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Emerging and re-emerging viruses are a constant threat to plants. Despite intensive efforts to manage and prevent plant viruses and their potential vectors in crop production processes, many crops are damaged each year. This new book reviews the progress made to date and the challenges ahead in the field of plant viruses and agricultural production. It sheds light on previously undiscovered plant viruses, bringing together information on the detection and tracking, host interaction, evolution, and management. The first section covers the various hidden sources of plant viruses such as from wild plants, weeds, and tobacco as well as other undetermined plant virus sources. The second section covers the implications of mixed infection on disease pathogenicity and epidemiology, provides an understanding of the virus and host relationship, and presents an overview of plant viruses from old to new.Providing new and important knowledge on major plant viruses and discussing their nature as well as impact on plants, this volume will be of special interest to research scholars, professors, and scientists working on plant and environmental viruses.

Geminivirus: Detection, Diagnosis and Management focuses on the latest techniques for managing diseases caused by these circular, single-stranded (ss) DNA genomes. The most significant impact of plant diseases in host populations is often caused by emerging diseases, whose incidence in a plant host is increasing as a result of long-term changes in their underlying epidemiology. Genetic changes in pathogen and host populations, as well as changes in host ecology and environment, are major factors contributing to disease emergence. Understanding plant virus evolution is crucial for modeling the within-host and between-host dynamics and genetics of virus populations. The book presents a comprehensive review of how these viruses develop, including contributing factors such as population bottlenecks during cell-to-cell movement, systemic colonization, or between-host transmission by different procedures. Presented in five sections—Detection and Diagnosis, Emergence and Diversity, Vector and Transmission, Virus–Host Interaction, and Disease Management, the book includes host range determinant and virulence factors involved in pathogenesis, virus–vector interactions during acquisition, retention, and transmission and evaluating management strategies to control Geminivirus. The book is an essential reference for students and researchers interested in plant virology, particularly begomoviruses, geminiviruses, and vector transmission biology. - Introduces identification and characterization of geminiviruses that infect agricultural crops, their wild relatives, and weed hosts - Discusses recombination and reassortment mechanisms influencing viral genetic diversity, virulence, and vector transmission - Explores the origin, evolution, and bottlenecks of Geminiviruses - Introduces identification and characterization of geminiviruses that infect agricultural crops, their wild relatives, and weed hosts - Discusses recombination and reassortment mechanisms influencing viral genetic diversity, virulence, and vector transmission - Explores the origin, evolution, and bottlenecks of Geminiviruses

Marijuana Botany Un Estudio Avanzado: La Propagación y Reproducción de los rasgos Distintivos de Cannabis. Por Robert Connell Clarke El Cannabis ha sido cultivado desde hace 10.000 años. Desde la década de 1970, la marihuana ha sufrido más la experimentación genética y la cruz de cría que durante l

The overall aim of this volume is to review critically the current state of, and future prospects for developments in viral taxonomy.Most of the contributors to this volume have had substantial period of service on the Executive Committee and sub-committees of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

Plant viruses are of considerable interest to the science of biology, and their study has contributed significantly to the elucidation of several mysteries of traditional and molecular biology.

This Book was written to serve those interested in seed pathology. It is designed to serve as a textbook as well as a reference book for students, teachers, and researchers, and for seed health testing, seed production, and plant quarantine personnel. It is to be used as a guide to the literature. Much of the illustrative material has come from the authors'files used for teaching or from their own research. Teachers will want to supplement this book with examples from their own experience and research ot with information and data from other seed pathology programs.The authors hope that this book, in addition to being of value to seed and plant pathologists, will be useful to agriculturalists interested in crop production. It was written in part to stimulate research in seed pathology and its importance to the role of seedborne inoculum in the epidemiology and control of plant diseases.

This interesting handbook discusses 145 plant viruses in 27 groups and 31 unclassified viruses in naturally infected legumes. The viruses were observed in field infections of 281 species in 64 genera of the Leguminosae. The book presents information regarding resistance sources and resistance-breeding, vectors, seed transmission, and host ranges. Measurements of virus properties are organized in tabular form for particle dimensions, serological relationships, nucleic acid percentages, sedimentation coefficients of particles and nucleic acids, molecular weights of nucleic acids and coat proteins, optical density, and buoyant density. Handbook of Viruses Infecting Legumes is unique in that it relates inclusion cytology to plant virus detection, identification, and classification. Light and electron micrographs illustrate morphology, location, and staining reactions of inclusions. Of the 27 groups that contain viruses infecting legumes in nature, inclusions are diagnostic at the group level in 15 of these groups. Plant breeders, diagnosticians, plant virologists, and students of plant virology will find this an indispensable guide to legume viruses.

This book assembles a comprehensive collection of plant virus electron micrographs of good quality, offers a consistent treatment, and backs the visual data with a consistent and comprehensive text. Although this book is primarily about the structure of virus particles and infected cells, the results of biochemical experiments are referred too when relevant, so that the virus particles described appear as part of a replicating complex. Similarly, infected cells are portrayed as active rather than static structures.

Cowpea is a versatile crop that is well-adapted to poor conditions. This, combined with its high nutrition value, gives cowpea the potential to mitigate the effects of climate change and save millions of people from hunger and malnutrition. In Cowpea: Research Progress and Management Challenges, the authors discuss how the increased productivity of cowpea can enhance agribusiness opportunities for people in developing countries and lower costs while increasing income under changing climate conditions. Promising cowpea cultivars are under great threat for profitable cultivation due to the attack of factors such as: fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, nutritional deficiency toxicity, water stress and temperature. Thus, this compilation reviews the present status of fungal and bacterial diseases of this important crop. Next, recent developments about the plant are reviewed which show high recalcitrance to in vitro regeneration and genetic transformation, using different genes of interest, since the 1980s. The main focus of the study included a comparison of protocols for sterilization, types of explants used, growth mediums, cultural conditions, rooting, acclimatization and genetic transformation of cowpea. The authors also discuss the biological and pharmacological aspects of cowpea. Some health benefits include toning the spleen, stomach and pancreas, helping induce urination and relieving damp conditions. Cowpea contains the highest concentration of antioxidant compounds. It also has a small amount of iron, sodium, zinc, copper, manganese and selenium. Next, this collection focuses on how cowpea bean protein hydrolysates are obtained, their pharmacological activities and potential toxicity, as well as the potential inclusion of protein hydrolysates or biopeptides into products where they may act like health promoting functional foods/dietary supplements. The authors propose that efforts should focus on the search for increasingly localized, highly effective inoculants adapted for particular cowpea cultivars over a given environmental setting. To demonstrate this, a review is included which will analyzes some of the most pertinent challenges in the search and development of effective cowpea inoculants and suggestions on the way forward. In conclusion, research on the utility of cowpea based diets in domestic ruminants is reviewed, and the translational impacts of these studies for food security and safety and public health has been highlighted.

These three volumes deal with the diseases of primarily cultivated annual edible oilseeds, i.e., peanut (groundnut), rapeseed-mustard, sesame, sunflower, safflower, and nigerseed. It is reliably believed that this book will be of great help not only to students, reseachers, and teachers but also to agricultural extension workers, field workers, seed growers, and seed crop inspectors, and subsequently to the farmers, to achieve the over-all objective of increase in oilseed crop yields throughout the world.

Tuber Borne Diseases of Potato ¨ Diseases of Tomato and Brinjal ¨ Diseases of Chilli ¨ Diseases of Cucurbits ¨ Diseases of Cole Crops ¨ Diseases of Leguminous Vegetable Crops ¨ Diseases of VegetableTuber Crops ¨ Diseases of Onion ¨ Diseases of Garlic ¨ Diseases of Okra ¨ Diseases of Leafy Vegetables ¨ Soil-borne Diseases of Temperate and Sub- temperate Vegetables

Seed testing centers exist in almost every country in every corner of the globe. More and more students are enrolling in programs that require knowledge of the complex and fascinating science of seed pathology. The implications of seed pathology for human health remains an important issue. For all of these reasons and more, this book is a necessary

This volume of the series The Plant Viruses is devoted to viruses with rod-shaped particles belonging to the following four groups: the toba­ moviruses (named after tobacco mosaic virus), the tobraviruses (after to­ bacco rattle), the hordeiviruses (after the latin hordeum in honor of the type member barley stripe mosaic virus), and the not yet officially rec­ ognized furoviruses (fungus-transmitted rod-shaped viruses, Shirako and Brakke, 1984). At present these clusters of plant viruses are called groups instead of genera or families as is customary in other areas of virology. This pe­ culiarity of plant viral taxonomy (Matthews, 1982) is due to the fact that the current Plant Virus Subcommittee of the International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses is deeply split on what to call the categories or ranks used in virus classification. Some plant virologists believe that the species concept cannot be applied to viruses because this concept, according to them, necessarily involves sexual reproduction and genetic isolation (Milne, 1984; Murant, 1985). This belief no doubt stems from the fact that these authors restrict the use of the term species to biological species. According to them, a collection of similar viral isolates and strains does constitute an individ­ ual virus, i. e., it is a taxonomy entity separate from other individual viruses.

In preparing the fifth edition of Plant Viruses the general plan of the book has been retained since this seems to offer adequate scope for a book of this size. However, each section has been brought up-to-date with any new information which has become available since the publication of the previous edition. Chapter 15 has been added giving a short account of two new fields of virus study, the viruses affecting fungi and algae. Some of the plates have been replaced by more modern illustrations. Reference to the aster yellows group of diseases has been eliminated because these diseases are now known to be caused by infection with Mycoplasma and not with viruses. Grateful acknowledgement is due to Dr Aaron Klug, F.R.S. and his colleagues for permission to use their recent work on the assembly of viruses. Acknowledgement is also due to several friends who have supplied prints of illustration from their pub­ lished work; credit has been given to authors in the illustration legends. Cambridge K.M.S.

It has been known for a long time that the majority of plant viruses contain RNA and in the past decade and a half it has been realized that many have genomes consisting of three molecules of single-stranded RNA with positive polarity. Among these are viruses belonging to four groups recognized by the International Committee for Virus Taxonomy: the Bromovirus and Cucumovirus groups whose genomes are encapsi­ dated in small icosahedral particles or the Ilarvirus and alfalfa mosaic virus groups with spheroidal or bacilliform particles. In addition to their tripartite genomes, these viruses share a number of other properties and it has been proposed that they should perhaps be grouped in a single virus family for which the name Tricornaviridae has been suggested, the tri indicating the tripartite nature of the genome, the co emphasizing the cooperation of the three genome parts required to initiate infection, and the rna indicating that the genome is composed of RNA. Viruses of this'family'are less uniform in their biological proper­ ties. A number of them are widespread, causing very destructive plant diseases. Viruses such as those of cucumber mosaic and alfalfa mosaic have very extensive host ranges and are responsible for serious crop losses in many parts of the world. Others such as prunus necrotic ringspot or prune dwarf viruses are more restricted in their host ranges but never­ theless infect important perennial hosts such as stone fruits and reduce productivity considerably.

This Third Edition of Principles of Seed Science and Technology. like the first two editions. is written for the advanced undergraduate student or lay person who desires an introduction to the science and technology ofseeds. The first eight chapters presentthe seed as abiologicalsystemand coverits origin. development. composition. function (and sometimes nonfunctionJ, performance and ultimate deterioration. The last seven chapters present the fundamentals ofhow seedsare produced. conditioned. evaluated and distributed in our modern agricultural society. A new chapter on seed enhancement has been added to reflect the significant advancements made in the last 10 years on new physiological and molecular biology techniques to further enhance seed performance. Because of the fundamental importance of seeds to both agriculture and to all of society. we have taken great care to present the science and technology of seeds with the respect and feeling this study deserves. We hope that this feeling will becommuni­ cated to our readers. Furthermore. we have attempted to present information in a straight-forward. easy-to-read manner that will be easily understood by students and lay persons alike. Special care has been taken to address both current state-of-the-art as well as future trends in seed technology.. We believe this Third Edition represents a new level in presenting information that appeals to advanced undergraduate students as well as to those desiring more fundamental information on seed form and function. At the same time. it continues to havethestrengths ofthe firsttwoeditions.initsreadabilityaswellas itscomprehensive coverage of the broader area of seed science and technology.

In the sixth edition of Plant Viruses, each section has been brought up to date and some additions made. A short account is given of a new technique, the protoplast-culture of plant viruses. The omission in the fifth edition of the Mycoplasma-like organisms has been criticized on the grounds of the close simi­ larity of symptom expression and techniques of study between Mycoplasmas and plant viruses. To meet this criticism Chapter 16, which gives a brief account of these organisms, is included. Some of the plates have been changed and new ones added. Grateful acknowledgment is due to Dr Aaron KIug F.R.S. and his colleagues, to Drs D. A. Govier, Basil Kassanis F.R.S. and Karl Maramorsch for permission to use their recent work. Acknowledgement is also due to several friends who have supplied prints of illustrations from their published work; credit has been given to authors in the illustration legends. Mr Denis C. Ingram, editor to Chapman and Hall, has been most helpful and co-operative throughout.

The present world population of about five billion and its projected growth cre­ ate enonnous pressures and demands for food and industrial raw materials. It is to crop plants, one of our precious few renewable resources, that we must look to meet most of these needs. Globally, about 88% of our caloric requirements and 90% of our protein ultimately derive from plant sources-ample evidence of their importance to humankind. Our survival will therefore continue to de­ pend on the world's largest and certainly most important industry: agriculture. Yet in spite of our long history of domestication and civilization, the number of crop species involved in sustaining human life is strictly limited: Essentially, some twenty-four crops protect us from starvation. To know these basic food crop plants-to study how they function and how their productivity may be improved--is the first step in solving the world food problem. The primary objectives in writing this book were to address this chal­ lenge and to review comprehensively the wealth of available yet scattered infor­ mation on food crop productivity and processing. Unlike several other texts and monographs in this field, the present work was intended to give, in a single volume, a quick, infonnative view of the various problems from field to table concerning the major food crops worldwide.

Offering up-to-date information on the uses and composition of the plant, Advances in Hemp Research provides growers, researchers, manufacturers, and suppliers with methods and data for the processing and cultivation of hemp for textile and paper products. You will learn how recent advances in germplasm resources, breeding methods, and the improvem

The Advances in Virus Research series covers a diverse range of in-depth reviews providing a valuable overview of the current field of virology.This eclectic volume contains six reviews covering topics relating to plant viruses, evolution of viruses with hosts and cell recognition by viruses.Six Comprehensive Reviews on:• Varicella Virus - Mononuclear Cell Interaction• Evolution of Cell Recognition by Viruses: A Source of Biological Novelty with Medical Implications• Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus: Biology, Pathogenesis and Diagnostic Methods• Structures of Picrona-like plant viruses: Implications and Applications• Cucumoviruses• Co-Evolution of Viruses with Hosts and Vectors and Possible Paleontology

Serology and Immunochemistry of Plant Viruses investigates the antigenic properties of plant viruses. It looks at the practical aspects of plant virus serology, along with the molecular basis of viral antigenicity, antigenic determinants in proteins, the structure of antibodies, virus purification, antiserum production, and the theoretical principles and practical implementation of the various serological techniques. It also considers the problems associated with identification and classification of plant viruses. Organized into 10 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of antigens and antigenic determinants before proceeding with a discussion of the immunochemistry of plant viruses, virus-antibody binding, the role of quaternary structure in antigenicity, and the structure of viral antigenic determinants. The reader is also introduced to the methods and principles of purifying plant viruses, preparation of antisera and purification of antibodies, antigen-antibody interaction, immunochemical techniques used with plant viruses, the role of quaternary structure on viral antigenicity, diagnosis of virus diseases, use of serological criteria for measuring the degree of relationship between viruses, and immunochemical studies of plant viruses. The book includes a bibliography with 1,400 references and a list of all the plant viruses that have been studied by serology. This book will be a useful resource for virologists and plant pathologists, as well as for students and research workers in plant virology, plant pathology, microbiology, and general virology.