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Purpose: In the age of the internet and with students' growing reliance on this interactive medium, coupled with the rise in cybercrimes that infringe upon individuals' privacy, online privacy literacy can serve as a crucial tool in mitigating such harms online. Several factors can contribute to enhancing this literacy. This study seeks to investigate the impact of digital skills on enhancing online privacy literacy among undergraduate students at Razi University in Kermanshah. Method: The present research is of an applied type and was conducted using a survey methodThe statistical population includes 7774 undergraduate students of Razi University in Kermanshah in 2018-2019. The sample size was determined to be 366 people using Morgan's table through a stratified random sampling method. Researcher-developed online privacy literacy and digital skills questionnaires were utilized to collect data. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed through content validity methods and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, respectively. Additionally, descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the findings using SPSS software version 24. Findings: The results showed that the online privacy literacy level of undergraduate students is lower than average. However, the students' digital skills level is moderate. Additionally, based on data analysis, digital skills have an impact factor of 0.49 on knowledge of the performance of online service providers, 0.29 on knowledge of information protection laws, 0.51 on knowledge of technical aspects of online privacy, 0.51 on technical skills, 0.40 on social skills, and 0.61 on the overall online privacy literacy scale. The study concludes that as digital skills increase, online privacy literacy and all its components also improve. Conclusion: Due to the effectiveness of digital skills in enhancing online privacy literacy to uphold privacy on the Internet, it is imperative to provide the essential training and implement measures to enhance students' digital skills. This will elevate their security levels while using the Internet, consequently reducing numerous privacy risks and challenges they may encounter.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the usage status of studying on virtual social networks among undergraduate students at Razi University.Methodology: The research utilized a descriptive and correlational method. The statistical population included all undergraduate students at Razi University in Kermanshah for the academic year 2020-2021, totaling 7774 individuals. A sample size of 366 people was determined using Cochran's formula.Findings: Data analysis revealed that the utilization rate of virtual social networks by undergraduate students at Razi University is above average and at a high level. The research indicated that the use of virtual social networks positively and significantly impacts the academic and non-academic study habits of Razi University students.Conclusion: The results suggest that social networks influence students' study habits, with challenges such as slow internet speed, high costs, printing issues, lack of familiarity with sites, and filtering obstacles. Virtual social networks offer benefits such as increased access to reading materials like newspapers, books, magazines, and various websites.Value: This study aims to enhance students' study levels and improve their study habits, providing valuable insights for university officials.

Background and purpose: Leptospirosis is an acute febrile illness that affects the whole range of symptoms, the symptoms can be a mild form of the flu-like illness to more severe symptoms such as jaundice, bleeding, kidney failure, and death. In this disease, the skin lesions are usually in the form of macular, maculopapular, urticaria, and petechiae. Due to the variety of symptoms of this disease, to add to our knowledge in this field, we designed a study to evaluate the skin symptoms of this disease in patients admitted with this diagnosis. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from the beginning of 2014 to the end of 2020. The studied population was all hospitalized patients with leptospirosis whose disease was proven through serological tests. Checklist information includes age, sex, occupation, clinical signs, the first sign of disease onset, skin symptoms including any skin lesion including papules, macules, petechiae, purpura, hemorrhagic rashes, etc. at the beginning of the disease is manifested, and also how it has changed in the course of treatment and also what lesions are valuable to us at the end of treatment. All patient information is recorded on a special form. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software version 20. Results: 800 people (652 (81.50%) men and 148 (18.50%) women) were examined in this study. The average age of the studied patients was 48.55 ± 16.23 years with a minimum age of 15 and a maximum age of 87 years. The chi-square test was used to check the relationship between skin symptoms and patients' gender and age. the result showed that 150 patients had jaundice (62.76%), which was significantly more frequent than other skin symptoms (P

The phenomenon of cyberdakwah circulating on several social media platforms so significantly in the digital era is seen as having an urgent and progressive role as a virtual space in spreading da'wah messages efficiently, effectively, and covering all social lines of life widely without being hindered by area and limited time. Cyberdakwah is also a phenomenon of digital da'wah in virtual space that affects the existence of da'wah in Islam. Cyberdakwah is a modern method of spreading Islamic messages in the digital era through social media. Social media platforms offer opportunities and facilities for da'i to convey the teachings of Islam through virtual space widely and without limits. This research aims to reinterpret the concept of da'wah and analyse the phenomenon of cyberdakwah on social media as a da'wah activity in QS Al-Nahl Verse 125 from Fakhruddin al-Razi's perspective in the book Mafatih al-Ghaib. This research is a literature research using the literature method with non-participant observation and literature review obtained from journals, articles, books, classical turats books and other relevant sources. The focus of this research is oriented to explain how to reapply the concept of da'wah to address the phenomenon of cyberdakwah on social media according to the analysis of Fakhruddin al-Razi's perspective interpretation theory in QS. Al-Nahl Verse 125 in his tafsir work Mafatih al-Ghaib. The results of this study indicate that there are several concepts and methods of preaching such as stages, ethics, requirements and norms that must be considered in preaching activities, especially on social media. Therefore, the implementation and contribution of the concept of da'wah in this study are expected to be applied in the online realm on social media, considering its effectiveness as a means of Islamic da'wah activities.

Background and purpose: Leptospirosis is a common disease between humans and animals, the source of which is rodents, canines, etc., the disease is transmitted by scratching the skin and getting it contaminated with water contaminated with animal urinary waste and is currently an endemic disease in neighboring northern provinces of Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the findings of chest X-ray and lung CT scans in leptospirosis with or without pulmonary symptoms. Materials and methods: The current descriptive and retrospective research examined the findings of chest X-ray and CT scan of the lungs in patients with leptospirosis with or without pulmonary manifestations in Razi Ghaemshahr Hospital. In this study, 49 hospitalized patients were randomly selected from the records of leptospirosis patients in Razi Ghaemshahr Hospital during the spring and summer of 2017 from an information form based on clinical epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for leptospirosis patients using the mentioned characteristics. The disease was prepared in the infectious reference books and articles published in Farsi and English about this disease, and help was taken from a radiologist colleague to interpret the findings of the chest X-ray and CT scan of the lungs. After recording in SPSS 16 software, the data were analyzed through a Q_Q graph and skewness index. The clinical and epidemiological findings of leptospirosis were considered as inclusion criteria in the study, and the absence of serological tests to confirm leptospirosis was considered as exclusion criteria. Results: Among 49 hospitalized patients with leptospirosis, 11 patients had abnormal radiological findings and 38 patients had normal X-rays. Among 11 patients with abnormal radiological findings, 6 patients had respiratory symptoms, which included 54.54% cough and 18.18% bloody sputum. Among 38 patients with normal radiography, 11 patients had pulmonary symptoms, which included 29.94% cough and 2.63% bloody sputum. The amount of cough was significantly higher. Abnormal findings in chest X-ray, alveolar infiltration, ground glass opacity, and consolidation were the most frequent in the CT scan of the lung. Conclusion: Considering the significant percentage of normal chest radiographs in patients suffering from rice field fever with pulmonary symptoms, it is essential to perform a CT scan of the chest and decide on more effective therapeutic interventions. Therefore, it is considerable that usually changes in the chest CT scan in the severe form of the disease that causes vasculitis and alveolar bleeding appear before the appearance of severe symptoms such as bloody sputum and make a decision to start more effective drugs in the patient's treatment plan. As a result, pulmonary involvement in patients with leptospirosis is of special importance and it should be given special attention due to the endemicity of leptospirosis in the province, considering the associated complications and high mortality and the possibility of its occurrence even in patients who do not have respiratory complaints at the time of presentation. It is suggested to conduct more extensive research based on the population in this field.

Intuition is one of the important aspects of the geometry of religious knowledge and one of the sources of acquiring knowledge. The question of objectivity of associate the mystical experience is one of the basic questions raised in this field. In response to this question, some accepted the theory of essentialism and others believe in structuralism (contextualism). The essentialists consider the associate of mystical experience to be the supreme essence and truth. Proponents of the theory of structuralism, while denying the narration of the mystical experience of a single essence, consider these experiences as a result of a person's culture, belief and intellectual background. Studying and comparing the views of Allameh Tabatabai and Fakhr Razi in the field of realism and objectivity of the associate of the mystical experience is one of the goals and the subject of this article. The study method is descriptive and analytical, relying on their works. The findings of the research show that Allameh Tabatabai, by dividing knowledge into two types of presential knowledge and acquired knowledge and returning the acquired knowledge to presential and accepting the principle of unity of the knower and the known, considered mystical experiences to be the type of acquired and presential knowledge that in both types, Essence experience is realized. From Fakhrazi's view, in the shadow of inner cultivation and self-purification, and reaching mystical states and discoveries, a person reaches a level where he understands the truths with direct knowledge. Therefore, these situations are the experience of the essence and cognitive knowledge. In fact, essentialism is the common feature of Allameh and Fakhr

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been a significant concern for the global health community since its onset. This study aimed to evaluate lung function tests in the follow-up of COVID-19 patients discharged from Razi Hospital in Rasht, Iran, in 2020. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated lung functional tests, including spirometry and the six-minute walking test (6MWT), in the follow-up of 239 hospitalized COVID-19 cases. All demographical and clinical data, along with the lung performance test results of the patients, were recorded, and statistical data were analyzed using SPSS, version 24. Results: The mean age of the patients was 51.69±13.98 years, and most of them were females. About 60.25% of patients had underlying diseases. The frequency of positive 6 MWT tests during the first three, six, and nine months after discharge was 7.96%, 8.70%, and 14.29%, respectively. In the first trimester after discharge, the 6MWT test was more positive among females. In addition, forced expiratory volume (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) showed a significant positive relationship with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR). After six months, positive 6MWT results were significantly associated with older ages and underlying diseases. The amount of FVC was positively associated with DBP, distance traveled in the 6MWT test, and HR, but it was negatively related to age. Conclusion: The findings revealed that older age, female gender, and underlying diseases were associated with positive 6MWT results, decreased pulmonary function, and higher DBP and HR.

The majority of scholars state that hikmah cannot be considered as an ‘illat (legal cause) due to its abstract and elusive nature. This article aims to examine the views of Imam ar-Razi and Imam al-Amidi regarding hikmah as an ‘illat in Islamic jurisprudence, identify their similarities and differences, and explore the implications for legal deduction. This research uses a literature review methodology with a comparative analysis of the works of Imam ar-Razi and Imam al-Amidi as the primary data sources. The article utilizes usul al-fiqh, a methodological approach to the study of legal issues based on the framework of ‘illat and the hikmah of the law in Islamic jurisprudence. The findings of this article indicate that Imam ar-Razi rejects the use of hikmah as an ‘illat, arguing that hikmah is uncertain and its nature is not constant for every law. On the other hand, Imam al-Amidi suggests that a law accompanied by a clear nature can contain hidden hikmah. The commonality in the thinking of both scholars lies in their rejection of ta’lilul ahkam bi al-hikmah. They argue that hikmah is difficult to ascertain and possesses an abstract nature. There are three key differences between these two scholars: in terms of methodology, thinking, and implications. [Sebagian besar ulama berpendapat bahwa hikmah tidak dapat menjadi ‘illat karena sifatnya yang abstrak dan sulit dipahami. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pemikiran Imam ar-Razi dan Imam al-Amidi mengenai hikmah sebagai ‘illat hukum, menemukan persamaan dan perbedaannya, serta implikasinya terhadap istinbat hukum. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kepustakaan dengan analisis komparatif berdasarkan karya Imam ar-Razi dan Imam al-Amidi sebagai sumber data utama. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah usul al-fiqh, yang merupakan pendekatan untuk memahami masalah hukum berdasarkan kerangka teori ‘illat dan hikmah hukum dalam usul fiqh. Penemuan dalam artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa Imam ar-Razi menolak penggunaan hikmah sebagai ‘illat dengan alasan bahwa hikmah itu tidak dapat diketahui dengan pasti dan sifatnya tidak tetap untuk setiap hukum. Di sisi lain, Imam al-Amidi berpendapat bahwa hukum yang disertai dengan sifat yang jelas dapat mengandung hikmah yang tersembunyi. Persamaan dalam pemikiran kedua tokoh ini adalah penolakan terhadap ta’lilul ahkam bi al-hikmah. Mereka berpendapat bahwa hikmah sulit untuk ditemukan dan bersifat abstrak. Terdapat tiga perbedaan utama antara kedua tokoh tersebut: dalam metode, pemikiran, dan implikasi hukumnya.]

Abstract Background The immunity induced by primary vaccination is effective against COVID-19; however, booster vaccines are needed to maintain vaccine-induced immunity and improve protection against emerging variants. Heterologous boosting is believed to result in more robust immune responses. This study investigated the safety and immunogenicity of the Razi Cov Pars vaccine (RCP) as a heterologous booster dose in people primed with Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Coronavirus Vaccine (BBIBP-CorV). Methods We conducted a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial in adults aged 18 and over primarily vaccinated with BBIBP-CorV, an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Eligible participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive a booster dose of RCP or BBIBP-CorV vaccines. The primary outcome was neutralizing antibody activity measured by a conventional virus neutralization test (cVNT). The secondary efficacy outcomes included specific IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1 and receptor-binding domain, RBD) antigens and cell-mediated immunity. We measured humoral antibody responses at 2 weeks (in all participants) and 3 and 6 months (a subgroup of 101 participants) after the booster dose injection. The secondary safety outcomes were solicited and unsolicited immediate, local, and systemic adverse reactions. Results We recruited 483 eligible participants between December 7, 2021, and January 13, 2022. The mean age was 51.9 years, and 68.1% were men. Neutralizing antibody titers increased about 3 (geometric mean fold increase, GMFI = 2.77, 95% CI 2.26–3.39) and 21 (GMFI = 21.51, 95% CI 16.35–28.32) times compared to the baseline in the BBIBP-CorV and the RCP vaccine groups. Geometric mean ratios (GMR) and 95% CI for serum neutralizing antibody titers for RCP compared with BBIBP-CorV on days 14, 90, and 180 were 6.81 (5.32–8.72), 1.77 (1.15–2.72), and 2.37 (1.62–3.47) respectively. We observed a similar pattern for specific antibody responses against S1 and RBD. We detected a rise in gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin 2 (IL-2) following stimulation with S antigen, particularly in the RCP group, and the flow cytometry examination showed an increase in the percentage of CD3 + /CD8 + lymphocytes. RCP and BBIBP-CorV had similar safety profiles; we identified no vaccine-related or unrelated deaths. Conclusions BBIBP-CorV and RCP vaccines as booster doses are safe and provide a strong immune response that is more robust when the RCP vaccine is used. Heterologous vaccines are preferred as booster doses. Trial registration This study was registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial at www.irct.ir , IRCT20201214049709N4. Registered 29 November 2021.

Diya' al-Din 'Umar al-Razi (d. 1164-65 [?]), the father of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606/1210) was a prominent figure in the fields of fiqh, Sufism, rhetoric, literature, and Kalam. His literary aspect extended to his theological views, as he employed poetry as a tool to substantiate his ideas on imamate, the leadership of the Muslim community. The discovery of the second volume of his lost work, Nihayat al-Maram fi Dirayat al-Kalam, has provided valuable insight into his thoughts. While adhering to Sunni tradition on imamate, Diya' al-Din 'Umar al-Razi presented novel perspectives, re-examined the views of earlier kalam and fiqh scholars in light of contemporary circumstances, offered a theological perspective on his society's socio-political issues, and proposed solutions. This study delves into Diya' al-Din 'Umar's perspective on the necessity of appointing an imam, the qualities an imam must possess, the process of imamate, the possibility of removing an imam from office, the possibility of having two imams simultaneously, whether an imam is appointed through nass (divine decree) or bi'ah (pledge of allegiance), and who is the most virtuous/superior individual after the Prophet Muhammad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Due to the high spread of the coronavirus and the mode of transmission through touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the eyes, nose, or mouth, health workers have the highest risk of contamination, and vaccination of this workforce is necessary to reduce the risk, but this vaccination also resulted in high and common side effects such as local, systemic, early and late side effects. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the early and late complications caused by the booster dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine in the personnel and medical staff of Razi Ghaemshahr Medical Training Center. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on all personnel and treatment staff of Razi Ghaemshahr Center in 1400. Participants were selected by convenience sampling method and a questionnaire related to the topical and specialized questions about booster vaccine side effects was used to collect the data. The data were analyzed using chi-square test and two-way logistic regression. Results: 302 health workers who received a booster dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine participated in this study. The participants had an average age of 34.89, 37.7% were men and 62.3% were women. The most common side effects of the vaccine include pain 64.2%, fatigue 58% and fever 54.6%. The participants were monitored for two months in terms of late complications, including heart attack, stroke, and pulmonary embolism after injecting a booster dose of AstraZeneca, and there were no reports of late complications. Conclusion: According to the results of this research, due to the possibility of more systemic side effects such as muscle pain, fatigue, cough, and fever after the injection, healthcare personnel should pay special attention to the early side effects of the vaccine.

Background and purpose: Hospital infections remain a significant health concern despite advancements in treatment methods. The emergence and spread of pathogens with multiple resistance remain a global health issue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of nosocomial infections and determine the antibiotic resistance pattern in Razi Ghaemshahr Hospital, Mazandaran. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Razi Ghaemshahr Hospital in Mazandaran province during 2016-2017. Positive cultures from hospitalized patients were used as samples and subjected to antibiotic resistance pattern analysis using the disk diffusion method. Results: Out of the 672 hospitalized patients in different wards, the infectious ward had the highest frequency distribution of patients (40%). The most commonly isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (26.2%), Acinetobacter baumannii (14.7%), Enterobacter (14.1%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (13.5%), and Citrobacter (12.8%). The pathogens were highly resistant to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, beta-lactamase inhibitors, and carbapenems. Conclusion: It was found that the most frequently isolated pathogen was Escherichia coli. The emergence of Citrobacter with high antibiotic resistance can possibly be attributed to a shift in the prevalence pattern of microorganisms within this hospital

The unpredictability of various forms of lyric literature, which is rooted in the limitless manifestations of human emotions, reinforces this thought that in the corner of various works, there is a possibility of emergence of a new and even unknown example of this type of literature in one of its many sub-branches. One of these possible examples is an original boasting written by Najmeddin Razi from the words of the Holy Prophet Mohammad. All aspects of the content and language of the mentioned piece have naturally been affected by the unique position of the boaster. The writing ability and the deep devotion of the author of Mersad ol-Ebad undoubtedly added to the impact of this hypothetical boasting. In this article, while extracting and introducing this special piece, the content and linguistic components that make this boasting stand out compared to other common boastings in Persian literature will be presented and analyzed considering the unprecedented centrality of its high-ranking speaker, the Holy Prophet Mohammad (pbuh).

Introduction: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a family of drugs that are among the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide. Due to the ease of access and widespread use of these drugs, many cases of intentional and accidental poisoning of these compounds have been reported.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the clinical signs of drug toxicity with aspirin and NSAIDs in patients referred to Razi Hospital in Ahwaz.Methods: In this study, patients suffering from aspirin and NSAIDs poisoning referred to Razi Hospital during 2013-2015 were included in the study. Information reviewed from their stored records includes clinical presentation, demographic information, reference data, and treatment options.Results: In this study, 79.5% were female respondents and 20.5% were male, and Faye and Kramer coefficients confirmed the existence of a strongly separate relationship between the gender variable and the first clinical signs of poisoning. The results showed that Diclofenac with 27% had the highest toxicity and nausea was the most common symptom in all drug toxicity with aspirin and NSAIDs. Nausea is a common symptom of poisoning with these drugs. There was a significant relationship between laboratory changes with the type of drug and the need for ICU admission, and this relationship was not strong due to the index values.Conclusion: According to the results, most of the patients were aged between 14-24 years old. Nausea was the most common symptom in all drug toxicity with aspirin and NSAIDs.

The issue of the infallibility of the prophets is one of the topics that has always been disputed between the Imams and the Sunnis in its scope and scope. , Often due to the appearance of some verses do not believe in the infallibility of the Prophet. In all respects. The present article is descriptive-analytical, and using library sources to compare the views of Fakhr Razi, one of the Sunni commentators on theological issues, and Tabarsi, one of the great Imami commentators on the following verses; 105 and 106 of Surah An-Nisa '; 49 سوره مائده 43 سوره توبه; 52 سوره حج; 37 سوره احزاب; 2 سوره فتح می‌پردازد. Tabarsi, like most Imams, believes that the Prophet  is infallible and that this infallibility existed before and after the prophecy, while Fakhr al-Razi, according to the appearance of the verses, believes that infallibility is not necessary for the Prophet قبل before the resurrection, but it is necessary. It is from the time of revelation.

Background and purpose: Although various vaccines have been produced to provide immunity against COVID-19, these vaccines do not provide lifelong immunity, and over time, their level of immunity diminishes. Considering that at least 50% of the population must be immune to prevent the chain of transmission of COVID-19, we conducted this study to measure the level of immunity against this virus after at least 6 months of the third dose injection among the employees of Razi Hospital, Qaimshahr. Materials and methods: In this analytical observational study, the blood samples of 88 volunteers were used to determine the SARS-Cov-2 RBD antibody. The 18-item self-report questionnaire of the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine was provided to the participants. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS software (version 0.24). Results: The mean age of the participants was 41 years, and men and women accounted for 36.36% and 63.63% of the samples, respectively. The youngest participant was 23 years old, while the oldest was 72 years old. Comorbidities were found in 21% of the participants. Among the 88 participants, 98.86% had antibody levels higher than the cut-off, which was 5 (RU/ml). Systemic side effects of the third dose included fever (46.5%), myalgia (25%), as well as local reactions of pain (29.5%) and redness (6%). The systemic side effects of the fourth dose were fever (22%), myalgia (12%), and the local reactions were injection site pain (42%) and redness (4%). Conclusion: No significant relationship was found between the investigated variables and the antibody level. However, it was observed that humoral immunity against COVID-19 was present in most of the injectors after 6 months from the third dose injection.

This article aims to highlight the role of context in directing meaning and can be divided into two branches and its effective role in directing meaning through knowledge of the situation. As for the second, it came out of the phenomenon, from a narrow scope of theorizing to the breadth of application, by presenting a number of Quranic models that Al-Razi was exposed to in his interpretation, to show us and the reader in the light of the impact of that phenomenon in directing the meanings of the Qur'an. The importance of the research lies in the fact that it sheds light on the concept of context and its role in directing the semantics of words when Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, and previous studies were limited to language books and did not examine it in the books of the principles of jurisprudence, especially the book of the crop in the origins of jurisprudence by al-Razi, which is rightly a circle of science in his time, the approach imposed by the nature of the study is the descriptive approach as the research dealt with the concept of context and its sections accompanied by applied examples that show the importance of context in directing meaning.

Some thinkers believe that Fakhr al-Razi’s silence regarding the immateriality of the soul shows that he considers it to be material; whereas, one can conclude the immateriality of the soul from his words and views. However, Fakhr al-Razi’s explanation differs from that of other philosophers such as Allamah Tabatabaie. Thus, the present article compares the views of these two great exegetes of the Islamic world through a descriptive-analytic method, critiques their views, and raises the authoritative view. There are three views regarding the matter of the immateriality of the soul. Some consider it to be material. The second group has regarded it to be immaterial and the third group believes in two dimensions of the soul. In the action dimension, it depends on matter, and in the essence dimension, it is immaterial. What can be analyzed from the works of Fakhr al-Razi is the immateriality of the soul in both essence and action. In contrast, Allamah Tabatabaie presents the best view and proves through verses of the Quran and logical and rational arguments that the soul is essentially immaterial; however, in terms of actions, it needs matter because if it were immaterial in the action dimension, it cannot be joined with the physical body in this material world.

Introduction Somatic disorders in patients suffering from psychiatric disorders have become an important issue in the overall care of these patients Comorbidity studies show that 30 to 60% of patients consulted or hospitalized in psychiatry present an associated organic pathology However, the detection of somatic conditions in psychiatric patients remains too late and this exposes them to sometimes lethal somatic complications Objectives To evaluate the prevalence of somatic disorders in patients followed for a psychiatric disorder at Ar Razi hospital in Salé – Morocco, and to determine the associated factors Methods We carried out a cross-sectional study with 80 patients followed for a psychiatric disorder at Ar Razi hospital in Salé presenting clinical signs in favor of an organic pathology and transferred for specialized advice to the medical-surgical services, in the period from September 1st, 2022 until August 31st, 2023. Results Most of our patients were male (65%) with ages ranging from 18 to 65 years. Addictive behaviors were found in more than half of our patients. The most frequent reasons for requests for advice from medical-surgical services was the suspicion of an organic cause of psychiatric symptoms in 25% of cases or the presence of an organic warning sign in 30% of cases. The comorbidity of somatic illness and psychiatric disorder was noted in 35% of cases. Somatic comorbidities were essentially: infections and cardiovascular diseases. Side effects of psychotropic drugs were predominantly neurological in 40 % of cases Conclusions Somatic comorbidities in patients hospitalized or in consultation in psychiatric hospitals are very common, often unrecognized, hence the need for early screening in order to improve care. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Opioid substitution treatments, notably methadone, now represent the standard treatment in the management of opioid dependence, making it possible to reduce illicit opioid consumption, crime, infections linked to administration practices and improve socio-professional integration Objectives Determine the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients Evaluate the quality of life of these patients Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study was conducted with 60 patients receiving methadone followed at Ar-Razi Hospital in Salé between 01 june 2023 and 30 august 2023. A questionnaire was used to assess the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. Quality of life was assessed using the 36-item Short Form Health Survey SF-36 scale Results The average age of our patients was 34 years with a male predominance Most of our patients were single and unemployed Somatic disorders were found in 15% of the sample The majority of them had an associated depressive disorder The main types of new psychoactive substances consumed were benzodiazepines (62.3%) and cannabis. Quality of life was impaired in 60% of patients treated with methadone Conclusions The population using methadone is precarious and presents somatic and psychiatric vulnerability. Forms of misuse and associated consumption of other psychoactive substances and illicit drugs are recorded, hence the need for early detection in order to improve care Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Comorbidity between psychiatric disorders and disorders linked to psychoactive substance use is common and represent a real public health problem. The association of a psychiatric disorder can, in certain cases, modify the treatment methods and also the evolution of the addictive behavior. Objectives Determining the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in patients with substance use disorder Identify the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized in the addictology department. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study with descriptive and analytical aims, in order to study psychiatric comorbidities in 150 patients with substance use disorder hospitalized in the addictology department of Ar Razi hospital in Salé over a period from June 1, 2022 to August 30, 2023. Data collection was done using a questionnaire including clinical and socio-demographic characteristics, the prevalence of problematic use of psychoactive substances and the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders (diagnoses assessed by DSM 5 criteria). Results A male predominance was noted (80%). The main substances consumed in the last 12 months were tobacco (98%), cannabis (74%), alcohol and benzodiazepines. The majority of patients presented at least one psychiatric comorbidity (80%), with a predominance of depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. Personal history of suicide attempts was found in 30% of the sample Substance dependency that prompted initially the consultation was higher in patients with psychiatric comorbidity (p < 0.05) Post-traumatic stress disorder was significantly associated with the presence of problematic cocaine and alcohol use. Social phobia is associated with the absence of a criminal record. Conclusions Addictive behaviors are often associated with psychiatric disorders. The most common psychiatric comorbidities are depression, anxiety and personality disorders, hence the need for simultaneous treatment of psychiatric pathologies and addictive behavior Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Medicine, as one of the most important branches of science, developed significantly in the Abbasid era (656-132 AH). In addition to writing medical texts and treating patients, Muslim physicians also paid close attention to medical ethics, presenting the physician’s responsibilities, along with the treatment of the patient according to the teachings of the Holy Qur’an and the Prophet traditions. The medical ethics of this era, extracted from the works of physicians of the Abbasid era, comprised various components and principles. In this research, ethical components from the perspective of Tabari, Rahawi, and Razi are studied, compared, and analyzed.This study has been conducted by referring to the texts of the Abbasid era, with a special emphasis on medical texts. Having the objective of the present research in mind, the researchers employed the content analysis method in analyzing the collected data.The most important ethical components of physicians of this period comprise confidentiality, responsibility, and good morals. Components, such as confidentiality and responsibility, are almost on the same level of importance, the elements representing doctors’ commitment to the lives of the patients. That of good morals, however, although crucial in the first stages of treatment, has been less paid attention to by the physicians of this age.While writing the first independent medical work, Tabari heeded the ethical aspects of this profession. Razi also paid a lot of attention to ethics in the clinic and considered it necessary to regard the patients’ condition during the course of treatment. However, the first independent work in the field of medical ethics, taking a comprehensive view of the field, was written by Rahawi. Comparing the ethical components found in the works of the mentioned physicians shows that the frequency of the component confidentiality in Razi, Rahawi, and Tabari’s works is about 51%, 40%, and 9%, respectively. Regarding the component of responsibility, Razi and Tabari have paid more attention (59% and 32%) than Rahawi, with an average of 9%. However, regarding good morals, Rahawi with an average of 59% stands in the first place, Razi with 28%, and Tabari, with 13%, in the second and third place, respectively.

The language of birds and its cryptic aspects has been attracted among large number of philosophers from the earliest times. Avicenna was the first person who wrote a treatise on birds in the Islamic period. After him, scholars and thinkers used the language of birds as a means of expressing mystical, political and social idea. It can be mentioned Ghazzali and Najm Razi among these philosophers. Joseph Campbell has studied the role of this issue in the formation of the hero’s character by considering the archetype of the hero journey; it’s including three stages of departure, realization and return. In this study, with the descriptive-analytical method, we attempt to determine the similarities and differences between the works of these three Iranian philosophers based on the Campbell's model. According to the studies in the present article, all three treatises are similar in separation and accession stage; Of course, the details of these stages are also different in these treatises. After that, the path of each story separated in the return stage and, this issue has created differences in the structure and text of these three works that it can be said these differences are derived from the philosophical, mystical and social author’s point of view. Remarkable point is that the journey stages of the in Avicenna's treatise are more complete than of the other two authors.

Introduction: Entrepreneurship serves as the engine of economic growth and the most important source of innovation and job creation. It is one of the factors considered along with labor and capital (Kiajouri et al., 2012). Entrepreneurs, by properly using economic opportunities and creating new business opportunities, improve the performance of production and service activities, play an important role in the development of the global economy and increase employment rates (Farrokh et al., 2014). Entrepreneurship is a set of activities that contribute to the sustainability and stimulation of economic and social progress, lead to the creation of new values, and provide new employment opportunities through the effective use of resources and facilities. Nowadays, entrepreneurial orientation is known as the most widespread predictor of entrepreneurial behavior and performance and a widely used constructs of behavior recognition. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of social networks in the entrepreneurial orientation of students. A glance at the global state of our economy leads us to believe that the growth of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial culture is a way to improve the disease of the country's economy and prevent its deterioration, which has received little attention from the government and researchers. In this regard, due to the small number of studies in this field and through the study experience of developed countries, the present research shows the high power of information and communication technology in creating fundamental changes in industry and trade and the transformation of production and trade foundations in the present time.Methodology: The present study is a quantitative in terms of purpose and applied in terms of data collection. It is conducted with a descriptive-survey method to examine the relationships among the variables based on the purpose of the research. The statistical population of the study included the students at the faculties of economics and entrepreneurship (625 people) and engineering (2156) of Razi University. According to the published statistics of the employment monitoring plan of universities and also the employment status registered in the Ministry of Alumni Cooperation, due to training and acquisition of job skills, it is possible to achieve more employment opportunities in technical and applied fields than in other fields. To have the desired sample size, the Cochran's formula was used with a maximum variance and the confidence level of 0.05. Finally, as many as 386 were selected by the proportional stratified random sampling method. In order to collect the data, the standard questionnaire of entrepreneurial orientation of Lampkin and Des (1996) and the structured questionnaire of social networks derived from the Jahanbani social networks (1397) were used. To assess the validity of the questionnaires, as they had previously been repeatedly validated by various researchers, the Committee of Researchers and Experts in the field of entrepreneurship was asked to comment on their validity. Their points of view on modifying and adjusting the final form of the questionnaire were implemented. Also, to determine the reliability, 30 questionnaires were completed by respondents outside the study sample, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated for them.Results and Discussion: In the study of a sample of 368 students at the Faculty of Economics, Entrepreneurship and Engineering of Razi University, it was observed that there is a proper and significant relationship between the studied variables. Through structural equation modeling, a general model was provided to predict entrepreneurial orientation. As it was observed, social networks have the greatest effect on risk-taking (r = 0.21) among the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation. In general, social networks have an effect on entrepreneurial orientation (r = 0.33) and explain 39 percent of the variance of the entrepreneurial orientation variable.Conclusion: The results indicate that the social network variable has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial orientation and is able to explain 39% of the variance of entrepreneurial orientation. Given that entrepreneurial orientation is a process of adopting a strategy and a style of engaging in entrepreneurial activities and evaluates the desire to create opportunities and take advantage of it, it is influenced by social networks. In addition, virtual social networking services over the past few years has been able to attract a significant audience in various areas such as business, entrepreneurship, enterprise competitiveness to provide valuable potentials to individuals and to create opportunities and create business. In this case, new networks are suggested to the authorities, considering the important fact that the effective use of these networks can affect the formation of businesses by students and educated people through training, culture and continuous expert monitoring of the space. Virtual communities and planners can use this capacity for the future.

In many middle- and high-income countries, existing buildings will occupy the majority of building areas by 2050 and measures are needed to upgrade the mentioned buildings for a sustainable transition. This research proposes a method to mitigate the energy consumption of existing educational buildings using four energy efficiency measures (EEMs). The proposed method divides simulations into two main parts: simulations with and without using heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Four passive EEMs are used, including window replacement, proposed shading devices, new insulations, and installing a new partition wall for the entrance part of the building. This research uses a simulation-based method to examine the effect of each EEM on the energy consumption of the building using DesignBuilder software. The steps of data collection and modeling in this research include collecting raw data related to the physical characteristics of the building experimentally and creating a basic model. Afterwards, simulation scenarios were defined based on the proposed method, and several simulations were carried out to examine the impact of each EEM on the energy performance of the building. Two environmental parameters of the simulation process, including indoor air temperature (IAT) and relative humidity (RH), were used. The measures reduced the heating and cooling demands in the building by 80.14 % and 15.70 %, respectively. Moreover, the results indicated that the total energy consumption of the building were reduced by 10.44 % after retrofitting measures.

Purpose: In the age of the internet and with students' growing reliance on this interactive medium, coupled with the rise in cybercrimes that infringe upon individuals' privacy, online privacy literacy can serve as a crucial tool in mitigating such harms online. Several factors can contribute to enhancing this literacy. This study seeks to investigate the impact of digital skills on enhancing online privacy literacy among undergraduate students at Razi University in Kermanshah. Method: The present research is of an applied type and was conducted using a survey method The statistical population includes 7774 undergraduate students of Razi University in Kermanshah in 2018-2019. The sample size was determined to be 366 people using Morgan's table through a stratified random sampling method. Researcher-developed online privacy literacy and digital skills questionnaires were utilized to collect data. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed through content validity methods and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, respectively. Additionally, descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the findings using SPSS software version 24. Findings: The results showed that the online privacy literacy level of undergraduate students is lower than average. However, the students' digital skills level is moderate. Additionally, based on data analysis, digital skills have an impact factor of 0.49 on knowledge of the performance of online service providers, 0.29 on knowledge of information protection laws, 0.51 on knowledge of technical aspects of online privacy, 0.51 on technical skills, 0.40 on social skills, and 0.61 on the overall online privacy literacy scale. The study concludes that as digital skills increase, online privacy literacy and all its components also improve. Conclusion: Due to the effectiveness of digital skills in enhancing online privacy literacy to uphold privacy on the Internet, it is imperative to provide the essential training and implement measures to enhance students' digital skills. This will elevate their security levels while using the Internet, consequently reducing numerous privacy risks and challenges they may encounter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionCoronavirus is a large family of viruses that cause respiratory infections (Jiang et al., 2020). The virus, previously unknown, was found in a significant number of patients in the city of Wuhan, China (Najo et al., 2020). It swept across countries’ borders so quickly that on April 1, 2020, 360783 cases of the virus were found in 205 countries of the world (Kate Louis et al., 2021). In Iran, the virus soon swept through the borders of the provinces and cities revealing itself as a multi-dimensional problem. One of the groups that have suffered double dealing with the virus was nurses working in hospitals. Nurses in the Khuzestan province were also experiencing a battle with the Coronavirus. This experience caused many sufferings. Because of the unknown nature of the Coronavirus, at the early spread of the virus, the nurses, like other groups of people, felt threatened with the disease. On the other hand, they felt morally and organizationally obliged to do their job well, and this made them continue to live in the environment and serve the patients suffering from the virus, despite their fear and panic. This was the most important reason for investigating the mentioned issue. The present study used the interpretive approach with the aim of understanding the common experiences of patients from the Coronavirus and the nurses involved in the infectious and isolated sections at Razi Hospital in Ahvaz. The present study explores the understanding of the experiences of individuals involved with the corona, especially the nurses of this sector and patients who have been infected with the virus and hospitalized. Based on the results of this study, the challenges that patients with Covid-19 have faced include the experience of death anxiety, disease experience, uncertainty experience, emotion caused by quarantine, etc. These painful experiences can delay the patient's recovery (Rahmati Nejad, Yazdi, Khosravi, & Shahisadrabadi, 2020). The nurses responded similarly in the same situation. Based on research by Riocci et al. (2020), nurses were afraid to deal with cases of Covid-19 for their own safety and health, but after the deployment of standard methods, they were partly reassured of protecting themselves from the disease. Materials and MethodsIn this study, the grounded theory method, as one of the important methods in qualitative research, was used. The approach used in this study was based on the view of Corbin and Strauss (2015). In this study, the participants were 22 of the nurses and patients hospitalized and improved at Razi Hospital and several other hospitals in Khuzestan province. The participants had sufficient information and knowledge about the subject under study. The sampling method in this study was purposeful; in addition, the sample selection in the process of data gathering, considering the degree of saturation of categories, was carried out in the direction of the qualities and dimensions.The main technique used to collect data in this study was in-depth interviews with each participant conducted around one and a half hours. First, by interviewing six of the participants, the main questions of the research were modified and adjusted. The modified questions were then used. The purpose of the interview was the to extract concepts, categories, and paradigms related to the study.Data analysis was based on five coding stages considering the 2015 version of the proposed grounded theory method of Corbin and Strauss. At the beginning of the coding phase, the data were analysed line by line and the initial concepts were extracted. In the next step, the code that was connected in terms of the concept and feature was organized by the centrality of the main categories. In the axial coding stage, they were related to the main categories. Selective coding was followed using the selection of concepts and issues that were considered effective in extracting the main category of the study.In this study, the authors used five research strategies to obtain the confidence level for the scientific approval of the study including observing colleagues, checking by contributors, long participation, continuous observation in the field of research, and deep and rich descriptions. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsThe appeared paradigm consists of three main dimensions of terms, interaction, and outcomes, which include the unknown nature of the virus, the interconnectedness of illness and the compression of shifts, a desire for accurate general understanding, successive iteration of decisive moments, anxiety and uncertainty. The interaction aspect includes feeling towards the end of power, disrupting the balance of relations and social relations, rethinking of employment and personality, anxiety, and uncertainty in facing the family. The outcome dimension includes the confluence of roles, acknowledging the high volume of tasks, no life and job security for nurses which were formed around a core paradigm called ‘two intertwined experiences influenced by the Coronavirus’.The research participants talked about the unique suffering that was strongly influenced by the unknown nature of the virus in the early days. The ignorance of the virus and the unfamiliarity of the world with its contagious and lethal power led to the anxiety and stress in the medical staff. They were concerned about themselves, their protection, their patients, their families and other citizens. Nurses in the infectious and isolated sections, although experienced in the use of protective equipment such as gowns, masks, and disinfectants, all indicated that new conditions lay ahead. With the increase in the number of patients and also the increase in the number of daily hospitalizations and the duration of hospitalization days, the infectious section became the busiest part of the hospital and unique experiences of having the fear and hope of nurses and patients were recorded. Both groups of patients and nurses longed for family visits, but more than ever believed in the unpleasant imposed aspect of protocols and chose to maintain distance.When conducting health care for covid patients, nurses are generally exposed to fluid and unstable situations; patients who do not have physically stable conditions and face a state of confusion with not responding to the nursing care. Nurses are always under pressure from people, hospital administrations, sick companions, patients, and other hospital staff. The nursing station can be considered a place of collision between a patient and a nurse; the place in which the companions unaware of a nurse's duties will seek medical care, impatience, not cooperating, labeling, urging for an answer, prejudice, complaint and judicial treatments, overcoming of emotions on the better judgment, disrespecting the nurse, having a bad attitude, etc. which will result in devaluing and far expectations.The findings of the World Health Organization show that the rapid outbreak of Covid-19 disease at the beginning of 2020 in the world put severe physical and psychological pressure on the medical staff of hospitals involved in the care of patients with Covid-19, to the extent that the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increased for this group. It is essential to increase the resilience of nurses and medical staff in their work, as well as to help patients who are seriously challenged with the disease, through strategic measures. Social support, as mentioned by Hou et al. (2020) can improve the mental health of medical staff through resilience, especially among middle-aged staff because resilience and mental health in this group have become poorer than the youth.

The present article introduces a newfound manuscript of one of Najm al- Din Razi's (573-654 AH) treatises, which was written before the Mongol invasion and during the life of Majd al- Din Baghdadi (martyrdom: 607 or 616 AH). Besides describing and editing the treatise, attempts are made in this study to prove its attribution to Najm al- Din by looking for similarities between this work and his other works, particularly Mirsad al-Ebad. Due to the similarities found in the use of words, collocations, and phrases; the use of the same hadiths, verses, and poems, which are present in other works by Najm al- Din; as well as the similarity in the topics raised; this treatise can be attributed to Najm al -Din Razi. Considering the goals of this research, a stylistic analysis approach and a historical analysis based on base manuscript were adopted. The editing was done on base manuscript (No. 2996 F) available in National Library of Iran. The results of the research make it clear that this newfound short treatise, containing an initial draft of Mirsad al-Ebad, was most probably authored by Najm al- Din Razi, which was written in the period when he paid homage to his sheikh, Majd al -Din Baghdadi.