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Abstract Background The educational environment plays a critical role in shaping learners’ perceptions and experiences in medical education. Evaluating and enhancing the quality of this environment is essential for the continuous improvement of medical training programs. The Scan of the Postgraduate Educational Environment Domains (SPEED) is a concise instrument that assesses three domains of the educational environment. This study aimed to translate the SPEED questionnaire into Persian and evaluate its validity and reliability in the context of postgraduate. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 first and second-year medical residents. The Persian translation of the SPEED questionnaire was assessed for content validity, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to evaluate its structural validity. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated to assess internal consistency reliability. Results The Persian-translated SPEED questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory content validity, with all items exceeding the minimum acceptable values for content validity ratio and index. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an acceptable fit for the 3-dimensional structure of the SPEED instrument. Internal consistency reliability analysis showed high reliability for the content, atmosphere, and organization domains. Conclusion The Persian-translated version of the SPEED questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the domains of the educational environment in postgraduate medical education.

Background and Aims: Euthanasia is a controversial issue related to the right to die. Although euthanasia is mostly requested by terminally sick individuals, even in societies where it is legal, it is unclear what medical conditions lead to euthanasia requests. In this scoping review, we aimed to compile medical conditions for which euthanasia has been requested or performed around the world. Methods: The review was preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analysis for scoping reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) checklist. Retrieved search results were screened and unrelated documents were excluded. Data on reasons for conducting or requesting euthanasia along with the study type, setting, and publication year were extracted from documents. Human development index and euthanasia legality were also extracted. Major medical fields were used to categorize reported reasons. Group discussions were conducted if needed for this categorization. An electronic search was undertaken in MEDLINE through PubMed for published documents covering the years January 2000 to September 2022. Results: Out of 3323 records, a total of 197 papers were included. The most common medical conditions in euthanasia requests are cancer in a terminal phase (45.4%), Alzheimer's disease and dementia (19.8%), constant unbearable physical or mental suffering (19.8%), treatment‐resistant mood disorders (12.2%), and advanced cardiovascular disorders (12.2%). Conclusion: Reasons for euthanasia are mostly linked to chronic or terminal physical conditions. Psychiatric disorders also lead to a substantial proportion of euthanasia requests. This review can help to identify the features shared by conditions that lead to performing or requesting euthanasia What is already known about the topic?: Euthanasia is a challenging issue that has sparked numerous controversies around the world over the past decades.There is no consensus about the criteria or guidelines that have been set for identifying a patient eligible for euthanasia in different countries. What this paper adds?: To our knowledge, this is the first scoping review to systematically list and categorize published records of euthanasia requests around the world into five broad groups.We provide a picture of all euthanasia requests' frequencies in each broad group.This study facilitates informing scientists and researchers about the trends of euthanasia requests during different years and in different countries around the world. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy?: This review can provide information to help clinicians and health policymakers to reach a more precise decision about the acceptance or the rejection of requests made by patients.This review informs readers about all medical conditions that increase the likelihood of requesting euthanasia. Researchers should consider these conditions and conduct further research on each condition in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The content of nutrition education and the process of behavioral change should be designed based on the principles of educational for achieving behavioral goals. This systematic study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition interventions designed mainly by health educational and promotional theory and models. Methods: The PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were searched using the following keywords "nutrition behavior" or "food behavior" or "dietary behavior" and "model" or "theory" and "intervention" or "predict" from 2013 up to April 2018 in English Language. Results: Regarding the inclusion criteria, 25 interventional studies were assessed of 3090 primary screened investigations. Social Cognitive Theory, Empowerment model, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Health Belief Model were mostly used in the investigated studies. Most target groups in these studies were school students and women. In the field of constructs, selfefficacy and attitude mainly applied in studies seem to be the most important for researchers. In the field of educational methods, group educational methods in the forms of lectures, group discussions, and brainstorming were mainly applied by researchers. Conclusion: To change eating behaviors, the study framework, duration of training, and correct training method should be designed according to the target group as well as appropriate theory and models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The individual's perception of health, when health is understood to include many dimensions of life, is considered the basis for any improvement in health status. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Perceived Wellness Scale (PWS) by applying it to employees of the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 180 staff members of the university selected by convenience sampling. The study instrument was a Persian version of the PWS prepared through a translation and back-translation process. The reliability and validity of the instrument were assessed by using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. A total of 180 employees participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 32.29 years (SD = 7.39) and 78.1% of the participants were women. The results showed that the Persian version of the PWS is acceptable. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.87 for the whole scale, ranging from 0.68 to 0.85 on different dimensions of the scale. The results of split-half reliability and CFA indicated that the reliability and validity of the PWS are acceptable. The PWS is therefore an effective tool for evaluating the different dimensions of perceived wellness in the Iranian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]