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1. Sustainable valorization of the abundant biodiesel byproduct- The glycerol

Author

Janah Shayah, Hassan Srour, Sanaa Shehayeb, Samira Zaher, Leila Ghannam, Ali Kanj, and Iyad Karamé

Subjects
Economic risk, Biodiesel, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, business.industry, ON-glycerol, Glycerol, Environmental science, Biochemical engineering, Raw material, business, Renewable energy
Abstract

The glycerol has been identified as a main platform product in biorefineries and its use as a renewable raw material has gained the great attention of the scientific community. Thanks to its unique structure, bioavailability, properties and renewability, scientists consider glycerol as a non-toxic bio-sourced building block for chemical transformations into higher added-value substances, meeting the objectives of minimizing the environmental impact and economic risk and giving a value to the production of biodiesel. In this chapter, we highlighted the important progress by summarizing; the representative achievements for the different promising reactions focusing on glycerol valorization and reactional mechanisms proposed for some processes.

Published
2021
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2. Contributors

Author

Adali O. Castañeda-Facio, Aidé Sáenz-Galindo, Aiman Eid Al-Rawajfeh, Ali Kanj, Alle Madhusudhan, Amal I. Hassan, Amita Chaudhary, Amjad Hameed, Ana F. Cristino, Anandarup Goswami, Ana P.C. Ribeiro, Ana Sofia Ortega-Villarreal, Ankur Dwivedi, Anupama Parmar, Archana Bachheti, Arif Jamal Siddiqui, Arruje Hameed, Ateeq Rahman, Avinash Kumar Rai, Avtar Singh, Azamal Husen, Blanca M. Muñoz-Flores, Boris Ildusovich Kharisov, Bubun Banerjee, C.C. Vidyasagar, Carlos Puente, Carmen Judith Gutierrez-García, Chandrasekar Kuppan, Daniel Likius, David E.N. Bastos, null Deepti, Diana Litzajaya Garcia-Ruiz, Ehab AlShamaileh, Eugenio Hernández-Fernández, Francisco Gabriel Granados-Martinez, Francisco Mendez, Ghada A.Al Bazedi, Gurpreet Kaur, Habibullah Nadeem, Harish Kumar Chopra, Hassan Srour, Hosam M. Saleh, Israel López, Iyad Karamé, J.J. Cedillo-Portillo, Jael Madai Ambriz-Torres, Janah Shayah, Jayesh P. Bhatt, Jesús A. Lara-Cerón, José de Jesús Contreras-Navarrete, Khursheed Ahmad, Lada Domratcheva-Lvova, Leila Ghannam, Leonardo Xochicale-Santana, Limenew Abate, Luísa M.D.R.S. Martins, Malvi Surti, Mitesh Patel, Mohammad R. Alrbaihat, Mohd Adnan, Mona A. Abdel-Fatah, Murthy Chavali, N. Chidhambaram, Nelly Flores-Ramirez, Nirmaljeet Kaur, Oxana Vasilievna Kharissova, P.A. De León Martínez, P.F. Vera-García, Pragnesh N. Dave, Rakesh Kumar Bachheti, R. Rodríguez-Herrera, Rajesh K. Srivastava, Rakshit Ameta, Rita Bacelar Figueira, Roli Mishra, Ruimin Xing, Rui Galhano dos Santos, S. Gobalakrishnan, Samira Zaher, Sanaa Shehayeb, Satyendra Mishra, Saurabh Puri, Shajeeya Amren Shaia, Shalini Chaturvedi, Shanhu Liu, Sheetal K. Bhardwaj, Shubang Vyas, Snehkrishna A Chaubey, Sreedevi Upadhyayula, Srinivasan Krishnan, Suresh C. Ameta, Tahir Farooq, V.S.R. Rajasekhar Pullobhotla, Veikko Uahengo, Víctor M. Jiménez Pérez, Waseem Raza, and Yash B. Barot

Published
2021
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3. Green acetalization of glycerol and carbonyl catalyzed by FeCl3·6H2O

Author

Mohamad Abd El Rahim, Ali Kanj, Lorraine Christ, Samira Zaher, and Iyad Karamé

Subjects
010405 organic chemistry, Process Chemistry and Technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Catalysis, 0104 chemical sciences, Solvent, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Glycerol, Organic chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Selectivity, Iron catalyst
Abstract

A new and mild method of glycerol acetalization reaction with various carbonyl compounds catalyzed by the cheap and simple iron catalyst FeCl3·6H2O has been developed. This method which consists in the transformation of glycerol to cyclic acetals under mild conditions, with or without solvent, allowed interesting results: glycerol acetalization using ketones leads to the corresponding 1,3-dioxolanes with a very good selectivity (97–100%), whereas mixture of 1,3-dioxolanes and 1,3-dioxanes was formed when using aldehydes, with a good selectivity toward 1,3-dioxanes up to 76%.

Published
2017
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4. Study of the controlled temperature reaction between closo-decahydrodecaborate and alcohols in H2SO4 medium.

Author

Laila, Zahra, Abi-Ghaida, Fatima, Al Anwar, Suzan, Yazbeck, Ogaritte, Jahjah, Rabih, Aoun, Riman, Tlais, Sami, Mehdi, Ahmad, and Naoufal, Daoud

Subjects
SULFURIC acid, AMMONIUM salts, TEMPERATURE effect, ELECTROPHILES, SOLVENTS, NUCLEOPHILIC substitution reactions
Abstract

The reactions of the ammonium salt of closo-decahydrodecaborate (NH4)2B10H10 with alcohols were studied in concentrated sulfuric acid medium. Alcohols ROH (R=CH3, C2H5, C3H7, iso-C3H7, C4H9, 2-C4H9, ter-C4H9, C5H11) played the role of solvent and ligand, simultaneously. These Electrophile Induced Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions were conducted at two different temperatures (25°C or reflux) in atmospheric air and produced [2-B10H9OR]2-, [2,7(8)-B10H8(OR)2]2- and/or [B10H7(OR)3]2-. The rate of the reaction and the nature of the product formed depended on the temperature, on the alcohol, and on the reaction duration. The reactions at 25°C, if proceeded, produced mainly the monoalkoxy derivative, [2-B10H9OR]2-. For the longer chain alcohols (4 carbons and above) the increase in the reaction duration and the temperature resulted in higher substitution, thus producing the dialkoxy [2,7(8)-B10H8(OR)2]2- and trialkoxy [B10H7(OR)3]2- derivatives. Meanwhile only the monoalkoxy [2-B10H9OR]2- plus the dialkyloxonium [2-B10H9OR2]- derivatives were produced with the shorter alcohols (1 to 3 carbons) at refluxing temperature. All these derivatives were isolated in their pure forms on DEAE-cellulose column with adequate yields, and characterized by 11B, 13C, ¹H NMR, negative ESI and TLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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5. Synthesis, characterization and mechanism of formation of 6-substituted nido-B10H13 decaboranes by the opening reaction of closo-decahydrodecaborate [B10H10]2- cage.

Author

Naoufal, Daoud, Laila, Zahra, Yazbeck, Ogaritte, Hamad, Hussein, Ibrahim, Ghassan, Aoun, Riman, Safa, Ali, EL Jamal, Mohieddine, and Kanj, Ali

Subjects
CHEMICAL synthesis, LIGANDS (Chemistry), NITRIC acid, SULFURIC acid, ORGANIC solvents, BORON compounds, CHEMICAL reactions
Abstract

The synthesis of new 6-LB10H13 (L = ligand) derivatives of decaborane B10H14 with different ligands was achieved by the opening cage reaction of closo-decahydrodecaborate (NH4)2B10H10 in the presence of a strong acid (HNO3 or H2SO4) in organic solvents (hexane or benzene derivatives). This reaction was performed by varying different factors: the acid strength, the solvent polarity, the equivalent amounts of (NH4)2B10H10 with respect to the acid used (1/4 or 1/6) and the reaction time (30 minutes to 24 hours). Nitric acid forced hexane solvent to play the role of ligand whereas sulfuric acid did not. The reaction of (NH4)2B10H10 with HNO3 in hexane produced 6-(C6H13)B10H13 and [B9H13NO3]-. The reaction of (NH4)2B10H10 with H2SO4 in aromatic solvent L (benzene, toluene, o-xylene and m-xylene) produced 6-LB10H13 and 6-(HO3SO)B10H13 as major products with B6H10 and [B9H14]- as minor products. All these derivatives were characterized by 11B NMR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and negative ESI. This study elucidated some facts and ideas that were not clear concerning the mechanism of opening reaction of closo-[B10H10]2-. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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6. Handbook of Greener Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Compounds : Volume 1: Fundamental Principles and Methods

Author

Boris Kharisov, Oxana Kharissova, Boris Kharisov, and Oxana Kharissova

Subjects
Nanostructured materials--Environmental aspects
Abstract

Modern techniques to produce nanoparticles, nanomaterials, and nanocomposites are based on approaches that frequently involve high costs, inefficiencies, and negative environmental impacts. As such, there has been a real drive to develop and apply approaches that are more efficient and benign. The Handbook of Greener Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Compounds provides a comprehensive review of developments in this field, combining foundational green and nano-chemistry with the key information researchers need to assess, select and apply the most appropriate green synthesis approaches to their own work.Volume 1: Fundamental Principles and Methods provides a clear introduction to the fundamentals of green synthesis that places synthesis in the context of green chemistry. Beginning with a discussion of key greener physical and chemical methods for synthesis, including ultrasound, microwave and mechanochemistry methods, the book goes on to explore biological methods, including biosynthesis, green nanoformation, and virus-assisted methods. - Discusses synthesis in the context of the principles of green chemistry - Highlights both traditional and innovative technologies for the synthesis of nanomaterials and related composites under green chemistry conditions - Reflects on the current and potential applications of natural products chemistry in synthesis

Published
2021

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