excess of FUS activity.

Introduction: The results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of folic acid supplementation on memory status due to various heterogeneity, dosage, duration, and cognitive function assessments were inconclusive. Therefore, we have performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of folic acid supplementation on memory in RCTs. Method: Comprehensive computerized systematic searches were conducted throughout Scopus, PubMed/Medline, and Google Scholar from inception until February 2022 to investigate the effect of folic acid supplementation memory levels in RCTs. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) were used to estimate the overall effect size using random-effects meta-analyses. Results: The overall results of nine trials with 641 participants, revealed that folic acid supplementation did not significantly change memory score compared to placebo (SMD: 0.12; 95% CI: −0.17, 0.40, p = 0.418; I² = 62.6%). However, subgroup analyses showed that supplementation with folic acid had favorable effects on memory levels considering the following conditions: (1) doses lower than 1 mg/day, (2) treatment lasting more than 6 months, (3) conducted in eastern countries, and (4) in participants equal to or older than 70 years old. The dose-response analysis suggested a significant favorable effect on memory status at doses of 6–11 mg/d and a significant decline at doses of 17–20 mg/d. Discussion: Although we did not find a significant effect of folic acid supplementation on memory, there were some suggestions of beneficial effects in the subgroup analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The study area is a small part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar structural zone in the Markazi province, located in the northeastern part of the Farmahin, north of Arak (Hajian, 1970). The volcanic rocks studied from the area include andesite, dacite, rhyodacite, ignimbrite and tuff of Middle to Late Eocene age (middle Lutetian to upper Lutetian) (Ameri et al., 2009). It seems that folding and faulting is caused in sedimentary basin and volcanic activities. On the other hand, except of orogeny maybe rifting had rule in eruption so that this case has seen in the other area such as Taft and Khezrabad in central Iran (Zarei Sahamieh et al., 2008). The oldest formation in the studied area is Triassic limestones. The dominant textures of these rocks are porphyritic, microlite porphyritic, microlitic and rarely sieve-texture. Sieve texture and dusty texture (dusty plagioclases) indicates magma mixing. Mineralogically, they contain plagioclases, clinopyroxenes, amphiboles, quartz and biotite as the main constituents and zircon, apatite, and opaque minerals as accessories. Plagioclases in the andesitic and basaltic- andesite rocks are labradorite, bytownite and anorthite (based on electron microprobe) .Moreover, plagioclases in andesitic rocks show that H2O is lesser than 2.5 precent. Amphibole is found in both plagioclases and groundmass. Materials and methods In this article are used different analyses methods such as XRF, ICP-MS and EPMA. Whole-rock major and trace element analyses were determined with ICP-MS method. The major and trace element composition of some rock was determined by electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) using a Cameca SX100 instrument in Iran Mineral Processing Research Center (IMPRC). Moreover, whole-rock major and some trace element analyses for some samples were obtained by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), using an ARL Advant-XP automated X-ray spectrometer. Results Chemical data based on electron micro probe studies of minerals indicate the presence of labradorite, bytownite, anorthite as the plagioclases in volcanic rocks, as well as augite, pigeonite and clinoenstatite among the pyroxenes are abundant. Microscopic study of these lavas and pyroclastic rocks show evidences of magmatic contamination in the form of oscillatory zoning, resorption rims in plagioclase and presence of basic inclusions. The presence of oxidized amphibole rims (in hornblende) indicates the high temperature of the magma at the time of eruption. Based on geochemistry especially the ratio of Eu/Eu* is variable between liquid and solid phases. The calculated of this ratio in studied rocks show negative anomaly (Eu According to classification diagrams is used of different diagrams for example TAS/SiO2, R1-R2 and Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y. TAS/SiO2 diagram show that the rocks are of basaltic-andesite, andesite and dacite. R1-R2 diagram show these rocks are andesite, andesi-basalt, dacite and rhyodacite. Finally, based on Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y the rocks in area under study are andesite, basalt, dacite and rhyodacite type. The geochemical diagrams (such as AFM) for identify of mama series show that the rocks studied are calc-alkaline and A/NK-A/CNK show magma is peraluminous to metaluminous in nature. Enrichment of incompatible and LILE elements such as Ba, K and Rb show that contamination of magma with continental crust have been occurred in this area. Similarity between REE patterns in all samples is related to common source for all volcanic rocks in the studied area. Discussion The tectonic setting diagrams show that these rocks belong to the continental margin which have been involved in a subduction zone and belong to the orogenic andesite belt. The position of the samples on the major elements-SiO2 diagrams indicate that magma differentiation has been occurred. Spider diagrams show depletion and enrichment that the type of rocks in studied area have positive anomalous of Rb and negative anomalous of Nb and Ti, this phenomenon shows contamination between magma and crustal rocks (Ghasemi and Talbot, 2006; Rollinson, 1993). Comparison of spider diagrams normalized to chondrite or MORB also show that the parent magma has been contaminated. It appears that assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) were the dominant processes in the genesis of the studied volcanic rocks (Roozbehani and Arvin, 2010). As a conclusion and regarding to what we said in this article ,the area under study are included both lava and pyroclastic rocks such as andesite, dacite, rhyodacite, ignimbrite ,tuff and tuffits that cut by younger dykes and belong to Middle to Late Eocene age(middle Lutetian to upper Lutetian).There is no rocks older than Triassic age. Volcanic rocks have been occurred in two environments, dry and water together. From volumetric point of view, Aciditic and intermediate rocks such as dacite, rhyodacite and andesite are the most in the area under study (Ahmadian et al., 2010). Basitic rocks are a lesser amount than the others. Regarding to all evidences such as field works, structurally, texturally, mineralogically, geochemically and petrologically show that rocks in studied area belong to subduction zone and magma that created of these rocks have been originated from mantle and contaminated with continental crust during eruption and rising. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Journal Manager and reviewers who critically reviewed the manuscript and made valuable suggestions for its improvement. References Ahmadian, J., Bahadoran, N., Torabi, G. and Morata, M., 2010. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in Aroosan Kabood (north-east of Anarak). Journal of Petrology, 1(1): 103-120. (in Persian) Ameri, A., ashrafi, N. and Karimi qarebaba, H., 2009. Petrology, Geochemistry and tectonics environment of Eocene volcanic rocks in east of Herris, east Azerbayjan, north-west of Iran. Journal of geosciences, 18(71): 85-90. (in Persian) Ghasemi, A. and Talbot, C.J., 2006. A new scenario for the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone (Iran). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26(6): 683-693. Hajian, J., 1970 . Geological map of Farmahin (1/100000). Geological Survey of Iran. Rollinson, H.R., 1993. Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation and Interpretation. Longman scientific and technical, London, 352 pp. Roozbehani, L. and Arvin, M., 2010. Petrography, geochemistry and petrogenesis of ryolitic and andesitic rocks in Nasir Abad, south-west, Kerman .Journal of Petrology, 1(2): 1-16. (in Persian). Tabatabai Manesh, M., Sayed Safai, H. and Mirlohi, A.S., 2010. Study of mineralogy and effective process on volcanic rocks in Jahaq anticlinal (south of Kashan). Journal of Petrology, 1(2): 61-76. (in Persian) Zarei Sahamieh, R., Tabasi, H. and Jalali, M., 2008. Petrology and tectonomagmatic investigation of volcanic rocks of Ashtian. Journal of Science Kharazmi University, 8(3):227-240. (in Persian)