Search

In this article application of neural network using Levenberg–Marquardt Back-propagation is implemented on differential model to study and analyze ringworm infectious disease. The formulated system of differential equations is consisting of following parts, namely; S(t) population which is at verge of being infected by ringworm, E(t) shows the environment effected by dermetophytosis fungus, I(t) whereas represent the infected individuals, R(t) and shows the population which has recovered from the infection. The solutions of different categories are represented by considering distinct datasets modeled and designed using LMB neural network. The numerical scheme Adam has been employed to establish a reference data set of the designed LMB neural network. The approximate outcomes of the SEIR based on dispersing and curing are discussed using the authentication, testing and training procedures to truncate the mean square error in function with help of LMB. The mean square error, regression, error histograms are generated to produce efficiency, effectiveness and correctness of proposed LMB neural network scheme.

Background: Dermatophytosis, commonly known as ringworm, is a contagious fungal skin disease prevalent among camels, particularly of 1-3 years old, and resulting in considerable economic losses. Recently, using machine learning technology presents a promising avenue for achieving high diagnostic accuracy, especially in identifying infected camels in remote farm settings. Methods: A dataset comprising 801 images from 61 camels aged 12-15 months was subjected to analysis using YOLOv7 (You Only Look Once, volume 7), a Machine learning model. Subsequently, the YOLOv7 algorithm's efficacy in distinguishing between healthy and ringworm-infected camels was evaluated. Results: The YOLOv7 algorithm demonstrated robust capability in accurately identifying ringworm-infected skin and distinguishing it from healthy skin in camels. Validation set results revealed an average precision (AP) of 0.944, indicating high effectiveness in discriminating between normal and infected skin. Furthermore, the algorithm exhibited proficiency in classifying the severity of skin infection among the identified cases. Of the 61 camels analyzed, 36 were found to be infected, representing an incidence rate of 59%. These infected camels were further categorized into groups based on the severity of infection, with 6 classifieds as mild (<50 infection spots), 5 as moderate (50-100 spots), and 25 as severe (>100 spots). Conclusion: The YOLOv7 model emerges as a dependable tool for the identification and classification of camel ringworm infections. Its implementation incorporated in farm surveillance and notification system holds promise for early detection of such issues and effective monitoring of camels kept under farm conditions in remote areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cattle ringworm is a mycotic infection of the bovine skin caused by dermatophytes that are also transmissible to humans. To limit the spread of bovine ringworm, calves at auction markets in Styria, Austria, are visually inspected and excluded from auction if they display skin lesions that are typical of ringworm. To investigate whether these clinical assessments correspond to laboratory diagnoses, samples from skin lesions were examined through microscopy, culture, and nested PCR approaches; the relatedness of the isolated dermatophytes was determined using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Overall, the clinical assessments were largely supported through the results of the nested PCR laboratory diagnosis, possessing an analytical sensitivity superior to that of the culture approach. Thus, this represents a fast and sensitive diagnostic test for the detection and identification of dermatophytes. Most of the isolated dermatophytes were assigned to a unique Trichophyton (T.) verrucosum MLST genotype, indicating that ringworm in calves at auction was predominantly caused by a single T. verrucosum strain. To limit the spread of bovine ringworm, control measures such as movement restrictions are highly recommended. In this context, calves at auction markets in Styria, Austria, displaying skin lesions characteristic for bovine ringworm, are excluded from the auctions. To investigate whether these clinical assessments correspond to laboratory diagnosis, a total of 166 samples taken from skin lesions assigned to the three clinical categories 'ringworm very likely (v), likely (l) or unlikely (u)' were mycologically examined using microscopy, culture, and nested PCR followed by amplicon sequencing. Further, the relationships of isolated dermatophytes were determined through multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Overall, a high agreement between clinical assessment and laboratory results were observed with microscopy and nested PCR, providing more consistent results and molecular detection possessing an analytical sensitivity superior to that of cultural isolation (culture 21.7% vs. nested PCR 48.2%). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that most of the isolated dermatophytes belong to a unique Trichophyton verrucosum MLST genotype. In conclusion, clinical assessments were largely confirmed through laboratory diagnosis with nested PCR and sequencing, providing rapid, sensitive, and species-specific detection of dermatophytes in calves at auction markets displaying skin lesions typical for ringworm; this seems to be predominantly caused by a single Trichophyton verrucosum strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Risk factors for the persistence of superficial skin infestations are prevalent in humid tropical environments, which are favorable for breeding of the causative vector mite Sarcoptes scabiei (ectoparasite) and dermatophyte fungi. Aim: This study aimed at assessing the awareness and knowledge of childhood scabies and ringworm infestations among parents in Calabar, a highly humid rainforest tropical environment. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study design and systematic random sampling were used to recruit school-age children in selected primary schools in Calabar. Materials and Methods: Researcher-driven administration of a structured questionnaire was conducted to obtain quantitative data from parents of recruited children. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square was used to assess factors associated with ever hearing or seeing scabies and ringworm infestations. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: One hundred and eighty-two (56.7%) and 218 (67.9%) of the respondents had heard of or seen scabies and ringworm infestation. Among respondents that were aware of scabies, 53.3% knew of the cause, 50.5% were aware of the risk factors while 68.1% and 78.0% knew their treatment and prevention, respectively; 98.6%, 60.6%, 76.6%, and 80.7% of respondents knew the cause, risk factors, treatment, and prevention of ringworm infestation, respectively. Fathers with at least secondary school literacy level and sharing beds were significantly associated with awareness of scabies. Conclusion: There is a suboptimal level of awareness and knowledge of two of the most common superficial skin infestations among parents of primary school children in the study setting. There is a need to redouble our effort at sensitization of parents toward improved awareness of these common infestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichophyton verrucosum is the most commonly dermatophyte involved in cattle ringworm. This work reported a case of bovine dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton verrucosum detected from the clinical sample by SYBR-Green real-time PCR. The strategy was based on the DNA extraction directly from the infected hair followed by real‐time PCR and melting‐point analysis. A faster and differential diagnosis was observed when compared to the conventional mycological methodology for detection and identification of Trichophyton verrucosum.

Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest None disclosed.

Introduction: Ringworms of the scalp are very commons in Mauritania and among them; inflammatory ringworms are representing very rare forms. We present the case of a severe inflammatory ringworm caused by an anthropophilic dermatophyte, Microsporum audouini. Observation: This is an 8-years-old girl with ulcerative lesions on the scalp without adenopathy, without fever and in a good general condition. Direct examination of the mycological sample of hair and scales showed the presence of ecto-trix spores. Culture in SCA media allowed the identification of Microsporum audouini. The establishment of an antifungal treatment orally and a local antiseptic allowed to have a clinical and mycological remission after 30 days. Conclusion: Microsporum audouinii is most often responsible for very soft trichophytia, but under certain conditions, it can cause inflammatory ringworm.

The current study was aimed to determined the main causes of ringworm in cows and antifungal and synergistic effects of ZnO nanoparticles. For this purpose 50 skin scrapes were collected from cows infected with ringworm, culture media, staining and genetic methods used for diagnosis. MIC and MFC for antifungal and ZnO were determined. The result showed that Trichophyton spp was isolated in rate of 76%. The isolation rate of T.verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum were 68.4%, 21.0% and 10.5% respectively. MIC of Nystatin, fluocytosin, ZnO, Nystatin+ ZnO and Fluocytosin + ZnO were 200,150, 200, 150 and 100 μg/ml respectively. in conclusion, that T.verrucosum is main caused of Ringworm and ZnO has antifungal and synergistic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Until 1960, hundreds of thousands of children worldwide had been treated for scalp ringworm by epilation via irradiation. The discovery of late health effects in adulthood prompted investigation of the medical aspects of irradiation in childhood and led to the establishment of strict protocols for the use of X-ray irradiation. These studies ignored alopecia, which affects some individuals who underwent irradiation for scalp ringworm as children. This study examined the impact of alopecia due to irradiation for scalp ringworm on the health and psychosocial status of affected women. Methods We analysed a random sample of 130 medical files of women recognised by Israel’s state committees as suffering from permanent hair loss as a result of scalp ringworm irradiation in childhood. The coded medical data included demographic variables, self-reported mental health conditions, self-reported physical health conditions, self-reported social conditions, and spousal relationship. Results Compared with the general population of women in Israel, research participants reported significantly higher rates of depression, anti-depressant and/or anti-anxiety drug use, psychotherapy or psychiatric hospitalisation, attempted suicide, migraines, cancer, and divorce. Many described humiliating social experiences due to their appearance, both in childhood and adulthood, that led them to curtail their social interactions. The participants also reported that alopecia negatively affected their spousal relationships. Conclusions Life with hair loss from scalp ringworm irradiation in childhood has a negative impact on women’s health status and psychosocial state. Health policy-makers must broaden their approach to women who underwent scalp ringworm irradiation by addressing the effects of their hair loss in addition to the effects of the radiation treatment per se. This may be achieved by guiding physicians who provide medical services to these women to take into account the psychosocial and health risks related to hair loss in their diagnosis and treatment as well as by creating a cadre of specially trained mental health professionals who can address their unique psychosocial needs. They must also consider including the specialized mental health services tailored for these women’s unique needs in the Healthcare Basket.

Green chemistry‐based biowaste has been taken attention toward new components for many applications especially in dermatophytes of animals and humans. The main goal of this study is to assist the synthetic pathways; clean and large‐scale synthesis of silver nanoparticles is achieved as a promising alternative green technique with high efficiency, simplicity and less hazardous waste based on agro‐waste of banana peels extract powder. The preparation of silver nanoparticles is directly via solid‐state reaction and the liquid one based on the natural agro‐waste of banana peels under specific conditions for treating ringworm in pets. Ultraviolet (UV)‐visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to prove the prepared nanoparticles. A total of 30 samples from pets (dogs and cats) were subjected to mycological examination. Ten (33.3%) were culture positive, and 100% of the positive samples were Microsporum canis. In vitro antifungal activity against M. canisisolates using both the disc diffusion and the broth microdilution methods was evaluated. The significant results for solid silver nanoparticles (Ags1 and Ags2) than liquid Ag NPs (AgL) with p < 0.05 compared with itraconazole were observed. This biomaterial from waste could be used as a fast, simple, eco‐friendly, and efficient method to prepare Ag NPs on solid that can be applied in the veterinary sector against ringworm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrosophic environments have gained significant relevance across diverse disciplines. Neutrosophic Over Supra Exterior Modal Topological Structure is introduced, demonstrating the generation of two distinct structures through traditional Neutrosophic Over supra topological operations, denoted as ... (closure) and ... (interior), along with novel Neutrosophic Over Supra Exterior Modal Operations, expressed as ... (modal closure) and ... (modal interior). This exploration delves into the essential properties and characteristics of these structures, illuminating their behavior and implications. To illustrate the practical relevance, a numerical example is presented, demonstrating the identification of disease types using a score function. The study conclusively shows that the Neutrosophic Over Supra Exterior Modal Topological Structure effectively classifies diseases such as tuberculosis (bacterial), malaria (parasitic), swine flu (viral), and ringworm (fungal). This dual approach ensures a holistic understanding of the topic, appealing to both theoretical and practitioners seeking practical solutions in the neutrosophic over environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]