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Rationale: Resistance to pemetrexed (PEM)-based chemotherapy is a major cause of progression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The deubiquitinating enzyme UCHL1 was recently found to play important roles in chemoresistance and tumor progression. However, the potential roles and mechanisms of UCHL1 in PEM resistance remain unclear. Methods: Bioinformatics analyses and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate UCHL1 expression in NSCLC specimens. Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test was used for survival analyses. We established PEM-resistant NSCLC cell lines by exposing them to step-wise increases in PEM concentrations, and in vitro and in vivo assays were used to explore the roles and mechanisms of UCHL1 in PEM resistance using the NSCLC cells. Results: In chemoresistant tumors from NSCLC patients, UCHL1 was highly expressed and elevated UCHL1 expression was strongly associated with poor outcomes. Furthermore, UCHL1 expression was significantly upregulated in PEM-resistant NSCLC cells, while genetic silencing or inhibiting UCHL1 suppressed resistance to PEM and other drugs in NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, UCHL1 promoted PEM resistance in NSCLC by upregulating the expression of thymidylate synthase (TS), based on reduced TS expression after UCHL1 inhibition and re-emergence of PEM resistance upon TS restoration. Furthermore, UCHL1 upregulated TS expression, which mitigated PEM-induced DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in NSCLC cells, and also conferred resistance to PEM and other drugs. Conclusions: It appears that UCHL1 promotes PEM resistance by upregulating TS in NSCLC cells, which mitigated DNA damage and cell cycle arrest. Thus, UCHL1 may be a therapeutic target for overcoming PEM resistance in NSCLC patients.

BACKGROUND: The acinar- and papillary-predominant histological subtypes are the most common types of invasive lung adenocarcinoma and are considered “intermediate-grade” carcinomas with heterogeneous prognosis. This study investigated the prognostic significance of the lepidic and micropapillary/solid pathological patterns as minor components in patients with intermediate-grade lung adenocarcinomas. METHODS: A total of 697 patients with pathological N0M0 acinar/papillary-predominant lung adenocarcinomas ≤3 cm in diameter, who underwent curative resection in our institution between June 1, 2014 and August 31, 2016, were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Acinar/papillary-predominant lung adenocarcinomas were classified into four subtypes according to the presence of the minor pathological components lepidic (Lep), micropapillary (MP), and solid (S). The subtypes were MP/S(−)Lep(+), MP/S(−)Lep(−), MP/S(+)Lep(+), and MP/S(+)Lep(−). The 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were recorded. Factors affecting survival were analyzed by Cox regression method. RESULTS: Among 697 intermediate-grade lung adenocarcinomas, the distribution of patients was as follows: MP/S(−)Lep(+) type (n=314; 45.0%), MP/S(−)Lep(−) type (n=144; 20.7%), MP/S(+)Lep(+) type (n=133; 19.1%), and MP/S(+)Lep(−) type (n=106; 15.2%). The 5-year RFS rates were 98.7%, 94.4%, 94.0%, and 81.9%, respectively (P

Background: Robotic thoracoscopic surgery was first done in mainland China in 2009 and has gained popularity in the past few years. Here, we present the largest Chinese series of robotic lobectomy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to date. We aimed to compare the perioperative outcomes of our three-arm robotic-assisted lobectomy (RAL3) and video-assisted lobectomy (VAL) for p-stage I NSCLC and report the approach of the robotic anatomic lobar resections of our center. Methods: We retrospectively collected and analyzed the data of 1075 stage I NSCLC patients who underwent minimally invasive lobectomies (237 RAL3 cases and 838 VAL cases) by the same surgical team from May 2013 to April 2016. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to minimize the bias between the two groups. Perioperative outcomes were analyzed. Results: Compared to the VALs, the RAL3s had more retrieved lymph nodes (LNs) (9.70 vs . 8.45, P=0.000), less POD1 drain (230.91 vs . 279.79 mL, P=0.001), shorter chest tube duration (3.84 vs . 4.33 d, P=0.003) and shorter postoperative length of stay (4.97 vs . 5.45 d, P=0.004), but a higher cost (¥93,244.84 vs . ¥67,055.82, P=0.000). No significant difference was observed between the RAL3 and VAL groups concerning the average skin-to-skin time (90.84 vs . 92.25 min, P=0.624), conversion rate (1.3% vs . 0.87%, P=1.000) and prolonged postoperative hospital stay (PPHS) rate (3.0% vs . 4.3%, P=0.694). Conclusions: This study confirms that RAL3 is a safer and more effective technique than VAL for the treatment of early-stage NSCLC.

Background Chemoresistance is the major cause of neoadjuvant treatment failure in breast cancer patients. Despite recent progress, the mechanism underlying chemoresistance remains to be further defined. Methods Expression of G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in the biopsies of primary breast cancer who subsequently underwent preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In vitro and in vivo loss- and gain-of -function studies were performed to reveal the effects and related mechanism of GPR120 signaling pathway in the chemoresistance of breast cancer cells. Findings We identified that GPR120, a receptor for long-chain fatty acids, was important for the acquisition of chemoresistance in breast cancer cells. We showed that GPR120 expression was positively associated with clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients. In breast cancer cells, GPR120 enhanced the de novo synthesis of fatty acids that served as GPR120 ligands to activate GPR120 signaling via a feedback mechanism. Upregulated GPR120 signaling rendered cells resistant to epirubicin-induced cell death by upregulating ABC transporters expression and thus decreasing the intracellular accumulation of epirubicin. Akt/NF-κB pathway was responsible for the GPR120-mediated expression of ABC transporters leading to modulation of the concentration of chemotherapeutic drugs in cells. The functional importance of GPR120 in chemoresistance was further validated using epirubicin-treated tumor xenografts, in which we showed that blockade of GPR120 signaling with AH7614 or GPR120-siRNA significantly compromised chemoresistance. Interpretation Our results highlight that GPR120 might be a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer chemoresistance. Fund National Natural Science Foundation of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Program of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality.

The coronary artery calcification score (CACS), a strong predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality, can be assessed by nongated chest computed tomography (CT). The study aimed to determine whether CACS based on nongated CT is predictive of perioperative cardiovascular events during intermediate-risk lung cancer surgery.In this retrospective, single-center study, we used nongated CT images to evaluate CACS in 4491 patients with lung cancer who underwent intermediate-risk surgeries. Perioperative cardiovascular events were defined as in-hospital cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, heart failure, atrial and ventricular arrhythmia with hemodynamic compromise, and complete heart block. Risk factors of perioperative cardiovascular events were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis.In total, 110 inpatients (2.5%) experienced perioperative cardiac events. Coronary calcification was observed on nongated CT in 1070 (23.8%) patients. CACS was significantly associated with the incidence of cardiovascular events and longer hospital stays. According to receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the CACS cutoff value was set to 1. In the multivariate analysis, CACS ≥1 (odds ratio, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.14-2.68; P = .011) or the number of calcified vessels (odds ratio, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.01-1.50; P = .043), age, forced expiratory volume in 1 second/predicted, operation time, and thoracotomy were predictive of cardiovascular complications.CACS is an independent predictor of severe perioperative cardiovascular risk in patients undergoing intermediate-risk lung cancer surgery. CACS may represent a valuable tool for preoperative risk assessment of these patients.

BACKGROUND: Repeated assessment of patient recovery after discharge is challenging. This study used a popular messenger application to remotely collect patient self-reported symptoms and their severity so as to monitor patient recovery and identify the factors affecting the recovery of symptoms following lung cancer surgery. METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted at a single tertiary lung cancer center in China between November 2018 and June 2019. Participants received demonstration videos and repeated symptom surveys regarding pain and cough severity (assessed using numeric rating scores of 0–10 for pain and 0–6 for cough) at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks after discharge via a smartphone program bound to the WeChat application. Patients who responded to at least 3 of the 5 post-discharge surveys were included in this study. The data were analyzed to investigate the symptom recovery and its related factors. RESULTS: Of the 826 patients enrolled, 589 (71.3%) responded to at least three surveys. The average pain score reduced from 4.1±2.5 at 2 weeks to 2.2±2.0 at 12 weeks (P90 minutes), and prolonged chest tube drainage (>7 days). The average cough score decreased from 2.34±1.30 at 2 weeks to 1.93±1.26 at 12 weeks (P90 min) were related to increased cough severity. Sublobar resection and limited lymphadenectomy may contribute to lower cough severity post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The messenger application-based remote monitoring successfully collected post-discharge symptom information and identified factors associated with recovery following lung surgery.

Accurate and automatic segmentation of pulmonary nodules from computed tomography (CT) images is an important task for lung cancer analysis. However, the scarcity and imbalance of labeled data make it difficult for robust nodule segmentation. In this paper, a novel data augmentation method using style-based generative adversarial network (GAN) is proposed to synthesize augmented training data. Styles and semantic labels are firstly extracted from the whole dataset, then augmented CT images are synthesized for each semantic label with randomly chosen styles. Using a region-aware network architecture, the style in specific semantic regions can be more finely controlled, including lung nodules, vascular structures and pleural surfaces. In our experiments on LIDC-IDRI datasets, we show that the proprosed method can generate nodule samples realistically, and lead to more accurate and robust nodule segmentation with the augmented samples compared to the previous works.

Metastasis is a major cause of breast cancer-associated mortality. Natural products extracted from herbs provide rich bioactive compounds with anticancer efficacy but may have limited or moderate potency and considerable toxicity. We developed a novel aziridonin, YD0514, by aziridinating oridonin, a natural product of the medicinal herb Rabdosia rubescens. In this study, we found that YD0514 significantly inhibited proliferation, motility, and adhesion of metastatic breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, GI101, GILM2, and GILM3. YD0514 also decreased the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2 and MMP9), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and integrin family members. Importantly, YD0514 suppressed the growth of metastatic breast cancer xenograft tumors and significantly inhibited lung metastasis in vivo. Lastly, we showed that YD0514's anti-metastatic effect on highly aggressive breast cancer is mediated via regulating the NRF-2/RHOA/ROCK signaling pathway. These results demonstrate that YD0514, the first active analog based on an oridonin D-ring modification, has the potential to be developed as an anti-metastasis therapy for patients with metastatic cancers.

Background: To investigate the potential value of CT parameters to differentiate ground-glass nodules between noninvasive adenocarcinoma and invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma (IPA) as defined by IASLC/ATS/ERS classification. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 211 patients with pathologically proved stage 0-IA lung adenocarcinoma which appeared as subsolid nodules, from January 2012 to January 2013 including 137 pure ground glass nodules (pGGNs) and 74 part-solid nodules (PSNs). Pathological data was classified under the 2011 IASLC/ATS/ERS classification. Both quantitative and qualitative CT parameters were used to determine the tumor invasiveness between noninvasive adenocarcinomas and IPAs. Results: There were 154 noninvasive adenocarcinomas and 57 IPAs. In pGGNs, CT size and area, one-dimensional mean CT value and bubble lucency were significantly different between noninvasive adenocarcinomas and IPAs on univariate analysis. Multivariate regression and ROC analysis revealed that CT size and one-dimensional mean CT value were predictive of noninvasive adenocarcinomas compared to IPAs. Optimal cutoff value was 13.60 mm (sensitivity, 75.0%; specificity, 99.6%), and −583.60 HU (sensitivity, 68.8%; specificity, 66.9%). In PSNs, there were significant differences in CT size and area, solid component area, solid proportion, one-dimensional mean and maximum CT value, three-dimensional (3D) mean CT value between noninvasive adenocarcinomas and IPAs on univariate analysis. Multivariate and ROC analysis showed that CT size and 3D mean CT value were significantly differentiators. Optimal cutoff value was 19.64 mm (sensitivity, 53.7%; specificity, 93.9%), −571.63 HU (sensitivity, 85.4%; specificity, 75.8%). Conclusions: For pGGNs, CT size and one-dimensional mean CT value are determinants for tumor invasiveness. For PSNs, tumor invasiveness can be predicted by CT size and 3D mean CT value.

Recent studies have discovered aging-associated changes of adult stem cells in various tissues and organs, which potentially contribute to the organismal aging. However, aging-associated changes of liver progenitor cells (LPCs) remain elusive. Employing young (2-month-old) and old (24-month-old) mice, we found diverse novel alterations in LPC activation during aging. LPCs in young mice could be activated and proliferate upon liver injury, whereas the counterparts in old mice failed to respond and proliferate, leading to the impaired liver regeneration. Surprisingly, isolated LPCs from young and old mice did not exhibit significant difference in their clonogenic and proliferative capacity. Later, we uncovered that the decreased activation and proliferation of LPCs were due to excessive reactive oxygen species produced by neutrophils infiltrated into niche, which was resulted from chemokine production from activated hepatic stellate cells during aging. This study demonstrates aging-associated changes in LPC activation and reveals critical roles for the stem cell niche, including neutrophils and hepatic stellate cells, in the negative regulation of LPCs during aging.

Background Evidence suggests that fatty acid receptor FFAR4 plays a tumor-promoting role in adipose tissue-adjacent malignancies, but its clinical relevance remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the clinical significance and underlying mechanisms of FFAR4 in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (HRPBC). Methods FFAR4 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in an exploration cohort of 307 breast cancer cases collected from two independent institutes. Two public breast cancer microarray datasets served as validation cohorts. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to identify FFAR4 ligands in normal and cancerous breast tissues. Survival analyses were performed in all cohorts and designated molecular subgroups. Mechanistic studies were performed in vitro in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and T-47D. Results Aberrant FFAR4 expression and endogenous FFAR4 ligands were identified in breast cancer tissues, five FFAR4 ligands showed significantly elevated proportions in cancerous versus normal tissues. In the exploration cohort, FFAR4 was demonstrated as an independent prognostic factor for recurrences (HR: 2.183, 95% CI: 1.360–3.504, P = 0.001) and breast cancer-specific deaths (HR: 2.102, 95% CI: 1.173–3.766, P = 0.013) in HRPBC cases. In contrast, FFAR4 expression was not associated with prognosis in hormone receptor-negative cases. In the validation cohorts, FFAR4 mRNA levels were also observed to be associated with disease recurrence in estrogen receptor-positive cases, but not so in estrogen receptor-negative cases. FFAR4 activation by endogenous ligands and a synthetic ligand TUG891 significantly dampened tamoxifen’s efficacy on HRPBC cells, whereas FFAR4 knockdown or antagonist AH7614 abrogated this effect. Furthermore, FFAR4-induced tamoxifen resistance was dependent on ERK and AKT pathways in HRPBC. Conclusions Our results establish a novel role of FFAR4 and its ligands in the complicated interactions between tissue lipid profile and cancer biology. FFAR4 signaling confers tamoxifen resistance in HRPBC cell line and FFAR4 expression can serve as a prognostic biomarker for tamoxifen-treated HRPBC patients. FFAR4 may serve as a potential target for anti-breast cancer therapies, especially in endocrine resistant cases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1040-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Table S1. Fatty Acid Quantities in Normal and Cancerous Breast Tissues. Table S2. Fatty Acid Proportions in Normal and Cancerous Breast Tissues. (PDF 195â kb)

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is widely cultivated as a vegetable and medicinal herb in many Asian and African countries. After the sequencing of the cucumber (Cucumis sativus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), and melon (Cucumis melo) genomes, bitter gourd became the fourth cucurbit species whose whole genome was sequenced. However, a comprehensive analysis of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in bitter gourd, including a comparison with the three aforementioned cucurbit species has not yet been published. Here, we identified a total of 188,091 and 167,160 SSR motifs in the genomes of the bitter gourd lines ‘Dali-11’ and ‘OHB3-1,’ respectively. Subsequently, the SSR content, motif lengths, and classified motif types were characterized for the bitter gourd genomes and compared among all the cucurbit genomes. Lastly, a large set of 138,727 unique in silico SSR primer pairs were designed for bitter gourd. Among these, 71 primers were selected, all of which successfully amplified SSRs from the two bitter gourd lines ‘Dali-11’ and ‘K44’. To further examine the utilization of unique SSR primers, 21 SSR markers were used to genotype a collection of 211 bitter gourd lines from all over the world. A model-based clustering method and phylogenetic analysis indicated a clear separation among the geographic groups. The genomic SSR markers developed in this study have considerable potential value in advancing bitter gourd research.

BACKGROUND: Robotic thoracoscopic surgery was introduced to mainland China in 2009 and gained popularity in past few years. Here we present the largest Chinese series of robotic lobectomy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to date. We aim to compare the perioperative outcomes of robotic assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy (RATL) and traditional Video assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy (VATL) for p-Stage I NSCLC, and standardize the anatomic lobar resections of our center. METHODS: We retrospectively collected and analyzed the data of 1,075 Stage I NSCLC patients who underwent minimally invasive lobectomies (RATL and VATL) by the same surgical team from May 2013 to April 2016. Propensity score match was used to minimize the bias between two groups. Perioperative outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Compared to the VATL, RATL had more retrieved lymph nodes (9.70 vs. 8.45, P=0.000), less POD1 drain (230.91 vs. 279.79 mL, P=0.001), shorter chest tube duration (3.84 vs. 4.33 d, P=0.003) and postoperative length of stay (4.97 vs. 5.45 d, P=0.004), but a higher cost (Ұ93,244.84 vs. Ұ67,055.82, P=0.000). No significant difference was observed between the group of RATL and VATL considering the average skin-to-skin time (90.84 vs. 92.25 min, P=0.624), conversion rate (1.3% vs. 0.87%, P=1.000) and Prolonged Postoperative Hospital Stay rate (3.0% vs. 4.3%, P=0.694). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that RATL is a safe and feasible alternative to VATL for early stage NSCLC. RATL shows better perioperative outcomes than VATL in some aspects. Future studies should focus on the long-term benefits of RATL compared with VATL.

To identify the value of lymphography in the location and treatment decision of chyle leakage.The clinic data of 177 patients suffered from chyle leakage admitted in 6 medical centers in Shanghai from February 1998 to December 2014 was analyzed retrospectively. There were 94 male and 83 female patients aging from 9 to 84 years with a mean of 49 years, including 128 cases of chyluria, 34 cases of primary chylothorax and 15 cases of other chyle leakage. All patients had failed to conservative treatment more than 2 weeks. Pedal lymphography was performed in every patient to investigate the site and range of chyle leakage. Effect of surgical or conservative management was compared according to the different results of lymphography.No serious complication was noticed. For all 177 patients, lymphography showed localized lymphatic diseases in 148 cases (83.6%), including 125 cases of lymphatic renal pelvic leaks, 14 cases of unilateral identified leak within thorax and 9 cases of chyle leakage in neck, heart, abdomen or scrotum. Among these patients, surgical treatment cured 129 and improved 3 patients but failed in 2 patients, while the remaining 14 cases had their leaks decreased after lymphography and cured by conservative management. For those 15 patients having disseminated lymphatic diseases or 14 with no abnormality under lymphography, surgery only cured 2 and improved 1 patient but failed in 8 patients (with 3 death), whereas continuous conservative treatment cured 11 patients, improved 5 patients but only failed in 2 patients (with one death). For localized leakage, surgical treatment showed better efficacy (98.5% vs. 3/11), whereas conservative treatment had significantly higher successful rate than surgical interventions in patients with disseminated lymphatic diseases or no abnormality under lymphography (16/18 vs. 3/11).Lymphography could identify the location and range of complicate chyle leakage failed to primary conservative management. Patients with disseminated lymphatic diseases or no abnormality under lymphography would be better managed by continuous non-operative treatment partly due to therapeutic effect of lymphography, while surgical intervention could be a good option for patients having localized lymphatic etiology.

Introduction Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequent malignant tumours worldwide and is associated with high invasiveness, high metastasis and poor prognosis. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), residing around tumour cells in tumour stroma, are important modifiers of tumour initiation and progression. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CAF’s modulate tumour development have yet not to be characterised in GC. Material and methods CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) were cultured from resected gastric cancer tissues and patient matching non-cancerous tissues. The expression of Lumican in gastric CAFs was detected by quantitative RT-PCR and Westerblot. The effects of CAFs, which was interfered with Lumican, on gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro were measured. were measured by CCK8, the coculture migration or matrigel invasion assay, respectively. In vivo tumorigenesis and metastasis were performed by injection CAFs and GC cells subcutaneously or peritoneally. Results and discussions Lumican, an extracellular matrix protein, is highly expressed in human gastric CAFs and its expression is positively associated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and poor survival rate of GC. Knockdown of Lumican in CAFs impaired the GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, as well as tumorigenesis and peritoneal metastasis in vivo. Further functional studies revealed that integrin beta1-FAK signalling pathway mediated the promoting effects of stromal Lumican on GC cell metastasis potential. Conclusion CAF-derived Lumican contributes to tumorigenesis and metastasis of GC by activating the integrin b1-FAK signalling pathway.Targeting stromal Lumican may provide a potential treatment strategy for GC.

Humanized mouse models have been developed and utilized in cancer research for decades. Newly developed combined immunodeficient NOD-SCID-IL2rg–/– mice are more permissive for human cells and tissue engraftment. In this review, we discuss the use of NOD-SCID-IL2rg(–/–) mice as a preclinical tool in cancer research and its potential use for individualized cancer therapies.

Widely used low dose helical thoracic computed tomography (CT) scan in screening results is detecting more and more small-sized lung cancers. Whether systematic lymph node (LN) dissection should be done or not on subcentimeter lung cancers still remains controversial. From June 2000 to December 2008, the records of all patients who underwent resection of primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) 1 cm or less in diameter were reviewed. LN metastases and lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) were studied between different subgroups to determine the predictors of metastases. Of all 41 patients, there were 35 (85%) cases of adenocarcinoma, 3 (7%) cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 3 (7%) cases of other types. There were 6 (15%) cases with nodal metastases. Lymphatic invasion was found in 11 (27%) patients. Tumor differentiation, visceral pleural involvement, preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), ground-glass opacity content on CT and blood vessel invasion (BVI) were significant predictors for both LN metastases and LVI. Systematic LN dissection is recommended for subcentimeter patients with good risk, however, if the patient is female, or with normal CEA, or with ground-glass opacity, or with Noguchi A or B type, surgeons might omit the procedure.

The expression of Aurora B in normal endometria and endometrial carcinomas and its relation with clinicopathologic parameters of endometrial carcinomas were investigated. Streptavidin-biotin peroxidase (SP) immunohistochemical technique was used to detect the expression of Aurora B in 10 cases of normal proliferative phase endometria, 10 cases of normal secretory phase endometria and 72 cases of endometrial carcinomas respectively. According to the 1988 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) grade, there were 37 patients in grade 1, 23 in grade 2 and 12 in grade 3 respectively. According to the FIGO stage, there were 59 patients in stage I-II and 13 patients in stage III-IV. Aurora B was expressed in both normal proliferative phase endometria, secretory phase endometria and endometrial carcinomas, but its positive labeling index (PLI) in proliferative phase endometria was significantly higher than that in secretory phase endometria (P0.01) and endometrial carcinomas (P0.01). The PLI of Aurora B was lower in tumors with well differentiation (G(1)), low surgical staging (I-II), andor=1/2 myometrial invasion than that in tumors with moderate and low differentiation (G(2)-G(3)), higher surgical staging (III-IV), and1/2 myometrial invasion (all P0.01). Aurora B exerts its functions in the replication of normal endometrial glandular cells; Expression of Aurora B is significantly correlated with biologic behavior of endometrial carcinoma, indicating that Aurora B may be a promising prognostic factor in endometrial carcinoma.

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a rare soft-tissue sarcoma, which primarily occurs deep in the extremities, especially in skeletal muscle, or tendon. EMC of the pleura has been described, however, no case of primary EMC arising from lung has been previously reported. We describe herein, a 51-year-old Asian female initially manifested with signs of severe anemia who presented with a lung mass unrelated to pleura that was morphologically typical EMC, with strong immunoreactivity for vimentin and NSE. Two weeks after resection, the anemia was cured. The patient continued with follow-up, without sign of abnormality 32 months after operation. Virtual slides The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/2882199847396682