Search

Protection of cultivated land around cities has been an important topic in the territorial spatial planning, which is of great significance in guaranteeing ecological and food security and contributing to the sustainable development of cities. In this study, we quantified the synergistic relationship between natural quality characteristics and surrounding site conditions of cultivated land, by integrating the three-line demarcation requirements of permanent basic cultivated land red line, ecological red line, and urban development boundary. On the basis of Land Evaluation and Site Assessment (LESA) theory, this study establishes a cultivated land suitability evaluation system based on the comprehensive evaluation system of natural quality and site conditions, establishes cultivated land use and protection zones around the main urban area of Anshan City, and puts forward the control measures of cultivated land protection zones. The results showed that the cultivated land in the main urban area of Anshan could be divided into four types: permanent basic cultivated land area accounting for 80.7%, permanent basic cultivated land reserve area accounting for 10.15%, urban development boundary flexible use area accounting for 3.98%, and ecological restoration area accounting for 5.17%. The evaluation results reflected the differences in the cultivated land quality and site environment stability and integrated the policy requirements of the three-line demarcation. The layout of cultivated land around the main urban area was effectively explored, and the permanent basic farmland protection zone was delineated, which met the requirements of flexible development of urban boundaries and control of ecological red line for effective land use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights that many Arab countries have high spending without developing a solid revenue base or adequate emergency reserves, public debt levels have skyrocketed, and governments balance sheets have struggled to cope with waves of crises and their required responses. It also discusses that many Arab countries have faced compounded shocks in the humanitarian and health spheres, in real economic and financial trends, and in the management of their pre-existing sovereign debts.

Successive calamities, including bark beetle outbreaks and windthrow, have caused severe damages in German forests since 2018. The loss of forest stands as an important source of income makes it increasingly difficult for forest management to secure sustainable revenues, which in turn threatens the livelihood of many private forest enterprises. In addition, valuable ecosystem services are affected and there is a lack of financial resources for the necessary investments in reforestation and climate change adaptation. An online survey was used to investigate the attitude of private forest enterprises towards solving liquidity problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines steps taken at one academic library to address issues encountered when attempting to create a foundation of copyright knowledge to assist staff in reserves and interlibrary loan. It reviews the development of a copyright policy for the library that specifically addressed interlibrary loan and reserves activities. It also addresses how conducting staff instruction, developing process documentation, and having regular training meetings, enhanced each department's ability to incorporate the new policy into daily workflows. Finally, it points out new issues encountered when attempting to simplify how copyright and licensed materials are handled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heilangou gold deposit is located in the east of Jiaobei area, and the proven gold reserves currently account for more than 70 % of that of Penglai area. The intrusive rocks related to mineralization in this area are rich in silicon, and alkali while lacking magnesium, with TFeO (1.22 %-12.36 %,with an average of 3.38 %),and the Rb mass fraction is less than 270×10-6. The REE chondrite-normalized distribution curve has an obvious right-leaning distribution model and weak positive Eu anomaly, and the w (Rb)/w (Nb) value is 7.8-36.0,which is A-type granite, with the characteristic of low-Mg adakites. The crystal ages of intrusive rocks measured by the LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb method are respectively (172.8±0.3)Ma, (172.8±0.4)Ma, and (174.0±0.4)Ma, which are all related to magmatic activity in the early Middle Jurassic. Heilangou gold area is mainly controlled by the lower crust and lithospheric mantle, and the source of ore-forming material is related to the partial melting of the crust and upwelling of lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere mantle, which belongs to the mixed material source of crust and mantle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The widespread use and misuse of antimicrobials are the major driving factor for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that threatens the health of human beings globally. Thus, monitoring antimicrobial consumption at national level is crucial to prevent and contain AMR. Nevertheless, there is no well-established system for recording and reporting of antimicrobial consumption in Ethiopia. Hence, the national antimicrobial consumption survey was conducted to generate evidence for decision-making on the appropriate use of antimicrobials in Ethiopia and tackle AMR. Methods: All imported and locally manufactured antimicrobials from 2017 to 2019 were from the Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority and local manufacturers database, respectively. Data were collected and analyzed descriptively in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) and defined daily doses (DDD) classification and methodology. Results: The average DDD/1,000 inhabitants for all antimicrobials was 15.36. The DDD/1,000 inhabitants fell down sharply from 37.03 in 2017 to 4.30 in 2018, before slightly rising to 4.75 in 2019. The majority of the consumed antimicrobials were comprised of oral antimicrobials (98.6%), while parenteral antimicrobials made up 1.4%. Tetracyclines (35.81%), fluoroquinolones (20.19%), macrolides (13.92%), antiretrovirals (10.57%), and cephalosporins (9.63%) were the most frequently consumed classes of antimicrobials during the three years period. About 75.83% of the consumed antimicrobials fall under the WHO AWaRe classification and 67.87% of antimicrobial consumption was from the WHO Access class medications, with Watch and Reserve classes accounting for 32.13% and <1%, respectively. Similarly, about 86.90% of the antimicrobials fall under the Ethiopian AWaRe classification, with Access, Watch, and Reserve accounting for 87.73%, 12.26%, and <1%, respectively. Conclusion: Due to the peculiarities of our settings, our findings may have some similarities and differences with similar studies from other countries. Hence, we recommend for all concerned bodies to work collaboratively to improve monitoring of antimicrobial consumption at different levels of the Ethiopian healthcare tier system. Future work is necessary to establish a strong system of reporting of antimicrobial consumption patterns in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is both a major trading partner of the United States and the largest official holder of U.S. assets in the world. The value of Chinese foreign exchange reserves peaked at just over $4 trillion in June 2014 but has since declined to $3.19 trillion (as of August 2016). This very large decline in foreign exchange reserves is unprecedented, and some analysts have speculated that continued sales of these (mostly U.S.) assets might significantly impact the U.S. and global economies. This article explains the reasons for this large decline in official assets, China's available policy choices, and how these choices could affect the U.S. economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present evidence from 260,000 online auctions of second-hand cars to identify the impact of public reserve prices on auction outcomes. We exploit multiple discontinuities in the relationship between reserve prices and vehicle characteristics to present causal regression-discontinuity estimates of reserve price impacts. We find an increase in reserve price decreases the number of bidders, increases the likelihood the object remains unsold, and increases expected revenue conditional on sale. We then combine these estimates to calibrate the reserve price effect on the auctioneer's ex ante expected revenue. This reveals the auctioneer's reserve price policy to be locally optimal. ( JEL D44, L11, L62) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel financing scheme, reserve financing, for government infrastructure investment in China. A two-sector open economy model explores the consequences and policy implications of a surge in infrastructure investment financed by international reserves. The results show that reserve financing, coupled with a managed float exchange rate system, can maintain the country's fast growth rate while mitigating fiscal pressure on local governments. Productive infrastructure capital stimulates domestic demand, reducing the country's dependence on exports. To promote growth and maintain price stability, three factors are critical: return on infrastructure, swift fiscal adjustment, and rapid infrastructure financing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Las reservas internacionales constituyen una de las herramientas de que disponen los bancos centrales para proporcionar un seguro de liquidez y hacer frente a contingencias futuras y a cambios repentinos en los flujos de capitales. Este trabajo analiza los factores económicos que explican el comportamiento de las reservas en el caso argentino. Atal efecto, se estiman modelos de VEC (vector de corrección de errores), con datos trimestrales de ese país, que cubren el período 1994-2013. Los resultados muestran que el PIB real y el riesgo país serían los principales determinantes de la volatilidad en las reservas, mientras que otros factores, como los términos del intercambio y los componentes de la balanza de pagos (balanza comercial y cuenta capital y financiera, respectivamente) habrían sido menos importantes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper seeks general objective is to determine the national legal reserve in Venezuela's Bolivariana Republic Constitution of 1999. Is used the documentary research strategy and the analytical method. Sources for data collection include five different areas: constitutional, legal, sublegal, doctrinal and jurisprudential. The concept of the national legal reserve includes specific national maters which based on constitutional provisions or on immobilization of the legal rank need to be exclusively regulated by legal normative juridical acts: the formal law and the decree with force of law as such, by excluding the executive regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a comprehensive methodology for determining the converter droop settings to ensure the voltage security in a multi-terminal direct current (MTDC) grid. The novelty lies in the introduction of the concept of over- and under-voltage containment reserves in analogy to the frequency containment reserves in AC systems. This not only gives a distinction of the contribution between the converters in rectifying and inverting modes, but also significantly facilitates the sizing of the necessary amount of reserves within their available headroom capacity of power. In particular, the constraints of converter outages, converter rating, and DC voltage deviations are all taken into account in the design of reserves. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by a contingency power flow analysis algorithm and EMT simulations of a four-terminal MTDC grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technical reserves that are held by a general insurance company are the amounts set aside to meet its insurance liabilities. They are established to enable the company to meet and administer its contractual obligations to policyholders. Specifi c reserves are required to meet indemnity or other compensatory payments to policyholders together with the associated administrative costs. Also, contingent reserves might be held in order to provide a further buff er against adverse developments of claims and to smooth the emergence of profi t. It is important to note here, that the reserves of general insurance companies are usually not discounted providing a further safety margin. However, some regulatory regimes insist that reserves must be calculated on a discounted basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the dynamic growth of international reserves for the entire group of Latin American countries in an international comparative perspective and with respect to variables such as imports, current account balances, capital flows and gdp. We also present a review of the theories to analyze the causes, and a balance of benefits and maintenance costs. We have used the Wijnholds methodology to determine the necessary levels of international reserves for the period 2005-2008, considering the commitments of public and private external debt in the short term, and potential leakage of deposits from the local financial system. It is estimated that, for the last year, levels of excess reserves are equivalent to between US$ 170-200 billions. Also, the annual maintenance cost is equivalent to 0.8 per cent of gdp for all the countries surveyed. Finally, it outlines a set of proposals to take advantage of these circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries are showing interest in accumulating foreign reserves to ensure macroeconomic stability. There has been some debate whether to beef up the level of nations' foreign reserves or make it lower, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. Whereas some argue that the foreign reserve determines the country's rating in the global market, others hold opposing views. In this light, this paper examined the interactive influence of foreign reserve (FRS) on some macroeconomic variables such as: economic size (GDP); trade; level of capital inflows (KFL); exchange rate (EXR); and inflation. Analyzing secondary data from CBN statistical bulletins (1970–2007), the econometric results obtained from cointegration test, vector error correction (VEC) within the framework of autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) revealed the following: (1) existence of a long-run relationship between the variables and two cointegrating equations; (2) possibility of convergence of the variables from the short run to the long run with slow speed of adjustment. It is thus the conclusion of this paper that accumulation of large foreign reserves is not very productive in Nigeria due to its inability to induce some of the macroeconomic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a methodology that analyzes alter ego to find hidden assets in family law matters. Characteristics of a parent company used to determine alter ego; Characteristics of informal alter ego; Challenges in alter ego investigation.

The article starts with Haslag's (1998) model of the bank's demand for reserves and reformulates it with a cash-in-advance approach for both financial intermediary and consumer. This gives a demand for a base of cash plus reserves that is not sensitive to who gets the inflation tax transfer. It extends the model to formulate a demand for demand deposits, yielding an Mi-type demand, and then includes exchange credit, yielding an M2-type demand. Based on the comparative statics of the model, it provides an interpretation of the evidence on monetary aggregates. This explanation relies on the nominal interest as well as technology factors of the banking sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After declining steadily from 1974 to 1994, the U.S. dollar share of international currency holdings has been rising dramatically over the past few years, making the dollar the primary vehicle for liquidity in global markets. This article will argue that dollar usage is founded on the overwhelming military and economic power of the United States, making it unlikely that there will soon be a flight from the dollar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argues that reserve requirement ratio changes should not be viewed simply as a tool for monetary policy or as a tool used to directly alter the liquidity of financial institutions in the U.S. Criticism of the notion that higher reserve requirements lead to greater safety and lower default risk for depository institutions; Evidence on the 1992 reserve requirement ration changes and perceived bank safety; Relationship between reserve requirement changes and monetary policy.

Presents charts depicting international transactions of the U.S. Statistics on foreign trade; Data on the reserve assets; Liabilities to other countries.

Presents charts on financial statistics in the U.S. Tables depicting the federal reserve and money stock; Absorption of reserve funds; Statistics on interest rates.

Presents domestic financial statistics compiled by the United States Federal Reserve as of October 2000. Reserves, money stock and debt measures; Reserves of depository institutions and reserve bank credit; Federal Reserve Bank interest rates; Reserves and borrowings; Federal Reserve open market transactions; Reserve requirements of depository institutions.

Focuses on the controversy concerning the implementation of the fractional reserve banking in Austria. Advantages and disadvantages of fractional reserve banking; Reasons behind the rejection of fractional reserve banking; Implications of the fractional reserve banking for business enterprises.

Presents statistics pertaining to domestic finance in the United States as of February 2000. Includes reserves, money stock and debt measures; Reserves of depository institutions and Reserve Bank credit; Federal Reserve Bank interest rates.

Global warming is increasing the vulnerability of ecosystems, especially in peninsular Spain. Biosphere Reserves are internationally protected areas that seek to protect biodiversity and, at the same time, promote sustainable development. Evaluating these protected areas is essential to verify environmental changes and establish priorities in their management. In this work, we have studied the time trends of NDVI in the high mountain Biosphere Reserves of Spain from 2001 to 2016 to check if the trend patterns are associated with some environmental variables. Significant differences were found between NDVI trends and high mountain Biosphere Reserves. Firstly, significant positive trends in NDVI were observed when analysing both reserves together. However, significant differences were found between the two reserves. The Ordesa-Viñamala Reserve shows higher positive NDVI trends and lower negative trends, while this pattern is reversed in Sierra Nevada. We observed how the fluctuations in temperature and drought due to climate change have already negatively affected the Mediterranean reserve (Sierra Nevada). In contrast, the alpine reserve (Ordesa-Viñamala) maintains positive NDVI trends. This study helps to close the gap in information related to Biosphere Reserves, which gives value to the work that is being carried out by the local communities that make up them, generating statistically significant results that Biosphere Reserves are protected areas that help us understand how to manage and govern socioecological systems sustainably. • The study assesses NDVI trend in the Spanish high mountain Biosphere Reserves. • We analysis the association between NDVI trends and environmental variables. • Significant differences in NDVI trend frequency found between the reserves. • Climate change is having effects on reserves NDVI trends. • Trend data is key to ensuring reserves take into account in political decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the management of international reserves in Trinidad and Tobago. Their experience suggests that holding a particular level of foreign reserves helps little if appropriate macroeconomic policies are not in place. Liberal trade and a floating exchange rate have not produced sizable capital inflows, although that could come in time.

Under the present international monetary system, countries do have a desire to hold some international reserves in order to manage their exchange rates. How fast their actual reserves will adjust to the desired level is a matter of investigation in this paper More precisely, we try to show that the speed with which actual reserves adjust to the desired level is higher under flexible exchange rate system than under fixed rates. This is done in two alternative ways First, the speed of adjustment is estimated for 16 DCs and 11 LDCs for fixed and floating rate periods and it is shown that its value for most of the countries is higher under floating rate period. Second, a measure of exchange rate flexibility is included in a cross-country regression, as another determinant of speed of adjustment and it is shown that there is a positive and significant relationship between measure of exchange rate flexibility and the speed of adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents several tabular presentations on reserves, money stock, liquid assets and debt measures. Federal Reserve Open Market Transactions; Aggregate Reserves of depository institutions and monetary base; Deposit interest rates and amounts outstanding; Commercial Banks in the United States.

Describes and constructs a measure of changes in required reserves caused by changes in reserve requirement ratios for the United States from 1929 through 1993. History of adjustment factors; Construction of reserve step index; Comparison of reserve step index (RS) and Saint Louis Federal Reserve Bank's Reserve Adjustment Measure (RAM). INSET: Frost's logarithmic adjustment factor..

Various authors have tried to verify the importance of different variables in the reserve demand equation. This article introduces a new independent variable, the gold price, into the reserve demand function. By pooling cross-section and time-series (quarterly) data for 19 industrial countries over the 1973–1981 period, a reserve demand equation is estimated. It is concluded that the price of gold exerts a significantly negative effect on the demand for international liquidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of federal deficits on Federal Reserve behavior as proxied by changes in the growth rate of the monetary base are analyzed in this study. Multivariate Granger-causality tests are employed in the analysis. The deficit measure that is the focus of the analysis is the change in the real market value of privately held federal debt. The tests indicate that the deficit Granger causes the monetary base. Additionally, concerns for financial market stability, real output, and exchange rate movements in the period of floating rates also affect Federal Reserve behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presentan varios cuadros con información sobre las reservas oficiales y disponibilidad de crédito en Los Ocho y Suiza, el Grupo de Diez y Suiza, y en el resto del mundo. El primero tiene esa información para el periodo de diciembre de 1963 a diciembre de 1964. El segundo ofrece la misma información para el periodo de diciembre de 1959 a diciembre de 1963. El tercero cubre el periodo de diciembre de 1953 a diciembre de 1963.

Se presenta un informe del Grupo de Estudio sobre la creaciόn de activos de reserva a través del Fondo Monetario Internacional, presentado a los Representantes de los Ministros del Grupo de Diez en mayo de 1965. El informe incluye una introducciόn, una explicaciόn del problema y de los actuales tipos de activo de reserva, descripciones de varias esquemas examinadas por el Grupo de Estudios, y un análisis comparativo. En conclusiόn, se ofrece un resumen de los principales temas.

• Reserve capacity activation is explicitly modelled for hydropower plants. • A new hybrid stochastic-robust optimization model is formulated. • The column-and-constraint generation technique is used to create extreme scenarios. • The new hybrid model is compared to the standard stochastic and robust formulations. As the penetration of variable renewable power generation increases in power systems around the world, system security is challenged. It is crucial to coordinate the available flexible generating resources, such as hydropower, to meet the need for system balancing. However, reserved capacity on hydropower plants should only be activated if there is sufficient energy or storage capacity to either increase or decrease production. The potential change in production will also affect all reservoirs and plants connected by the cascaded topology. These issues are largely ignored or simplified in hydropower reserve scheduling models. To properly account for the possible activation of reserved capacity, several two-stage model formulations based on stochastic and robust optimization are presented and compared in this paper. The uncertainty in net load deviations due to forecasting errors in renewable power generation is considered the source of reserve capacity activation. The case study based on a real Norwegian watercourse clearly shows the benefit of using any of the two-stage model solutions over the standard deterministic reserve procurement. A novel hybrid stochastic-robust model formulation is presented and shown to efficiently increase the robustness of the solution without notably increasing the reserve procurement cost compared to the stochastic and robust models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]