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López López, Á., G. López Pardo, E. Andrade Romo, R. M. Dagostino Chávez y R. Espinoza Sánchez (coords.; 2012), Lo glocal y el turismo. Nuevos paradigmas de interpretación, Academia Mexicana de Investigación Turística A.C./Universidad de Guadalajara, 543 p., ISBN 978-607-95909-0-1

Understanding how time perception adapts to cognitive demands remains a significant challenge. In some contexts, the brain encodes time categorically (as "long" or "short"), while in others, it encodes precise time intervals on a continuous scale. Although the ventral premotor cortex (VPC) is known for its role in complex temporal processes, such as speech, its specific involvement in time estimation remains underexplored. In this study, we investigated how the VPC processes temporal information during a time interval comparison task (TICT) and a time interval categorization task (TCT) in primates. We found a notable heterogeneity in neuronal responses associated with time perception across both tasks. While most neurons responded during time interval presentation, a smaller subset retained this information during the working memory periods. Population-level analysis revealed distinct dynamics between tasks: In the TICT, population activity exhibited a linear and parametric relationship with interval duration, whereas in the TCT, neuronal activity diverged into two distinct dynamics corresponding to the interval categories. During delay periods, these categorical or parametric representations remained consistent within each task context. This contextual shift underscores the VPC's adaptive role in interval estimation and highlights how temporal representations are modulated by cognitive demands., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

This study investigates the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values and key COVID-19 transmission and outcome metrics across five years of the pandemic in Jalisco, Mexico. Utilizing a comprehensive time-series analysis, we evaluated weekly median Ct values as proxies for viral load and their temporal associations with positivity rates, reproduction numbers (Rt), hospitalizations, and mortality. Cross-correlation and lagged regression analyses revealed significant lead-lag relationships, with declining Ct values consistently preceding surges in positivity rates and hospitalizations, particularly during the early phases of the pandemic. Granger causality tests and vector autoregressive modeling confirmed the predictive utility of Ct values, highlighting their potential as early warning indicators. The study further observed a weakening association in later pandemic stages, likely influenced by the emergence of new variants, hybrid immunity, changes in human behavior, and diagnostic shifts. These findings underscore the value of Ct values as scalable tools for public health surveillance and highlight the importance of contextualizing their analysis within specific epidemiological and temporal frameworks. Integrating Ct monitoring into surveillance systems could enhance pandemic preparedness, improve outbreak forecasting, and strengthen epidemiological modeling.

Perception is influenced by sensory stimulation, prior knowledge, and contextual cues, which collectively contribute to the emergence of perceptual biases. However, the precise neural mechanisms underlying these biases remain poorly understood. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing neural recordings from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of monkeys performing a vibrotactile frequency discrimination task. Our findings provide empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis that perceptual biases can be reflected in the neural activity of the PFC. We found that the state-space trajectories of PFC neuronal activity encoded a warped representation of the first frequency presented during the task. Remarkably, this distorted representation of the frequency aligned with the predictions of its Bayesian estimator. The identification of these neural correlates expands our understanding of the neural basis of perceptual biases and highlights the involvement of the PFC in shaping perceptual experiences. Similar analyses could be employed in other delayed comparison tasks and in various brain regions to explore where and how neural activity reflects perceptual biases during different stages of the trial., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

Discontinuation of antiseizure medications (ASMs), primarily prompted by adverse effects, presents a formidable challenge in the management of epilepsy, and impacting up to 25% of patients. This article thoroughly explores the clinical spectrum of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (cADRs) associated with commonly prescribed ASMs. Ranging from mild maculopapular rashes to life-threatening conditions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), the diverse manifestations are meticulously detailed. Diagnostic strategies, incorporating red flags and testing methodologies, are elucidated to ensure precise identification. The classification of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), with a specific focus on cADRs and their association with type A or type B reactions, is presented. Critical risk factors, encompassing patient demographics, drug-related skin reactions, and genetic predispositions, are thoroughly explored. The article underscores the role of human leucocyte antigen (HLA), including HLA*15:02, in predicting susceptibility to severe reactions like SJS/TEN, particularly with aromatic ASMs prevalent in specific populations. Management strategies for varying cADR severities are discussed, placing emphasis on drug discontinuation, symptomatic relief, and potential desensitization. The article concludes by consolidating current knowledge, providing clinicians with a roadmap for navigating the complexities of diagnosis and management. The integration of personalized medicine principles and evidence-based approaches emerges as a crucial paradigm for the future of epilepsy management, aiming to minimize the impact of ADRs on patient outcomes., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: None., (Copyright © 2024 Korean Epilepsy Society.)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of healthcare-associated infections, which are related to substantial morbidity and mortality. The incidence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance (PMQR) determinants has been previously reported in this bacterium. However, there is limited information regarding the presence of PMQR and carbapenemase-encoding genes simultaneously. This study aims to analyze the prevalence of these determinants on P. aeruginosa strain isolated from clinical patients in the State of Aguascalientes, Mexico. Fifty-two P. aeruginosa isolates from nosocomial patients were collected from Centenario Hospital Miguel Hidalgo. This is a retrospective observational study conducted at a single center. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the Vitek-2 system. Only carbapenem-resistant isolates were included in this study. Carbapenemase-encoding genes and PMQR determinants were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Resistance rates of 100% were found on tigecycline and ceftriaxone. Of the 52 isolates, 34.6% were positive for the qnr genes, 46.2% for the oqxA gene, and 25% for the aac-(6')-lb gene. The most frequent carbapenemase genes found in the samples were bla OXA-51 (42.3%), bla OXA-1 (15.4%), and bla VIM (15.4%). bla OXA-51 co-carrying oqxA was detected in 21.1% of the isolates, bla OXA-51 co-carrying aac-(6')-lb in 11.5%, bla VIM co-carrying aac-(6')-lb in 3.8%, and bla KPC co-carrying oqxA in 5.8%. Systematic surveillance to detect carbapenemase-encoding genes and PMQR determinants, and rational prescription using the last-line drugs could help in preventing the dissemination of multidrug-resistant determinants.

Background: Skin cancer is a primary health concern in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Existing research mainly stems from North America, Europe, and Australia, with limited data from Latin America., Methods: This 56-year (1967-2023) retrospective cohort study explores skin cancer incidence in Mexican RTRs. Our objective was to assess the long-term incidence of malignant cutaneous neoplasms in Mexican RTRs., Results: Over 56 years, 1642 RTRs (58% male) were studied. Median follow-up was 8.4 years; median age at transplantation was 32.6 years. Skin cancer incidence was 6.6% (95% CI: 5.5-7.9), with an incidence density rate of 6.5 (95% CI: 5.4-7.9) per 1000 person-years and a median latency of 9.8 years. Incidence increased with longer transplantation-related immunosuppression (TRI), with a relative risk for >30 years of TRI of 4.8 (95% CI: 2.6-9.1) for any skin cancer and 7.5 (95% CI: 3.8-14.6) for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). SCC was the most common malignancy (76.1%), followed by basal cell carcinomas (BCC), with a 3.6:1 ratio. Metastatic SCC occurred in 6.5% of skin cancer patients, with a skin cancer-related mortality rate of 2.7%. Limitations of the study include its single-center and retrospective design and unassessed factors such as human papillomavirus infection and sun exposure., Conclusions: Our study provides unique insights into the epidemiology of skin cancer among Mexican RTRs. It constitutes the largest cohort of skin cancer cases among RTRs in Mexico and, to our knowledge, in Latin America. Despite the lack of recognition of a high skin cancer incidence in non-White RTRs, our 6.6% incidence underscores the need to enhance surveillance programs., (© 2024 the International Society of Dermatology.)

En el Hospital Universitario San José de Popayán, se atiende un gran número de pacientes con diagnóstico de carcinoma gástrico, correspondiendo en su gran mayoría a estados avanzados de la enfermedad, como se demuestra en nuestro estudio retrospectivo a 5 años (enero/91-diciembre/95), que incluye 529 casos nuevos de cáncer gástrico, de los cuales se tomaron para este estudio 391 (74%), que alcanzan una prevalencia hospitalaria de 8.4 x 1.000 pacientes mayores de 16 años, egresados de nuestra institución en el último año. De los 391 pacientes, 88 (22.5%) presentaron criterios de inoperabilidad, 46 (11.7%) no aceptaron el procedimiento quirúrgico planteado, y los 250 pacientes restantes (63.9%) fueron sometidos a cirugía, así: 138 (55.2%) con intención paliativa, 68 (27.2%) con intención curativa, y 44 (17.6%) fueron laparotomías exploratorias solamente. Para los pacientes con cáncer gástrico localizado, la cirugía sigue siendo la modalidad terapéutica más efectiva, que resulta en una tasa de curación consistente pero bastante baja. El carcinoma no resecable es una enfermedad incurable. La laparoscopia se ha utilizado para la estadificación de varias enfermedades malignas, pero su real utilidad ha sido limitada a la evaluación de superficies viscerales y serosas para la determinación de metástasis, principalmente hepáticas y/o peritoneales. En pacientes con carcinoma gástrico, la laparoscopia de estadificación ofrece valiosa información con respecto a la extensión loco-regional de la enfermedad, y determina el pronóstico y el tratamiento más adecuado en cada caso.

Introduction: There is a need to develop harmonized procedures and a Minimum Data Set (MDS) for cross-border Multi Casualty Incidents (MCI) in medical emergency scenarios to ensure appropriate management of such incidents, regardless of place, language and internal processes of the institutions involved. That information should be capable of real-time communication to the command-and-control chain. It is crucial that the models adopted are interoperable between countries so that the rights of patients to cross-border healthcare are fully respected., Objective: To optimize management of cross-border Multi Casualty Incidents through a Minimum Data Set collected and communicated in real time to the chain of command and control for each incident. To determine the degree of agreement among experts., Method: We used the modified Delphi method supplemented with the Utstein technique to reach consensus among experts. In the first phase, the minimum requirements of the project, the profile of the experts who were to participate, the basic requirements of each variable chosen and the way of collecting the data were defined by providing bibliography on the subject. In the second phase, the preliminary variables were grouped into 6 clusters, the objectives, the characteristics of the variables and the logistics of the work were approved. Several meetings were held to reach a consensus to choose the MDS variables using a Modified Delphi technique. Each expert had to score each variable from 1 to 10. Non-voting variables were eliminated, and the round of voting ended. In the third phase, the Utstein Style was applied to discuss each group of variables and choose the ones with the highest consensus. After several rounds of discussion, it was agreed to eliminate the variables with a score of less than 5 points. In phase four, the researchers submitted the variables to the external experts for final assessment and validation before their use in the simulations. Data were analysed with SPSS Statistics (IBM, version 2) software., Results: Six data entities with 31 sub-entities were defined, generating 127 items representing the final MDS regarded as essential for incident management. The level of consensus for the choice of items was very high and was highest for the category 'Incident' with an overall kappa of 0.7401 (95% CI 0.1265-0.5812, p 0.000), a good level of consensus in the Landis and Koch model. The items with the greatest degree of consensus at ten were those relating to location, type of incident, date, time and identification of the incident. All items met the criteria set, such as digital collection and real-time transmission to the chain of command and control., Conclusions: This study documents the development of a MDS through consensus with a high degree of agreement among a group of experts of different nationalities working in different fields. All items in the MDS were digitally collected and forwarded in real time to the chain of command and control. This tool has demonstrated its validity in four large cross-border simulations involving more than eight countries and their emergency services., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Behzadi Koochani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

How does the brain simultaneously process signals that bring complementary information, like raw sensory signals and their transformed counterparts, without any disruptive interference? Contemporary research underscores the brain's adeptness in using decorrelated responses to reduce such interference. Both neurophysiological findings and artificial neural networks support the notion of orthogonal representation for signal differentiation and parallel processing. Yet, where, and how raw sensory signals are transformed into more abstract representations remains unclear. Using a temporal pattern discrimination task in trained monkeys, we revealed that the second somatosensory cortex (S2) efficiently segregates faithful and transformed neural responses into orthogonal subspaces. Importantly, S2 population encoding for transformed signals, but not for faithful ones, disappeared during a nondemanding version of this task, which suggests that signal transformation and their decoding from downstream areas are only active on-demand. A mechanistic computation model points to gain modulation as a possible biological mechanism for the observed context-dependent computation. Furthermore, individual neural activities that underlie the orthogonal population representations exhibited a continuum of responses, with no well-determined clusters. These findings advocate that the brain, while employing a continuum of heterogeneous neural responses, splits population signals into orthogonal subspaces in a context-dependent fashion to enhance robustness, performance, and improve coding efficiency., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

Background: Generalized lupus erythematosus (LEG) is an autoimmune disease with cutaneous and mucosal manifestations, with lupus cheilitis (LC) being a rare associated oral presentation. The difficulty in early diagnosis of QL lies in its various clinical forms. Although successful treatments have been described, information on specific management is limited, highlighting the importance of early recognition to improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients., Clinical Case: We describe the case of a 24-year-old woman with SLE of four years' duration, under treatment with prednisone. She presented a bilateral painful vermilion stomatosis, with extensive erosions and ulcerations covered by hematic crusts, showing no improvement despite previous topical treatments. Histopathological analysis revealed lymphoplasmacytic spongiotic stomatitis with eosinophils and lupus stomatitis associated with contact irritation. The dose of prednisone was adjusted, noting improvement after a month of treatment., Conclusion: Even though the oral mucosa is commonly affected in SLE, LC is uncommon. The clinical presentation of QL starts with macules on the lips, and eventually presents with edema and painful ulcers. The diagnosis is essentially clinical but challenging cases may require a pathology report. Management includes adjustment of corticosteroid doses and general measures; early diagnosis is crucial for an adequate treatment response., (Licencia CC 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) © 2024 Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.)

The brain is organized hierarchically to process sensory signals. But, how do functional connections within and across areas contribute to this hierarchical order? We addressed this problem in the thalamocortical network, while monkeys detected vibrotactile stimulus. During this task, we quantified neural variability and directed functional connectivity in simultaneously recorded neurons sharing the cutaneous receptive field within and across VPL and areas 3b and 1. Before stimulus onset, VPL and area 3b exhibited similar fast dynamics while area 1 showed slower timescales. During the stimulus presence, inter-trial neural variability increased along the network VPL-3b-1 while VPL established two main feedforward pathways with areas 3b and 1 to process the stimulus. This lower variability of VPL and area 3b was found to regulate feedforward thalamocortical pathways. Instead, intra-cortical interactions were only anticipated by higher intrinsic timescales in area 1. Overall, our results provide evidence of hierarchical functional roles along the thalamocortical network., Competing Interests: All authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Introduction: Triage is a crucial tool for managing a Multiple Victim Incident (MVI). One particularly problematic issue is the communication of results to the chain of command and control. Favourable data exists to suggest that digital triage can improve some features of analogue triage. Within this context we have witnessed the emergence of the Valkyries Project, which is working to develop strategies to respond to MVIs, and especially cross-border incidents. To that end, an IT platform called "SIGRUN" has been created which distributes, in real time, all the information to optimise MVI management. A full-scale simulation, held on the Spain-Portugal border and featuring contributions from different institutions on both sides of the border, put to the test the role of information digitalisation in this type of incidents., Objective: To evaluate the impact of the synchronous digitalisation of information on the optimal management of Multiple Victim Incidents., Method: Clinical evaluation study carried out on a cross-border simulation between Spain and Portugal. A Minimum Data Set (MDS) was established by means of a modified Delphi by a group of experts. The digital platform "SIGRUN" integrated all the information, relaying it in real time to the chain of command and control. Each country assigned two teams that would carry out digital and analogue triage synchronously. Analogue triage variables were gathered by observers accompanying the first responders. Digital triage times were recorded automatically. Each case was evaluated and classified simultaneously by the two participating teams, to carry out a reliability study in a real time scenario., Results: The total duration of the managing of the incident in the A group of countries involved compared to the B group was 72.5 minutes as opposed to 73 minutes. The total digital assistance triage (AT) time was 37.5 seconds in the digital group, as opposed to 32 minutes in the analogue group. Total evacuation (ET) time was 28 minutes in the digital group compared with 65 minutes in the analogue group. The average differences in total times between the analogue and the digital system, both for primary and secondary evaluation, were statistically significant: p = 0.048 and p = 0.000 respectively. For the "red" category, AT obtained a sensitivity of 100%, also for ET, while with regard to AT safety it obtained a PPV of 61.54% and an NPV of 100%, and for ET it obtained a PPV of 83.33% and an NPV of 100%. For the analogue group, for AT it obtained a sensitivity of 62.50%, for ET, 70%, for AT safety it obtained a PPV of 45.45% and an NPV of 92.31%, while for ET it obtained a PPV of 70% and an NPV of 92.50%. The gap analysis obtained a Kappa index of 0.7674., Conclusion: The triage system using the developed digital tool demonstrated its validity compared to the analogue tool, as a result of which its use is recommended., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Behzadi Koochnai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Cancer is the leading cause of mortality in U.S. Latino adults, a group with limited access to screening, higher rates of advanced disease, and prone to online misinformation. Our project created a Facebook Live social media video campaign on general cancer prevention, screening, risk, information, and resources, targeting Spanish-monolingual Latinos during the COVID-19 pandemic. Content was delivered in Spanish by fluent, ethnically concordant topic experts and cancer center staff. Four prerecorded and three livestream interview videos were produced, amassing over 161 shares, 1,000 engagements, 12,000 views, 19,000 people reached, and 34,000 impressions in a span of four months. Strengths of this project included developing community partnerships and collaborations, providing evidence-based cancer information in a culturally responsive manner to often-excluded community members during COVID-19 pandemic, and presenting our cancer center as an accessible resource to the wider community. Future directions include formalizing evaluation strategies to capture medical engagement via cancer screening and detection rates, delivering focused cancer discussions by disease sites, and further expanding audience base through mixed media formats., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Objectives: To determine genomic characteristics and molecular epidemiology of carbapenem non-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from medical centres of Mexico using whole genome sequencing data analysed with the EPISEQ Ⓡ CS application and other bioinformatic platforms., Methods: Clinical isolates collected from 28 centres in Mexico included carbapenem-non-susceptible K. pneumoniae (n = 22), E. coli (n = 24), A. baumannii (n = 16), and P. aeruginosa (n = 13). Isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing using the Illumina (MiSeq) platform. FASTQ files were uploaded to the EPISEQ Ⓡ CS application for analysis. Additionally, the tools Kleborate v2.0.4 and Pathogenwatch were used as comparators for Klebsiella genomes, and the bacterial whole genome sequence typing database was used for E. coli and A. baumannii., Results: For K. pneumoniae, both bioinformatic approaches detected multiple genes encoding aminoglycoside, quinolone, and phenicol resistance, and the presence of bla NDM-1 explained carbapenem non-susceptibility in 18 strains and bla KPC-3 in four strains. Regarding E. coli, both EPISEQ Ⓡ CS and bacterial whole genome sequence typing database analyses detected multiple virulence and resistance genes: 20 of 24 (83.3%) strains carried bla NDM , 3 of 24 (12.4%) carried bla OXA-232 , and 1 carried bla OXA -181 . Genes that confer resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, phenicols, trimethoprim, and macrolides were also detected by both platforms. Regarding A. baumannii, the most frequent carbapenemase-encoding gene detected by both platforms was bla OXA-72 , followed by bla OXA-66 . Both approaches detected similar genes for aminoglycosides, carbapenems, tetracyclines, phenicols, and sulfonamides. Regarding P. aeruginosa, bla VIM , bla IMP , and bla GES were the more frequently detected. Multiple virulence genes were detected in all strains., Conclusion: Compared to the other available platforms, EPISEQ Ⓡ CS enabled a comprehensive resistance and virulence analysis, providing a reliable method for bacterial strain typing and characterization of the virulome and resistome., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

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Introduction: Metastatic breast cancer causes the most breast cancer-related deaths around the world, especially in countries where breast cancer is detected late into its development. Genetic testing for cancer susceptibility started with the BRCA 1 and 2 genes. Still, recent research has shown that variations in other members of the DNA damage response (DDR) are also associated with elevated cancer risk, opening new opportunities for enhanced genetic testing strategies., Methods: We sequenced BRCA1/2 and twelve other DDR genes from a Mexican-mestizo population of 40 metastatic breast cancer patients through semiconductor sequencing., Results: Overall, we found 22 variants -9 of them reported for the first time- and a strikingly high proportion of variations in ARID1A. The presence of at least one variant in the ARID1A, BRCA1, BRCA2, or FANCA genes was associated with worse progression-free survival and overall survival in our patient cohort., Discussion: Our results reflected the unique characteristics of the Mexican-mestizo population as the proportion of variants we found differed from that of other global populations. Based on these findings, we suggest routine screening for variants in ARID1A along with BRCA1/2 in breast cancer patients from the Mexican-mestizo population., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Vázquez-Romo, Millan-Catalan, Ruíz-García, Martínez-Gutiérrez, Alvarado-Miranda, Campos-Parra, López-Camarillo, Jacobo-Herrera, López-Urrutia, Guardado-Estrada, Cantú de León and Pérez-Plasencia.)

Do sensory cortices process more than one sensory modality? To answer these questions, scientists have generated a wide variety of studies at distinct space-time scales in different animal models, and often shown contradictory conclusions. Some conclude that this process occurs in early sensory cortices, but others that this occurs in areas central to sensory cortices. Here, we sought to determine whether sensory neurons process and encode physical stimulus properties of different modalities (tactile and acoustic). For this, we designed a bimodal detection task where the senses of touch and hearing compete from trial to trial. Two Rhesus monkeys performed this novel task, while neural activity was recorded in areas 3b and 1 of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). We analyzed neurons' coding properties and variability, organizing them by their receptive field's position relative to the stimulation zone. Our results indicate that neurons of areas 3b and 1 are unimodal, encoding only the tactile modality in both the firing rate and variability. Moreover, we found that neurons in area 3b carried more information about the periodic stimulus structure than those in area 1, possessed lower response and coding latencies, and had a lower intrinsic time scale. In sum, these differences reveal a hidden processing-based hierarchy. Finally, using a powerful nonlinear dimensionality reduction algorithm, we show that the activity from areas 3b and 1 can be separated, establishing a clear division in the functionality of these two subareas of S1.

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of cancer that accounts for ~23% of breast tumors in Mexico. In an attempt to understand in an improved way the behavior of TNBC, throughout the years, gene expression in these tumors has been studied. Lehman et al identified 6 subtypes of gene expression in TNBC with distinct characteristics. In the present study, it was aimed to assess clinical, pathological and prognostic characteristics of TNBC in a Mexican-based cohort. A total of 55 patients diagnosed with TNBC at Mexico's National Institute of Cancer (INCan) were included. Tumor needle biopsy samples were obtained and subjected to microarray analysis. Patients were thus classified into one of the 6 TNBC molecular subtypes. The prognostic, clinical and pathological information of patients was obtained, and differences across molecular subtypes were sought. Out of the 55 included patients, the following subtypes were identified: 9 basal-like-1, 11 basal-like-2 (BSL2), 16 immunomodulatory (IM), 12 mesenchymal, 6 androgen receptor-like and 1 mesenchymal stem-like. Mean follow-up time was 47.1 months. The IM molecular subtype had the best overall survival (OS) (median OS was not reached). BSL2 had the worst OS (15 months). A complete pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was obtained more often in the IM subtype (P=0.032). No significant associations were found between any of the clinical or pathological characteristics and the TNBC molecular subtypes. The results obtained from the present study should be considered when seeking to implement a clinical-molecular model for TNBC patient care, particularly in Hispanic-based populations, as they have been frequently underrepresented in clinical studies assessing TNBC molecular subtypes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright: © Ortiz Valdez et al.)

The dorsal premotor cortex (DPC) has classically been associated with a role in preparing and executing the physical motor variables during cognitive tasks. While recent work has provided nuanced insights into this role, here we propose that DPC also participates more actively in decision-making. We recorded neuronal activity in DPC while two trained monkeys performed a vibrotactile categorization task, utilizing two partially overlapping ranges of stimulus values that varied on two physical attributes: vibrotactile frequency and amplitude. We observed a broad heterogeneity across DPC neurons, the majority of which maintained the same response patterns across attributes and ranges, coding in the same periods, mixing temporal and categorical dynamics. The predominant categorical signal was maintained throughout the delay, movement periods and notably during the intertrial period. Putting the entire population's data through two dimensionality reduction techniques, we found strong temporal and categorical representations without remnants of the stimuli's physical parameters. Furthermore, projecting the activity of one population over the population axes of the other yielded identical categorical and temporal responses. Finally, we sought to identify functional subpopulations based on the combined activity of all stimuli, neurons, and time points; however, we found that single-unit responses mixed temporal and categorical dynamics and couldn't be clustered. All these point to DPC playing a more decision-related role than previously anticipated.