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OBJECTIVE: To find the causes of occurrence and outcome of acute renal failure in women during peripartum period. METHODOLOGY: This prospective study was conducted in department of Gynae & Obsts. in collaboration with urology department at Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences Jamshoro from February 2015 to January 2017. Sample size was 90, overwhelming patients coming from peripheral area. Data was analyzed in SPSS version 21.0. Mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables such as age, gravidity & parity, frequency and percentages were calculated for qualitative variables; pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, hemolysis, post and antepartum hemorrhages, high liver enzymes, puerperal sepsis, low platelets, disseminated intravascular coagulation and outcomes like complete, partial and non-recovery. T-test was applied to evaluate the causes and outcomes. P value (P < 0.05) was considered as significant. RESULTS: Causes of 90 patients, which includes pre-eclampsia, eclampsia 11(12.22%), Postpartum hemorrhage 9(10%), Ante-partum hemorrhage 10(11.11%), 27 (30%) Hemorrhage, HELLP Syndrome 3 (3.33%), purpeural sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation 7(7.77%), Ruptured Uterus 4 (4.44%), hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme and Low Platelets Syndrome 5(5.55%), disseminated intravascular coagulation 4(4.44%), Dehydration 4(4.44%) and Obstructed Labor 6(6.66%). Outcome of acute renal failure in women during peripartum period, includes maternal outcome, delayed complete recovery, partial recovery, non-recovery, referred for dialysis. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the frequently causes were peripartum haemorrhage, eclampsia pre-eclampsia, puerperal sepsis and these sources were risk factors to increase morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To determine Clinical presentation and risk factors of Ectopic pregnancy to highlight and drawing attention for early diagnosis and prompt management. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective study was conducted in Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad from January 2018 to December 2018. During one year of study period, 25 cases of ectopic pregnancies were enrolled in the study. In all cases age, parity, gestational age, risk factors, signs and symptoms, site of ectopic pregnancy and surgical intervention were noted on Performa and data was analyzed, results depicted in charts and tables. RESULTS: Most patients aged between 20-30 years with gestational age of 2 months, in parity 08 were primigravida, 06 were gravida 1, 05 were gravida 2, 03 in each gravida 3 and 4. One patient had a history of miscarriage, 02 underwent infertility treatment, 03 had previous ectopic pregnancy, 02 patients with previous cesarean section, while 08 patients given the history of pelvic inflammatory diseases. Six patients were diagnosed clinically while 15 cases through abdominal ultrasound and 4 through transvaginal ultrasound. Amenorrhea was present in 22 patients, vaginal bleeding in 20 cases and lower abdominal pain in 18 cases, while 08 patients presented in shock. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis prevents complications such as rupture of ectopic pregnancy, which end up with excision of fallopian tube or ovary badly affecting fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Birth asphyxia is the failure to initiate and sustain breathing at birth as a result of hypoxia and ischemia, assessed on Apgar score of 0-3 at 5 minutes or later, acid base status by fetal scalp pH. Objective: To determine the frequency of maternal factors responsible for birth asphyxia. Material and Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study has been conducted at department of perinatology, National Institute of Child Health, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi. From 28th January 2015 to 27th July 2015. A total of 196 mothers of asphyxiated newborn babies of either gender were enrolled. A detailed clinical history with possible factors leading to asphyxia along their biodata including age, parity and education were taken on predesigned proforma. Results: The mean maternal age was 32.53±7.23 years with mean parity was 2.68±1.29 and gravidity was 3.30±1.48. The mean no. of antenatal visits was 7.32±1.11. Multiple pregnancies were observed in 11.2% mothers, vaginal bleeding was observed in 56.1% mothers, meconium stained liquor in 71.9% mothers, prolong rupture of membrane >18 hours was found in 86.7% mothers, presentation other than cephalic was positive in 26.0% mothers, anemia was positive in 41.8%, edema in 10.7%, and hypertension in 14.3% mothers. Conclusion: The maternal risk factor for the birth asphyxia observed more frequent were improper antenatal visits, maternal age, prolonged rupture of membrane, meconium stained liquor, anemia, vaginal bleeding, and caesarian section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine knowledge and different attitudes towards menstruation among young women. Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out at Isra University Hyderabad and villages around the Isra University Hospital, from 1st April 2005 to 31st March 2006. Five hundred women from villages around Isra University Hospital and students of Isra University Hyderabad were selected by non-probability sampling who were of menstruating age irrespective of their marital and literacy status. Women with menstrual irregularities or any other gynecological or psychological problem were excluded. All information was recorded on a questionnaire Performa and analyzed on SPSS version 15.0. Results: Out of 500 participants, 438 (87.6%) regarded menstruation as a natural process; whereas, 62 (12.4%) perceived it as a disease and curse from God. Out of 500, 415 (83%) of the participants responded that the menstruation process is good for health; however, 85 (17%) felt this process not healthy for themselves. Conclusion: Ignorance, false perceptions and unsafe practices regarding menstruation are not uncommon among young women, hence the importance of health education particularly of women living in rural areas. Then they will be better prepared emotionally to experience menstruation and will have less negative reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne having a prevalence of > 90% in adolescents persisting in adulthood, causes inflammation and scaring. Acne scars cause severe social, psychological and cosmetic problems. There are many remedies available for acne scars with variable results. CO2-AFR laser is a new modality with more effectiveness and low side effect profile. Objective: To determine the effectiveness and safety of CO2-AFR device in the treatment of moderate to severe atrophic acne scars. Study Design: Interventional study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at Dermatology Department Unit-I, Mayo Hospital Lahore and duration was 1 year, from April 2015 to March 2016. Material and Methods: The 30 patients of either sex, having moderate to severe atrophic acne scars were enrolled in the study. Pre-treatment assessment of acne scars was done by using Goodman & Baron qualitative scarring grading system. Patients were treated at 4 - 5 weeks interval with maximum 5 sessions. Objective assessment for efficacy and side effects was done at each session. Data was collected on a specially designed proforma and statistical analysis carried out by using SPSS version 17. Results: Significant improvement in acne scars was observed. 14 (46.7%) patients showed good efficacy (50 - 75% reduction), 1 (3.3%) patient came out with excellent efficacy (> 75%) and 14 (46.7%) patients showed fair efficacy (25 - 50% reduction in acne scars). 13.3% patients showed few delayed side effects which resolved with treatment. Conclusion: CO2-AFR device was proved to be effective and safe in the treatment of moderate to severe atrophic acne scars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]