Search

Background Traumatic experience can result in life-long changes in the ability to cope with future stressors and emotionally salient events. These experiences, particularly during early development, are a significant risk factor for later life anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, because traumatic experience typically results in strong episodic memories, it is not known whether such long-term memories are necessary for particular features of PTSD, such as enhanced fear and anxiety. Here, we used a fear conditioning procedure in juvenile rats before maturation of the neural systems supporting declarative memory to assess the necessity of early memory to the later life development of PTSD-related symptoms. Methods Nineteen-day old rats were exposed to unpredictable and inescapable footshocks, and fear memory for the shock context was assessed during adulthood. Thereafter, adult animals were either exposed to single-trial fear conditioning or elevated plus maze or sacrificed for basal diurnal corticosterone and quantification of neuronal glucocorticoid and neuropeptide Y receptors. Results Early trauma exposed rats displayed stereotypic footshock reactivity, yet by adulthood, hippocampus-dependent contextual fear-related memory was absent. However, adult rats showed sensitized fear learning, aberrant basal circadian fluctuations of corticosterone, increased amygdalar glucocorticoid receptors, decreased time spent in the open arm of an elevated plus maze, and an odor aversion associated with early-life footshocks. Conclusions These results suggest that traumatic experience during developmental periods of hippocampal immaturity can promote lifelong changes in symptoms and neuropathology associated with human PTSD, even if there is no explicit memory of the early trauma. © 2014 Society of Biological Psychiatry.

Introduction: Suicide risk is substantially elevated following discharge from a psychiatric hospitalization. Caring Contacts (CCs) are brief communications delivered post-discharge that can help to improve mental health outcomes., Method: This three-phase, mixed-method quality-improvement study revised an existing CC intervention using iterative patient and community feedback. Inpatients (n = 2) and community members (n = 13) participated in focus groups to improve existing CC messages (phases 1 and 2). We piloted these messages among individuals with a suicide-related concern following discharge from an inpatient psychiatric hospitalization (n = 27), sending CCs on days 2 and 7 post-discharge (phase 3). Phase 3 participants completed mental health symptom measures at baseline and day 7, and provided feedback on these messages., Results: Phase 1 and 2 focus group participants indicated preferences for shorter, more visually appealing messages that featured personalized, recovery-focused content. Phase 3 participants demonstrated reductions in depressive symptoms at day-7 post-discharge (-6.4% mean score on Hopkins-Symptom-Checklist, -9.0% mean score on Entrapment-Scale). Most participants agreed that CC messages helped them feel more connected to the hospital and encouraged help-seeking behavior post-discharge., Conclusion: This study supports the use of an iterative process, including patient feedback, to improve CC messages and provides further pilot evidence that CC can have beneficial effects., (© 2024 The Author(s). Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association of Suicidology.)

The blood-brain barrier presents a key limitation to the administration of therapeutic molecules for the treatment of brain disease. While drugs administered orally or intravenously must cross this barrier to reach brain targets, the unique anatomical structure of the olfactory system provides a route to deliver drugs directly to the brain. Entering the brain via receptor, carrier, and adsorption-mediated transcytosis in the nasal olfactory and trigeminal regions has the potential to increase drug delivery. In this review, we introduce the physiological and anatomical structures of the nasal cavity, and summarize the possible modes of transport and the relevant receptors and carriers in the nose-to-brain pathway. Additionally, we provide examples of nanotherapeutics developed for intranasal drug delivery to the brain. Further development of nanoparticles that can be applied to intranasal delivery systems promises to improve drug efficacy and reduce drug resistance and adverse effects by increasing molecular access to the brain. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Globally, extensive research has been conducted on psychological trauma. The main intention of this scientific enquiry was to provide insights into the explanatory and etiological factors of such trauma, as well as provide measures of how to manage and treat it effectively. However, much of these research studies on psychological trauma have focused primarily on victims and witnesses of trauma, completely overlooking and neglecting offenders (perpetrators) and their trauma. This study set out to explore perpetrator trauma among juvenile offenders incarcerated for violent offenses. The study was qualitative in nature, using descriptive phenomenology to provide descriptive accounts of perpetrator trauma as experienced by the participants. A single case study design was utilized as a research design. The data were collected using semistructured audio-recorded individual interviews with 10 participants. The findings supported the existence of perpetrator trauma as the offenders experienced multidimensional consequences from their actions. They experienced various symptoms related to or associated with their offenses and victims, including reliving symptoms, psychotic symptoms, psychogenic amnesia of the offense and the victims, and experienced a persistent negative emotional state. They also engaged in reckless and self-destructive behaviors, avoidant behaviors, and significant behavioral changes could be noted in their behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As more women engage in high-altitude activities, understanding how ovarian hormone fluctuations affect their cardiorespiratory system is essential for optimizing acclimatization to these environments. This study investigates the effects of menstrual cycle (MC) phases on physiological responses at rest, during and after submaximal exercise, at high-altitude (barometric pressure 509 ± 6 mmHg; partial pressure of inspired oxygen 96 ± 1 mmHg; ambient temperature 21 ± 2 °C and relative humidity 27 ± 4%) in 16 eumenorrheic women. Gas exchange, hemodynamic responses, heart rate variability and heart rate recovery (HRR) were monitored at low altitude, and then at 3375 m on the Mont Blanc (following nocturnal exposure) during both the early-follicular (EF) and mid-luteal (ML) phases. Significant differences were observed between low and high-altitude in ventilation, heart rate and cardiac output. Resting ventilation (15.2 ± 1.9 vs. 13.2 ± 2.5 L.min-1; p = 0.039) and tidal volume (812 ± 217 vs. 713 ± 190 mL; p = 0.027) were higher during EF than ML at high-altitude. These differences between EF and ML were no longer evident during exercise, with comparable responses in oxygen uptake kinetics, cycling efficiency and HRR. The MC had negligible effects on physiological responses to high-altitude. An individualized approach, tailored to each woman's specific responses to hypoxia across the MC, may be more beneficial in optimizing high-altitude sojourns than general guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid-19 posed little danger to children. Nevertheless, the South African government imposed lockdown measures that impeded children's education, play and food. Schools were closed, feeding schemes were halted and organised sports were banned. In this study of South African children's experience during the 2020–22 pandemic, we use the capabilities approach, particularly Nussbaum's ten capabilities, to assess how the lockdown measures affected their development. The one-dimensional nature of the government response was evident in its focus on physical health and safeguarding adults and the health system, at the expense of children's well-being. Children were masked and their voices were not heard. Despite being far less at risk of illness or death than adults, children and young people were disproportionately affected by government regulations. Children from low-income environments were particularly severely affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between dietary flavonoid intake and mortality in the diabetic kidney disease (DKD) population is unknown. So this study is aimed at investigating the association of total dietary flavonoid intake and their subclasses with all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Data of this cohort study were extracted from the NHANES (2007–2010 and 2017–2018). The survival status of participants was determined by linking to the National Death Index through the end of 2019. Flavonoid intake was measured using two 24‐h dietary recall interviews. The Kaplan–Meier curves and weighted Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess the effect of dietary flavonoid intake on CVD and all‐cause mortality, with adjustments for multiple covariates. A total of 1155 participants were included for analysis. After a median follow‐up of 76.36 (S.E: 3.24) months, 409 participants died of all‐cause mortality, of which 138 died of CVD. In the fully adjusted model, higher total dietary flavonoids intake (HR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.52–0.92) was associated with lower all‐cause mortality and subclasses of higher flavones (HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.35–0.85) was also with lower all‐cause mortality. In subclasses of flavonoids, higher intake of both anthocyanidins (HR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.28 to 0.87) and flavones (HR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.28–0.87) were associated with lower odds of CVD mortality. Higher flavonoid intake was associated with a reduced risk of CVD and all‐cause mortality in DKD. Higher flavonoid intake provides a potential opportunity to improve the prognosis of DKD. And future research into the mechanisms between flavonoids and mortality is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium (Ca) is a vital nutrient essential for structural development and signal transmission in both plants and animals. In humans, inadequate calcium intake has been correlated with various diseases, including osteoporosis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and cancer. In areas where plants serve as a main dietary source, calcium intake is significantly lower than the recommended adequate intake, notably in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Exploring the connections between calcium consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer has significant implications for public health, given that these two conditions are the primary contributors to global mortality. This study conducted a systematic review of existing literature to assess the evidence regarding calcium intake and its effect on blood pressure control, stroke prevention, and the controversial association with myocardial infarction. Furthermore, the preventive effect of calcium intake on tumor development, particularly in cancer prevention, was discussed. The study explores the potential of agronomic biofortification as a key strategy to enhance plant‐based dietary calcium density and improve human health. By advocating for the incorporation of calcium‐rich plants and plant‐derived products, alongside appropriate calcium supplementation, the study emphasizes the economic and practical benefits of plants as a calcium source. This approach is aligned with global dietary patterns and socioeconomic disparities. The review also highlights the need for further research to better understand the mechanisms through which agronomic biofortification can increase dietary calcium intake and reduce the risks of CVD and cancer associated with calcium deficiency. Ultimately, this study aims to deepen our understanding of the complex relationship between calcium intake and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple deployment factors may affect suicidality in combat veterans. The relationships between combat deployments and suicidality are complex and not completely understood. Studies of stress in the military and psychological effects of military actions are mostly focused on stressors relating to combat operations. However, many studies suggest that interactions within combat units affect post-deployment psychiatric conditions, suicidal ideation, and behavior. The goal of this article is to review and discuss how relationships within combat units may influence post-deployment suicide risk. Studies of the relationships within combat units are generally focused on two aspects: unit cohesion and harassment/abuse. Considerable evidence suggests that service members who report strong unit cohesion have a lower risk of post-deployment psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior. Studies examining deployment sexual and non-sexual harassment and abuse have found that combat veterans who experience harassment and abuse during deployment are at heightened post-deployment suicide risk. Sound post-deployment social support and the efficient treatment of psychiatric disorders may mitigate the suicide risk associated with adverse relationships within combat units. Improvements in units' cohesion and the prevention of harassment/abuse during a military deployment are necessary to reduce post-deployment psychiatric pathology, including suicidal behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Previous systemic reviews, predominantly including observational studies, have shown that participation in social activities is a protective factor against cognitive decline. However, this association is subject to potential reverse causality, creating a knowledge gap in our understanding of the effect of social interaction interventions on cognitive function. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to examine the effects of social interaction interventions on cognitive decline among older adults without dementia. Research Design and Methods This systematic review, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022367828), systematically searched 6 databases from inception to May 6, 2022, to identify relevant articles on the effects of activities with social interaction components on cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults without dementia aged above 60. Two independent reviewers conducted study selection, data extraction, and bias assessment, with RevMan5.3 used for meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis was conducted to assess variation in intervention effects among subgroups. Results We included 11 studies for qualitative analysis and 8 studies for the meta-analysis. The results showed that social interaction intervention had a significant effect on executive function (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 1.60; 95% CI, 0.50 to 2.70; p  = .004), but not attention and memory. The subgroup analysis showed a greater cognitive benefit for healthy older adults, but not those with mild cognitive impairment. Moreover, in-person social interaction positively affected global cognition, whereas online interaction did not. Discussion and Implications Social interaction interventions have a limited impact on cognitive function in older adults without dementia but showed potential effects on executive function. This finding offers insights for implementing social intervention in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) is a prevalent neurological condition that can lead to persistent cognitive impairments, disrupting memory, attention, and executive function. In this study, we explore the mechanisms of cognitive decline in mTBI through the lens of Markov blankets--a theoretical framework that delineates the statistical boundary between the brain's internal and external states. By simulating the impact of mTBI on sensory, active, internal, and external states, we demonstrate how disruptions to the Markov blanket structure contribute to impairments in predictive coding and cognitive processing. Our simulation introduces noise and connectivity reductions that mimic the neurometabolic and synaptic changes following mTBI, revealing delayed sensory processing, impaired motor function, and cognitive instability. These findings highlight the importance of Markov blankets in maintaining cognitive integrity and offer novel insights into the pathophysiology of post-concussion syndrome. Understanding how mTBI disrupts the brain's functional architecture through Markov blanket disturbances may inform more effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veterans experience higher risks of suicide and mental health disorders due to the traumas of military service, disabilities, and the difficulties of reassimilation into civilian life. Therapeutic interventions using humananimal interactions have shown promising results in reducing many risk factors affecting veterans' quality of life. This quality improvement project sought to consider if veterans participating in a recreational therapy program focused on beekeeping and administered by the Department of Veteran Affairs would experience quality of life improvements using a standardized EQ-5D-5L assessment. Our results indicate significant changes in mobility, anxiety/depression, and overall health for veterans participating in beekeeping as a recreational therapy. Implications for practice and future research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 20 years, U.S. military conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have been marked by high rates of combat and wartime killings. Research on Vietnam-era service members suggests that the type of killing (i.e., killing a combatant vs. noncombatant) is an important predictor of later mental health problems, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study aimed to update these findings by exploring the impact of type of killing on PTSD symptoms using a sample of postdeployment active duty U.S. Army personnel (N = 875). Using multiple regression analysis, we found that the act of killing a noncombatant was significantly associated with PTSD symptoms, B = 7.50, p < .001, whereas killing a combatant was not, B = -0.85, p = .360. This remained significant after controlling for demographic variables, depressive symptoms, and general combat experiences. These findings support the need for thoughtful postdeployment screenings and targeted clinical interventions., (© 2023 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.)

Objective In the U.S. women and culturally/linguistically diverse persons are underrepresented in research and editorial boards. This case study details how one journal, The Clinical Neuropsychologist (TCN), created and implemented a strategic plan to advance diversity and inclusion in its editorial board and process. Case Description In 2015, Dr. Yana Suchy became TCN's first female Editor-in-Chief; and in 2016, she created the Culture and Gender in Neuropsychology Department (CGND). The CGND's Editors are Drs. Rivera Mindt and Hilsabeck, and their mission is to diversify science and empirically-based practice within neuropsychology by (1) increasing representation of editors/reviewers from diverse backgrounds; (2) soliciting articles related to gender/culture; (3) providing resources addressing diversity issues; and (4) demonstrating editorial leadership via editorial content. Diagnostic Impressions and Outcomes In 2015, only 23% of TCN editors were women and only 2% were from diverse backgrounds. By 2018, representation of these groups increased to 50% and 13%, respectively. Also, in 2018 TCN published its first special issue on gender, numerous articles on culturally diverse populations, and the first guideline for evaluation of transgender persons. An upcoming special issue will focus on normative data for Spanish-speakers. Resources available include a Publication Guidelines Checklist, formal presentations, and informal communications (social media) to educate and engage stakeholders and consultors. These accomplishments were recently highlighted in the inaugural CGND editorial (2018). Discussion Over the last three years, TCN has taken steps to increase representation of gender- and culturally/linguistically-relevant content, editorial leadership, and professional development; thereby demonstrating that this is a tangible goal. This case study serves as a call to action for other journals to follow suit and further diversify science. References Rivera Mindt, M. Hilsabeck, R. C. Olsen, J. P. Savin, M. J. Crook, C. L. & Suchy, Y. Advancing science through diversity and inclusion in the editorial process: A case study. Science Editor, 41 (3), 93-96. Rivera Mindt, M. & Hilsabeck, R. C. (2018)  TCN  culture and gender in Neuropsychology Department: inaugural editorial.  The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32 (8), 1353-1355, DOI:  10.1080/13854046.2018.1525110. Hilsabeck, R. C. (2018) Editorial: Raising awareness about gender bias and disparity in clinical neuropsychology and a call to action.  ClinNeuropsychol, 32 ,183–185.  https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2018.1525110. Fujii, D. E. M. (2018) Developing a cultural context for conducting a neuropsychological evaluation with a culturally diverse client: The ECLECTIC framework.  The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32 (8), 1356-1392, DOI:  10.1080/13854046.2018.1435826. Trittschuh, E. H. Parmenter, B. A. Clausell, E. R. Mariano, M. J. & Reger, M. A. (2018) Conducting neuropsychological assessment with transgender individuals.  The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32 (8), 1393-1410, DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1440632. Nielsen, T. R. Segers, K. Vanderaspoilden, V. Bekkhus-Wetterberg, P. Minthon, L. Pissiota, A. Bjørkløf, G. H. Beinhoff, U. Tsolaki, M. Gkioka, M. & Waldemar G. (2018) Performance of middle-aged and elderly European minority and majority populations on a Cross-Cultural Neuropsychological Test Battery (CNTB).  The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32 (8), 1411-1430, DOI:  10.1080/13854046.2018.1430256. Suhr J. A. Ready R. Rosen W. G. Hilsabeck, R. C. & Ploetz, D. M. The changing face of neuropsychology: gender disparities and strategies for addressing them. CE workshop presented at the 37th annual conference of the National Academy of Neuropsychology, Boston, MA, 2017. Hilsabeck, R. C. Sweet J. Forrest B. Sachs B. & Kubu, C. Gender and the profession of neuropsychology: where we've been and where we need to go. CE workshop presented at the 15th Annual Conference of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology, Boston, MA, 2017. Rivera Mindt, M. 2018. The Clinical Neuropsychologist: increasing diversity & inclusion. Council of Science Editors, TechnicaEditorial Services Webinar: The Peer Review Ecosystem: Where Does Diversity & Inclusion Fit In? [accessed 2018 Oct 9].  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cixedlVR0o&feature=youtu.be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For industrial applications of self-assembled wormlike micelles, measurement and characterization of a micellar material's microstructure and rheology are paramount for the development and deployment of new high-performing and cost-effective formulations. Within this workflow, there are significant bottlenecks associated with experimental delays and a lack of transferability of results from one chemistry to another. In this work, we outline a process to predict microscopic and thermodynamic characteristics of wormlike micelles directly from rheological data by combining a more robust and efficient fitting algorithm with a recently published constitutive model called the Toy Shuffling model [J. D. Peterson and M. E. Cates, J. Rheol. 64, 1465–1496 (2020) and J. D. Peterson and M. E. Cates, J. Rheol. 65, 633–662 (2021)]. To support this work, linear rheology measurements were taken for 143 samples comprising a common base formulation of commercial sodium lauryl ether sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine, and salt (NaCl). The steady state zero shear viscosity evident in linear rheology was measured in duplicate via direct steady and oscillatory shear experiments. Fitting the collected data to the model, we found trends in the microstructural and thermodynamic characteristics that agree with molecular dynamics simulations. These trends validate our new perspective on the parameters that inform the study of the relationship between chemical formulation and rheology. This work, when implemented at scale, can potentially be used to inform and test strategies for predicting self-assembled micellar structures based on chemical formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Prevention of suicide-related behaviors is considered a top clinical priority within the Departments of Veterans Affairs and Defense. Despite previous literature attesting to the likely importance of situational stress as a key correlate of acute changes in suicide risk, longitudinal research into associations between situational stress and suicide-related outcomes among military personnel has been relatively limited., Methods: The current study examined associations between situational stress, recent suicide attempt, and future suicide attempt using data from 14,508 Army soldiers and recently discharged veterans enrolled in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers-Longitudinal Studies (STARRS-LS)., Results: Recent situational stress was more common among recently discharged veterans (vs. soldiers), those with a recent suicide attempt (vs. those without), and those with a subsequent suicide attempt (vs. those without). Job loss was more closely associated with suicide attempts among soldiers, whereas financial crisis, police contact, and death, illness, or injury of close others were more closely associated with suicide attempts among recently discharged veterans., Conclusion: Findings further highlight situational stress as a salient risk factor for suicide-related outcomes among military personnel, particularly among recently discharged veterans. Implications for screening and treatment of at-risk military personnel are discussed., (© 2023 American Association of Suicidology. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.)