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The research aimed to calculate the economic return of adopting the integrated pest management – IPM program for pests that affect palm trees from the economic perspective, by measuring the impact of its application on some economic variables (total costs, average production, and net profit) per donum which is a quarter of a hectare. The results showed that the application of IPM positively impacts the average production, as it reached the levels of application (low, medium, and high) of about (1647, 2161.3, and 1798.5) dinars/ donum respectively. As well as the positive impact in reducing costs, the results showed that the costs for the same application levels amounted to (177897, 171362, and 122109) dinars/ donum respectively. Also, the net profit has been positively affected by the program on farmers who apply the program in a medium and high manner compared to those who apply it low. The results showed that the net profit amounted to (61945, 97104, and 100599) dinars/ donum respectively. The research recommended increasing support for programs using modern control methods in control to reduce costs and protect the environment, as well as increasing financial support for the integrated pest management program in Karbala Governorate and extension programs in the field of eco-friendly control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to determine the degree of respondents' implementation of integrated pest control methods, the correlation and regression relationship among the group of the independent variables, and the degree of respondents' performance of integrated pest control methods. The research was based on a sample of 91 respondents and data collected using a questionnaire through a personal interview after designing and reviewing it with specialists in palm pests in the Plants Protection Department, Ministry of Agriculture, and several statistical methods were used, represented in frequency tables, percentages, the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, the coefficient of relative difference, the simple and multiple correlation coefficient, the partial regression coefficient, and the gradual multiple regression analysis. The results showed that more than half of the respondents had a medium implementation of integrated pest control methods. At the same time, it was found that 10.98% of them had a high level of performance, and 30.76% had a low level of implementation. The degree of farmers' implementation of IPM has an inverse and significant relationship at the level of 0.01 in each of the variables (number of family members, experience in palm cultivation, number of females and average costs), and has a positive and significant relationship at the level of 0.01 in the variable average production per palm tree, and the relationship was positive and significant at the level of 0.05 in the variable average profit per donum. It is recommended to increase the extension activity in this field through seminars, meetings, field visits, and extension programs to introduce farmers to the methods of integrated management of palm pests and urge them to implement them and introduce them to reduce the use of chemical pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current paper is to study the relationship between company financial factors, macroeconomic factors and the market measures of risk of the Consumer Goods Sector of the Indian economy. Systematic, unsystematic and total risks are the measures of the risk used. Dynamic panel data regression techniques have been applied to the data of the companies comprising the S&P BSE FMCG index of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) of India. The time frame established for the study is the period from 2011 to 2020. The results show that on average 89.6 percent of total risk is attributable to the unsystematic portion, whereas the rest is attributable to the systematic portion. Furthermore, both the financial variables and macroeconomic variables can be used to gauge the risk related to investments. Moreover, marketing personnel may justify their expenditure that builds their brand value as these efforts will reduce the risk for investors and increase their wealth. The results of this study are especially useful for business managers, as well as investors, helping them to understand risk and the factors contributing to it, which may provide useful insights regarding cost-of-capital and value-of-firm calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dirasat: Administrative Sciences is the property of University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dirasat: Administrative Sciences is the property of University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jordan Journal of Business Administration is the property of University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)