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Purpose: This study aims to answer the following questions: (1) Why have attempts to transplant Western vocational education models failed? (2) Is there anything we can learn from the experiences of Eastern Asian countries when developing their own vocational education models? Design/Approach/Methods: This study reviews the history of transplanting Western skill formation schemes into developing countries, an often-failed die-hard practice supported by both bilateral and multilateral donors. Findings: Our findings suggest that developing countries should design their technical and vocational education and training systems based on their unique cultural, sociological, and economic contexts. It offers two alternative pathways based on the experiences of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Korea. Originality/Value: These East Asian examples could broaden the perspectives of policymakers in developing countries aspiring to develop functional skill formation schemes.

Background and Aim: Physical activity is an important means to promote the comprehensive and healthy development of children's bodies and minds. The national health strategy and population policy adjustment, the development of kindergartens, and the deterioration of children's physical health have all worked together to bring unprecedented opportunities for the development of children's sports in China. The purpose of this paper is to study the background information of the contents of the curriculum of preschool physical education ability of year 4 students and develop the curriculum to improve the preschool physical education ability of year 4 students. Materials and Methods: The researcher has studied the literature on the development of physical education teachers' physical education ability curriculum to cultivate year 4 students' physical education ability from the aspects of the curriculum development process, components, implementation, and evaluation, and has studied the quality of students' teachers from textbooks, academic documents, and related research. The researcher also used a simple random sampling method to have 4 teachers as a sample. The population is 8 expert teachers in physical education. The research instruments of this study are an interview questionnaire on preschool's physical education ability and lesson plans. Results: Research findings: 1) The 6 components of the course include principles, objectives, content, instructional strategies using situational teaching methods, materials, and evaluation. 2) Preschool physical education ability which includes: 2.1) General ability, 2.2) Special ability, and 2.3) Application ability. After that, the researcher designed and completed the training course components of preschool physical education, and then evaluated the quality by five experts. The IOC value was between 3.80-4.00, and the interrater reliability value was between 0.77-0.79> 0.5. The course components were modified according to the experts' suggestions. Conclusion: The components of the course which include 6 components could improve the preschool physical education ability of year 4 students effectively.

Teachers receive increasing attention as change agents within education reform policy discourses positioning their professionalism, identity, and agency as critical to implementation of reforms. However, identities either claimed by teachers or assigned by reform policies involve serious (re)negotiations on the part of teachers as they make practicality judgements in contexts changed by reforms. Using a temporal perspective of language teacher agency and dialogic conceptions of teacher identity, we explore a group of English teachers' (re)negotiation of claimed and assigned identities in attempts to transform traditional educational culture through implementation of the New English Syllabus of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The agency of teachers was clear in unfolding dialogic negotiation of tensions between a reform-driven identity of the effective English teacher, identities assigned by other interested groups and the community, teachers' individual claimed identities, and the possibilities of projected imagined identities. We conclude that when curriculum reform policies disrupt cultural and structural settings of the work of English teachers, temporal dimensions of dialogic (re)negotiation of professional identities play a pivotal role in reform enactment, and that policy makers must acknowledge and respond to these processes of (re)negotiation of teachers' professional identities.

Problem statement. Education is an integral part of a person's cultural and professional development. In this respect, the challenges of making the learning process accessible and at the same time maintaining a high level of educational quality are relevant today. Terminologically, inclusive education covers a wide range of issues, but the key issue is the question of accessibility of education for different social groups. The priority task of the present study is defined in the plane of identifying the working conditions for persons with disabilities (PWD) studying in universities in natural and technical directions, with laboratory equipment due to the exceptional importance of laboratory workshops in the system of professional training of future specialists. The study is aimed at substantiating the targeted use of digital technologies in the educational process, in particular, in the organization of work of persons with disabilities in the context of their performance of laboratory workshops. Methodology. By the method of quantitative and statistical analysis the relevance of the search for system solutions that define an accessible educational environment for persons with disabilities in the framework of professional training of future specialists of natural and technical profiles is outlined. The theoretical model of organizing the accessibility of the educational process in the framework of laboratory practicals for persons with disabilities in the digital environment is proposed. Results. The theoretical model of inclusive education in higher education in Russian Federation and People's Republic of China for the organization of analog implementation of laboratory workshops by persons with disabilities in a digital educational environment has been developed. The necessity of integration of digital tools into the educational process, requiring systematic training of persons with disabilities in natural-technical directions, which include in the content of their curricula the realization of laboratory workshops. The key importance in the selection and further implementation of digital technologies in the educational process in the plane of creating conditions for working with laboratory equipment is determined around the individual needs of students with disabilities. Conclusion. The relevance and applied significance of the theoretical model of the variant digital environment are substantiated, as well as a list of recommendations for the use of such a model in terms of its target orientation on the accessibility of the educational process for students with health peculiarities and studying in natural-technical profiles.

With the development of biotechnology, especially the maturity and application of gene editing technology, more and more ethical issues related to biotechnology and human genetic resources have emerged. China has also paid increasing attention to the ethical issues brought about by the development of biotechnology. On October 17, 2020, the 22nd meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress officially enacted the 'Biosecurity Law of the People's Republic of China' (hereinafter referred to as the 'Biosecurity Law'), which has been implemented since April 15, 2021. The 'Biosecurity Law' puts forward clear requirements for the ethical education of relevant professionals in China, ethical review of biotechnology research and development, sovereignty over human genetic resources and biological resources, and their collection, preservation, utilization, and provision to foreign countries. This article outlined the ethical requirements of the 'Biosecurity Law' for China's biotechnology research and application as well as the utilization of human genetic resources, and used events such as 'gene-edited babies' as examples to illustrate the ethical issues of biotechnology and human genetic resources in China under the implementation of the 'Biosecurity Law', in order to enhance the country's capacity for biosecurity governance.

The People’s Republic of China is aging rapidly at one of the most rapid paces in the world. The resulting decline in the share of the population that is of working age creates challenges for both the economy and society, making it relevant to explore the health capacity to work among older persons. Using census data and data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, this paper applies two widely used methods to estimate the additional health capacity to work. The results confirm large untapped work capacity in the population of older persons, but the additional health capacity to work is unevenly distributed among different groups: Women and urban residents have more additional work capacity than men and older persons in rural areas. Pension systems and variation in types of work contribute to the urban–rural difference.

The Institute of people’s assessors appeared in the People’s Republic of China in 1949. The research features normative acts and other official documents that regulate the development and operation of people’s courts. In China, selecting candidates for people’s assessors is considered a form of embodying the basic values of the socialist legal system. The article analyzes the conceptual foundations of the multi-stage random selection procedure. Its nature indicates a significant expansion of social composition while the democratic principles in the judicial system seem to grow in strength. The innovative nature of the modern people’s court involves some elements of jury trial, which is not typical for China. The Chinese model of people’s participation in the administration of justice is of dual nature. Its legal basis was set up in 2018 by the Law on People’s Assessors. The Chinese experience can be useful for other countries, regardless of their political and ideological foundations. The author raises a question about the possibility of using the Chinese model of the institution of people’s assessors in modern Russia.

This article explores China's ambitions to become a global hegemon in the 21st century. The research traces the origins of these ambitions in China's strategic culture and system of ideas and representations. Forming a geopolitical study in this way, this article zooms in the concepts of 'middle', 'Middle Kingdom' and Tianxia. 'Middle' symbolises China's centrality and moral authority; 'Middle Kingdom' embodies the idea of a state where political power is concentrated; and Tianxia represents China's historical visions of the global order. The research results show that China's traditional worldviews suggest ambitions for a leading status in the international chessboard, which is confirmed by China's aspects of revolutionary mentality and development of the military power. While the extent to which China will ascend to a leading role remains uncertain, understanding China's identity—via its strategic culture—is crucial for grasping both China's ambitious policy and its impact on the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Malaria continues to cause high levels of morbidity and mortality despite concerted efforts to control the disease. The global burden is predominantly shouldered by countries in which the disease is highly endemic. In juxtaposition, the majority of evidence on progress towards malaria elimination has been documented in countries where baseline transmission was low. A notable exception is the People's Republic of China, in which the last indigenous case of malaria was recorded in 2016 after reporting over 30 million cases across various transmission strata in 1949. This review examined the extent, range, and nature of the literature addressing key contributors to malaria elimination in China. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ProQuest, Google Scholar and the WHO website were searched for relevant articles, and the JBI guidelines were followed for evidence selection, data extraction, and presentation of findings. The 17 articles that satisfied the eligibility criteria demonstrated the centrality of high-level political commitment in the elimination of malaria in China. The national malaria strategy was regularly updated to reflect evolving priorities, and the health system building blocks were strengthened to meet strategic targets. A whole-of-society approach to malaria was adopted, with intersectoral, interprovincial, regional, international, and community-mobilizing collaboration mechanisms established. Collaboration with academic institutions resulted in advantageous discoveries such as artemisinin, the current global gold standard for the treatment of malaria. The impact of malaria-specific interventions was augmented by China's economic growth. The findings of the review highlight the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach to malaria control that addresses the structural determinants of ill-health alongside downstream interventions.

BackgroundPrevention of occupational diseases is related to workers' health rights and social harmony and stability. The enactment and implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases (the law) has provided a powerful legal tool to promote the legalization and standardization of occupational health management in China and protect workers' health rights and interests.ObjectiveTo investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) scores of the law and its influencing factors among industrial workers in an industrial park in Humen Town of Dongguan City.MethodsBy cluster sampling, 1278 industrial workers from an industrial park in Humen Town, Dongguan City were selected as respondents to conduct a questionnaire survey on KAP of the law. SPSS 25.0 software was used for data processing to analyze the KAP scores and associated influencing factors.ResultsThere were 1278 questionnaires distributed, 1270 valid questionnaires collected, with an effective recovery rate of 99.37%. The total correct response rate of KAP of the 1270 industrial workers about the law was 87.77%, among which, the total awareness rate was 85.20% (8656/10160), the total agreement rate of prevention and control attitude was 91.05% (8094/8890), and the total compliance rate of prevention and control behavior was 87.19% (4429/5080). The average score of KAP was 35.72±10.46, among which the average knowledge score was 23.36±9.19, the average attitude score was 6.37±0.92, and the average behavior score was 5.98±1.54. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that the workers' cognition of the law was positively correlated with attitude (r=0.440, P

Recent years have seen the rapid descent of relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China (prc). Hopes for cooperation in places of common concern like climate change gave way to strains in almost all areas. In place of "engagement,"the administration of Donald J. Trump adopted a tougher approach of "strategic competition"that its successor so far has continued. This article explores the relationship between the demise of engagement and opinions coming from the American China expert community. Specifically, it questions the impact on engagement of five secular dynamics that these China authorities have experienced - generational turnover; the field's vast expansion and diversification; increased disciplinary specialization; the enhanced prominence of the generalist in national security discussions in place of China specialists; and changes in the media leading to more skeptical journalistic voices on U.S.-prc relations. Without over-emphasizing either the influence of the expert community on U.S. decision-making, or underplaying the more repressive and authoritarian actions of the Chinese Communist Party, this article suggests that the China expert community has been more of a factor in the end of engagement than current accounts of academics and commentators acknowledge.

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Since the open-up policy at the end of the 1970s, China – the largest single market in Asia – received growing attention from foreign investors and banks. However, the fragile domestic market and undeveloped financial system in China did not allow a rapid inflow of foreign banks, given that the foreign banks could exert suppression on the domestic banks. As a result, it took several years for most foreign banks to gain a foothold in mainland China. This article demonstrates how Commerzbank – one of the German Big Three – entered the Chinese market in the 1980s by establishing a branch in Hong Kong and opening a representative office in Beijing. On the basis of archival evidence and other contemporary sources, the case of China provides one slice of the history of Commerzbank’s expansion and illustrates how it coped with the surge of internationalisation in the 1980s.

The research is dedicated to the state of legislation in the People's Republic of China on accumulated environmental harm and existing practices of liquidating objects of accumulated environmental harm. This research contains an up-to-date list of regulatory legal documents of the People’s Republic of China on the topic. The research also presents some aspects of Chinese scientists’ research on environmental impact and accumulated environmental harm.

This study aims to compare terrestrial vertebrate mammals in two protected areas located in different countries, each characterized by unique natural-ecological conditions and disparate management methods. Research focuses on terrestrial vertebrates of the Lishan Nature Reserve in the People’s Republic of China (24,200 hectares) and the Zagatala Nature Reserve in the Republic of Azerbaijan (47,349 hectares). We examine various indicators, such as size, weight, age, habitat, altitude, climate, and eating habits, to understand the factors that contribute to the differences between the two reserves. Field research was conducted from July 6–10, 2022, in the Zagatala Reserve and from June 15–21, 2023, in the Lishan Reserve. A systematic literature review was performed on the scientific, theoretical, and methodological foundations of protected area research. Additionally, we analyzed the natural and ecological characteristics (relief, climate, hydrography, soil cover, and vegetation) of both reserves and explored the taxonomy and distribution of terrestrial vertebrate species. We specifically studied rare and endemic species that inhabit these reserves, culminating in a comparative analysis of the fauna of amphibians and mammals in both locations, focusing on their size, weight, age, habitat, altitude, climate, and dietary patterns.