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Objective: To assess the educational effectiveness of delivering continuing professional education (CPE) from dental schools to small groups of dentists at distant sites via videoconferenced links using relatively inexpensive equipment and ISDN2 links.Design: 41 videoconferences between the four campuses of London Dental Schools and postgraduate centres in South East England were assessed using a pre-piloted questionnaire which contained open and specific questions. The questionnaire was given to all participants at the end of each videoconference. Answers to the specific questions were graded using the Likert scale.Results: 40 of the 41 videoconferences were completed satisfactorily and were attended by 257 participants, all of whom completed questionnaires. However, no individual question was answered by all the participants. Of the responses 90% were positive on the topics of appropriateness of the teaching material for delivery by videoconference and of its educational level. 90% of responses also indicated a wish to attend further videoconferences and satisfaction at avoiding the need to travel to London for similar educational activity. 87% rated the lecturers as good or excellent in their use of the medium. 85% of responses indicated that the question and answer sessions within the videoconferences were useful and 82% that the visual aids enhanced the sessions. The technical aspects of the videoconferences were rated positively but to a lesser extent than the educational aspects with 69% of positive responses for visibility of visual aids, 54% for sound quality and 76% for the lecturers use of the technology. The technical aspects of the videoconferences improved during the pilot study. In response to the open questions, participants stated that they found the most useful aspects of the videoconferences were not having to travel, access to first rate lecturers, the discussions and the opportunity to interact with experts.Conclusions: The participants in this pilot study were positive about the use of videoconferencing to deliver educational material from dental schools to small groups. Once the technology has improved, this medium has the potential to provide CPE for dentists at work or at home in response to their specific needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saliva is crucial in maintaining oral health; its composition reflects the body's physiological and diseased state. Among salivary components, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) stand out for their broad antimicrobial activities and role in modulating the oral microbiota and innate immune response. Local and systemic diseases can affect the levels of AMPs in saliva, making them attractive biomarkers. However, the large variability in their concentrations hampers their use in diagnostics. Knowledge of the various factors influencing the profile of salivary AMPs is essential for their use as biomarkers. Here, we examine how lifestyle factors such as physical activity, dietary supplementation, tobacco smoking, and psychological stress impact salivary AMP levels. By understanding these sources of variability, we can take a step forward in using AMPs for diagnostics and prognostics and develop new tailored and preventative approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Ochratoxin A (OTA) present in food products poses a serious threat to health due to its wide spectrum of effects, including genotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, and immunosuppression. Moreover, it is associated with carcinogenesis, as a result of which it has been classified as a potential human carcinogen. In this review, literature reports on the correlations between carcinogenesis and OTA, with particular emphasis on certain organs such as the kidney or digestive system organs and the cancers associated with them, are gathered. Furthermore, we describe the potential mechanisms underlying OTA-induced carcinogenesis and discuss existing limitations. Background: Ochratoxin A (OTA) is widely recognized for its broad spectrum of toxic effects and is classified as a potential human carcinogen, placed in group 2B by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Its presence in food and beverages poses a significant health hazard. Extensive research has documented the efficient absorption and distribution of OTA throughout the body via the bloodstream and tissues, underscoring the associated health risk. Additionally, ongoing studies aim to clarify the link between OTA exposure and carcinogenesis. The obtained results indicate a strong correlation between OTA and renal cell carcinoma (RCC), with potential associations with other malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gallbladder cancer (GBC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). OTA is implicated in oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, DNA damage, adduct formation, miRNA deregulation, and distributions in the cell cycle, all of which may contribute to carcinogenesis. Conclusions: Despite significant research efforts, the topic remains inexhaustible and requires further investigation. The obtained results do not yield definitive conclusions, potentially due to species-specific differences in the animal models used and challenges in extrapolating these results to humans. In our review, we delve deeper into the potential mechanisms underlying OTA-induced carcinogenesis and discuss existing limitations, providing directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of the stromal, stellate and multinucleate cells in oral giant cell fibroma is unclear. Sixteen giant cell fibromas were stained immunocytochemically for keratin (MNF 116), vimentin, S-100 protein, neurofilaments, glial fibrillary acidic protein, alpha-smooth muscle actin, desmin, CD31 (PECAM-1), CD68, Factor XIIIa and prolyl 4-hydroxylase (5B5). In all cases positive staining was found with vimentin and prolyl 4-hydroxylase, indicating a functional fibroblast phenotype. Reactivity for Factor XIIIa was seen in two cases and in only one was a small number of giant cells stained, suggesting that the majority of oral giant cell fibromas are unrelated to the histologically similar fibrous papule of the nose or facial angiofibroma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents letters to the editor about dentistry published in the August 24, 2002 issue of the 'British Dental Journal.' Increase in the General Dental Council's annual retention fee; Dental practitioner biopsy services; Dental health education.

Iron is an essential element for human health. In humans, dysregulated iron homeostasis can result in a variety of disorders and the development of cancers. Enhanced uptake, redistribution, and retention of iron in cancer cells have been suggested as an "iron addiction" pattern in cancer cells. This increased iron in cancer cells positively correlates with rapid tumor growth and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which forms the basis for tumor metastasis. However, the source of iron and the mechanisms cancer cells adopt to actively acquire iron is not well understood. In the present study, we report, for the first time, that the peptide hormone, prolactin, exhibits a novel function in regulating iron distribution, on top of its well-known pro-lactating role. When stimulated by prolactin, breast cancer cells increase CD44, a surface receptor mediating the endocytosis of hyaluronate-bound iron, resulting in the accumulation of iron in cancer cells. In contrast, macrophages, when treated by prolactin, express more ferroportin, the only iron exporter in cells, giving rise to net iron output. Interestingly, when co-culturing macrophages with pre-stained labile iron pools and cancer cells without any iron staining, in an iron free condition, we demonstrate direct iron flow from macrophages to cancer cells. As macrophages are one of the major iron-storage cells and it is known that macrophages infiltrate tumors and facilitate their progression, our work therefore presents a novel regulatory role of prolactin to drive iron flow, which provides new information on fine-tuning immune responses in tumor microenvironment and could potentially benefit the development of novel therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: We present in this study novel data which demonstrates that the most common type of tumor of the salivary glands may be accurately diagnosed using a specific type of radiological imaging. This may be used to help discriminate this tumor or recurrent versions of it amid various types of benign and malignant tumors. Furthermore, this data suggest that new avenues of minimally invasive therapy may be viable for these tumors and potentially even malignant versions of these tumors and should be examined in further studies. Introduction: Currently, the diagnosis of salivary gland tumors using imaging techniques is unreliable. Methods: In this monocentric retrospective study, we examined patients who received a 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT and subsequently underwent a salivary gland tumor resection between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2021. PET/CT image assessment was compared with somatostatin receptor (SSTR) expression and histology. Results: Thirteen patients (five pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and eight other parotid lesions (OPL)) received a 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT. Imaging displayed strong focal tracer uptake in all PA except for one with strong tumor to background discrimination. PA revealed higher SUVmax, SUVmean, liver and blood pool quotients than those of Warthin tumors (WT) and of OPL. In comparison to the contralateral parotid, SUVmax (p = 0.02), SUVmean (p = 0.02), liver quotient (p = 0.03) and blood pool quotient (p = 0.03) were all significantly higher. In contrast, WT and OPL showed in relation to the contralateral parotid no significant differences of SUVmax (WT p = 0.79; OPL p = 0.11), SUVmean (WT p = 1.0; OPL p = 0.08), liver quotient (WT p = 0.5; OPL p = 0.08) and blood pool quotient (WT p = 0.8; OPL p = 0.19). Two PA and one granuloma were not available for examination. In the immunohistochemal analysis, all PA demonstrated the highest intensity of SSTR2 expression (grade 3). Furthermore, PA had a high percentage of cells expressing SSTR2 (20%, 80% and 55%). Conclusions: A strong tracer uptake in PA was shown in 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT. This may allow physicians to utilize radioligated somatostatin analogue PET CT/MR imaging to accurately diagnose PA. Additionally, it may be possible in the future to treat the PA with a noninvasive peptide receptor radionuclide therapy or with somatostatin analogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) presents unique challenges and opportunities for treatment, particularly regarding de-escalation strategies to reduce treatment morbidity without compromising oncological outcomes. This paper examines the role of Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS) as a de-escalation strategy in managing HPV-related OPSCC. We conducted a comprehensive literature review from January 2010 to June 2023, focusing on studies exploring TORS outcomes in patients with HPV-positive OPSCC. These findings highlight TORS's potential to reduce the need for adjuvant therapy, thereby minimizing treatment-related side effects while maintaining high rates of oncological control. TORS offers advantages such as precise tumor resection and the ability to obtain accurate pathological staging, which can guide the tailoring of adjuvant treatments. Some clinical trials provide evidence supporting the use of TORS in specific patient populations. The MC1273 trial demonstrated promising outcomes with lower doses of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) following TORS, showing high locoregional tumor control rates and favorable survival outcomes with minimal side effects. ECOG 3311 evaluated upfront TORS followed by histopathologically directed adjuvant therapy, revealing good oncological and functional outcomes, particularly in intermediate-risk patients. The SIRS trial emphasized the benefits of upfront surgery with neck dissection followed by de-escalated RT in patients with favorable survival and excellent functional outcomes. At the same time, the PATHOS trial examined the impact of risk-adapted adjuvant treatment on functional outcomes and survival. The ongoing ADEPT trial investigates reduced-dose adjuvant RT, and the DART-HPV study aims to compare standard adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with a reduced dose of adjuvant RT in HPV-positive OPSCC patients. These trials collectively underscore the potential of TORS in facilitating treatment de-escalation while maintaining favorable oncological and functional outcomes in selected patients with HPV-related OPSCC. The aim of this scoping review is to discuss the challenges of risk stratification, the importance of HPV status determination, and the implications of smoking on treatment outcomes. It also explores the evolving criteria for adjuvant therapy following TORS, focusing on reducing radiation dosage and volume without compromising treatment efficacy. In conclusion, TORS emerges as a viable upfront treatment option for carefully selected patients with HPV-positive OPSCC, offering a pathway toward treatment de-escalation. However, selecting the optimal candidate for TORS-based de-escalation strategies is crucial to fully leverage the benefits of treatment de-intensification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICCA) is the second most common type of primary liver malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ICCA is characterized by molecular heterogeneity and a diverse histopathological spectrum. Generally, the prognosis for patients diagnosed with ICCA is poor. Recent advances have improved our understanding of the molecular genetics and histological subtypes of ICCA. An accurate diagnosis of ICCA is important for patient management and prognosis. This review aims to provides an updated overview of the pathology of ICCA, with a particular focus on its molecular genetics, histological subtypes, and the diagnostic approaches necessary to distinguish it from other diseases. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICCA) is a malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by biliary differentiation within the liver. ICCA is molecularly heterogeneous and exhibits a broad spectrum of histopathological features. It is a highly aggressive carcinoma with high mortality and poor survival rates. ICCAs are classified into two main subtypes: the small-duct type and large-duct types. These two tumor types have different cell origins and clinicopathological features. ICCAs are characterized by numerous molecular alterations, including mutations in KRAS, TP53, IDH1/2, ARID1A, BAP1, BRAF, SAMD4, and EGFR, and FGFR2 fusion. Two main molecular subtypes—inflammation and proliferation—have been proposed. Recent advances in high-throughput assays using next-generation sequencing have improved our understanding of ICCA pathogenesis and molecular genetics. The diagnosis of ICCA poses a significant challenge for pathologists because of its varied morphologies and phenotypes. Accurate diagnosis of ICCA is essential for effective patient management and prognostic determination. This article provides an updated overview of ICCA pathology, focusing particularly on molecular features, histological subtypes, and diagnostic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are precursors to over 80% of oral cancers. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, followed by pathologist interpretation of tissue and cellular morphology, is the current gold standard for diagnosis. However, this method is qualitative, can result in errors during the multi-step diagnostic process, and results may have significant inter-observer variability. Chemical imaging (CI) offers a promising alternative, wherein label-free imaging is used to record both the morphology and the composition of tissue and artificial intelligence (AI) is used to objectively assign histologic information. Here, we employ quantum cascade laser (QCL)-based discrete frequency infrared (DFIR) chemical imaging to record data from oral tissues. In this proof-of-concept study, we focused on achieving tissue segmentation into three classes (connective tissue, dysplastic epithelium, and normal epithelium) using a convolutional neural network (CNN) applied to three bands of label-free DFIR data with paired darkfield visible imaging. Using pathologist-annotated H&E images as the ground truth, we demonstrate results that are 94.5% accurate with the ground truth using combined information from IR and darkfield microscopy in a deep learning framework. This chemical-imaging-based workflow for OPMD classification has the potential to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of clinical oral precancer diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactoferrins and lactoferrin-derived peptides display numerous functions linked to innate immunity in mammalians, spanning from antimicrobial to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions, and even demonstrate antitumor properties. To date, the proposed mechanisms for their biological actions are varied, although the molecular basis that governs lactoferrin interactions with molecular targets has been clarified only in a limited number of specific cases. However, key in silico methods have recently moved the topic to the fore, thus greatly expanding the possibilities of large-scale investigations on macromolecular interactions involving lactoferrins and their molecular targets. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the structural determinants that drive lactoferrin recognition of molecular targets, with primary focus on the mechanisms of activity against bacteria and viruses. The understanding of the structural details of lactoferrins' interaction with their molecular partners is in fact a crucial goal for the development of novel pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odontogenic keratocyst (OK) is a benign intraosseous cystic lesion characterized by a parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelial lining with palisade basal cells. It represents 10–12% of odontogenic cysts. The changes in its classification as a tumor or cyst have increased interest in its pathogenesis. Objective: Identify key genes in the pathogenesis of sporadic OK through in silico analysis. Materials and methods: The GSE38494 technical sheet on OK was analyzed using GEOR2. Their functional and canonical signaling pathways were enriched in the NIH-DAVID bioinformatic platform. The protein–protein interaction network was constructed by STRING and analyzed with Cytoscape-MCODE software v 3.8.2 (score > 4). Post-enrichment analysis was performed by Cytoscape-ClueGO. Results: A total of 768 differentially expressed genes (DEG) with a fold change (FC) greater than 2 and 469 DEG with an FC less than 2 were identified. In the post-enrichment analysis of upregulated genes, significance was observed in criteria related to the organization of the extracellular matrix, collagen fibers, and endodermal differentiation, while the downregulated genes were related to defensive response mechanisms against viruses and interferon-gamma activation. Conclusions. Our in silico analysis showed a significant relationship with mechanisms of extracellular matrix organization, interferon-gamma activation, and response to viral infections, which must be validated through molecular assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In metastatic breast cancer (MBC), [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) can be used for staging. We evaluated the correlation between BC histopathological characteristics and [18F]FDG uptake in corresponding metastases. Patients and Methods: Patients with non-rapidly progressive MBC of all subtypes prospectively underwent a baseline histological metastasis biopsy and [18F]FDG-PET. Biopsies were assessed for estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ER, PR, HER2); Ki-67; and histological subtype. [18F]FDG uptake was expressed as maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and results were expressed as geometric means. Results: Of 200 patients, 188 had evaluable metastasis biopsies, and 182 of these contained tumor. HER2 positivity and Ki-67 ≥ 20% were correlated with higher [18F]FDG uptake (estimated geometric mean SUVmax 10.0 and 8.8, respectively; p = 0.0064 and p = 0.014). [18F]FDG uptake was lowest in ER-positive/HER2-negative BC and highest in HER2-positive BC (geometric mean SUVmax 6.8 and 10.0, respectively; p = 0.0058). Although [18F]FDG uptake was lower in invasive lobular carcinoma (n = 31) than invasive carcinoma NST (n = 146) (estimated geometric mean SUVmax 5.8 versus 7.8; p = 0.014), the metastasis detection rate was similar. Conclusions: [18F]FDG-PET is a powerful tool to detect metastases, including invasive lobular carcinoma. Although BC histopathological characteristics are related to [18F]FDG uptake, [18F]FDG-PET and biopsy remain complementary in MBC staging (NCT01957332). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease of autoimmune nature and unknown etiology, which can affect the oral mucosa, skin, nails, scalp, genitalia, and other mucous membranes. The anatomical location most frequently affected by LP is the oral cavity—called oral lichen planus (OLP)—where white reticular lesions may also be accompanied by erosive, atrophic, bullous, papular, or plaque lesions. The most important feature of OLP is its capacity to develop into oral cancer throughout the course of the disease, which is why OLP is currently recognized as an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD). New primary-level studies (n = 20; 11,512 patients suffering from OLP or related lesions) have been published in the last 5 years on this topic. In the present meta-analysis, we provide an updated OLP malignant transformation ratio, which is higher than what was previously reported; resolve some remaining controversies; and provide new recommendations for clinical practice in the management of OLP patients. A systematic review and a meta-analysis is presented on published articles on the malignant transformation of oral lichen planus (OLP) and related conditions, which, based on current evidence, updates an earlier systematic review published by our research group that included publications until November 2018. In this updated study (Nov-2023) we searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. We evaluated the methodological quality of studies (QUIPS tool) and carried out meta-analyses. The inclusion criteria were met by 101 studies (38,083 patients), of which, 20 new primary-level studies (11,512 patients) were published in the last 5 years and were added to our updated study. The pooled malignant transformation ratio was 1.43% (95% CI = 1.09–1.80) for OLP; 1.38% (95% CI = 0.16–3.38) for oral lichenoid lesions; 1.20% (95% CI = 0.00–4.25) for lichenoid reactions; and 5.13% (95% CI = 1.90–9.43) for OLP with dysplasia. No significant differences were found between the OLL or LR groups and the OLP subgroup (p = 0.853 and p = 0.328, respectively), and the malignant transformation was significantly higher for the OLP with dysplasia group in comparison with the OLP group (p = 0.001). The factors that had a significant impact with a higher risk of malignant transformation were the presence of epithelial dysplasia, a higher methodological quality, the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, the location of lesions on the tongue, the presence of atrophic and erosive lesions, and infection by the hepatitis C virus. In conclusion, OLP behaves as an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD), whose malignancy ratio is probably underestimated as a consequence essentially of the use of inadequate diagnostic criteria and the low methodological quality of the studies on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of mRNA-based immunotherapies that leverage the genomes of oncolytic viruses holds significant promise in addressing glioblastoma (GBM), an exceptionally aggressive neurological tumor. We explore the significance of mRNA-based platforms in the area of immunotherapy, introducing an innovative approach to mitigate the risks associated with the use of live viruses in cancer treatment. The ability to customize oncolytic virus genome sequences enables researchers to precisely target specific cancer cells, either through viral genome segments containing structural proteins or through a combination of regions with oncolytic potential. This strategy may enhance treatment effectiveness while minimizing unintended impacts on non-cancerous cells. A notable case highlighted here pertains to advanced findings regarding the application of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in GBM treatment. ZIKV, a member of the family Flaviviridae, shows oncolytic properties against GBM, opening novel therapeutic avenues. We explore intensive investigations of glioblastoma stem cells, recognized as key drivers in GBM initiation, progression, and resistance to therapy. However, a comprehensive elucidation of ZIKV's underlying mechanisms is imperative to pave the way for ZIKV-based clinical trials targeting GBM patients. This investigation into harnessing the potential of oncolytic-virus genomes for mRNA-based immunotherapies underscores its noteworthy implications, potentially paving the way for a paradigm shift in cancer treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme-containing peroxidase, mainly expressed in neutrophils and, to a lesser extent, in monocytes. MPO is known to have a broad bactericidal ability via catalyzing the reaction of Cl− with H2O2 to produce a strong oxidant, hypochlorous acid (HOCl). However, the overproduction of MPO-derived oxidants has drawn attention to its detrimental role, especially in diseases characterized by acute or chronic inflammation. Broadly speaking, MPO and its derived oxidants are involved in the pathological processes of diseases mainly through the oxidation of biomolecules, which promotes inflammation and oxidative stress. Meanwhile, some researchers found that MPO deficiency or using MPO inhibitors could attenuate inflammation and tissue injuries. Taken together, MPO might be a promising target for both prognostic and therapeutic interventions. Therefore, understanding the role of MPO in the progress of various diseases is of great value. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the diverse roles of MPO in the progression of several diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, renal diseases, and lung diseases (including COVID-19). This information serves as a valuable reference for subsequent mechanistic research and drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a very heterogeneous cancer with a poor overall response to therapy. One of the reasons for this therapy resistance could be cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small population of cancer cells with self-renewal and tumor-initiating abilities. Tumor cell heterogeneity represents hurdles for therapeutic elimination of CSCs. Different signaling pathway activations, such as Wnt, Notch, and Sonic-Hedgehog (SHh) pathways, lead to the expression of several cancer stem factors that enable the maintenance of CSC features. Identification and isolation of CSCs are based either on markers (CD133, CD44, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)), side populations, or their sphere-forming ability. A key challenge in cancer therapy targeting CSCs is overcoming chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. However, in novel therapies, various approaches are being employed to address this hurdle such as targeting cell surface markers, other stem cell markers, and different signaling or metabolic pathways, but also, introducing checkpoint inhibitors and natural compounds into the therapy can be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of desmoglein-3 (DSG3) in oncogenesis is unclear. This study aimed to uncover molecular mechanisms through comparative transcriptome analysis in oral cancer cells, defining potential key genes and associated biological processes related to DSG3 expression. Four mRNA libraries of oral squamous carcinoma H413 cell lines were sequenced, and 599 candidate genes exhibited differential expression between DSG3-overexpressing and matched control lines, with 12 genes highly significantly differentially expressed, including 9 upregulated and 3 downregulated. Genes with known implications in cancer, such as MMP-13, KRT84, OLFM4, GJA1, AMOT and ADAMTS1, were strongly linked to DSG3 overexpression. Gene ontology analysis indicated that the DSG3-associated candidate gene products participate in crucial cellular processes such as junction assembly, focal adhesion, extracellular matrix formation, intermediate filament organisation and keratinocyte differentiation. Validation of RNA-Seq was performed through RT-qPCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses. Furthermore, using transmission electron microscopy, we meticulously examined desmosome morphology and revealed a slightly immature desmosome structure in DSG3-overexpressing cells compared to controls. No changes in desmosome frequency and diameter were observed between the two conditions. This study underscores intricate and multifaceted alterations associated with DSG3 in oral squamous carcinoma cells, implying a potential oncogenic role of this gene in biological processes that enable cell communication, motility and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odontomas are considered hamartomatous lesions and are one of the two most common odontogenic tumors of the jaw. Odontomas are classified as compound or complex. Recently, ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO) and ameloblastic fibro-dentinoma were reclassified as developing odontomas. Though clinically odontomas are usually asymptomatic, they have adverse effects on adjacent teeth such as tooth impaction, delayed eruption, displacement of teeth, over-retention of teeth, and can give rise to odontogenic cysts within the jaw. We sought to evaluate the clinicoradiopathologic presentations of odontomas by collecting and analyzing the clinical, radiographic, and pathologic data of odontomas diagnosed in our institution from 2013 to 2022. Over this 10-year period, there were 242 patients with a histopathological and/or radiographic diagnosis of odontoma. There was no gender predilection and ages ranged from 3 to 101 years (median, 14 years). The second decade of life was the most prevalent (57.4%). There was no jaw predilection; however, the anterior jaw was the most common location. Ninety-four (38.8%) cases presented with clinical findings. The most common finding was tooth impaction (n = 83). Nine (3.7%) cases were histopathologically confirmed to be associated with other lesions such as dentigerous cysts (n = 8) and nasopalatine duct cyst (n = 1). The median age (25 years) of patients diagnosed with odontomas associated with cysts was older than patients with odontomas (14 years) without associated cysts. Compound odontomas were the most common type of odontoma compared to complex and AFOs with 71.4%, 26.6%, and 2%, respectively. The majority of compound odontomas involved the anterior jaw (69.3%) and mandible (54.9%) while the majority of complex odontomas involved the posterior jaw (59.6%) and maxilla (54.7%). The four AFOs were in the posterior jaw and 75% involved the maxilla. The median age (12 years) of patients diagnosed with AFO was the youngest compared to patients diagnosed with compound (13 years) and complex (16 years). In conclusion, we analyzed the clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features of 242 new cases of odontomas. Our study reaffirms that odontomas frequently affect the pediatric population and can disrupt their dentition. Based on the result of this study, our clinical recommendation to prevent problems to adjacent teeth from odontomas is for dentists to be apt in the diagnose of odontomas to ensure that they are surgically removed in a timely manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is classified as a potentially malignant disorder. Systematic reviews collating longitudinal observation studies provide evidence of the rate or proportion of malignant transformation. We conducted an umbrella study of published systematic reviews. An extensive English-language study search was carried out in several databases to identify relevant articles, providing systematic reviews on the malignant transformation of OLP. Data from eight systematic reviews published between 2014 and 2023 are presented. The reported proportions of malignant transformation ranged from 1.1% to 1.4%. A meta-analysis based on the 10 highest-quality studies yielded a higher proportion of malignant transformation (2.28%). We list some limitations found in several of these systematic reviews. Some studies reported an increased risk of malignancy in OLP lesions, demonstrating epithelial dysplasia. In view of the consistent evidence of the risk of oral malignancy, OLP patients should be monitored carefully to detect early cancer development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of human dentin matrix could serve as an alternative to autologous, allogenic, and xenogeneic bone grafts due to its osteoinductive characteristics. The limitations of its use is tooth availability and that it is often necessary to mix it with a biomaterial. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze a mix of two different graft materials with different reabsorption ranges when the dentin graft material was not sufficient for full socket preservation. Methods: Seven socket preservation surgeries were carried out employing a mixed graft material containing 50% dentin and 50% xenograft. After four months of recovery, the implants were positioned. At the time of the prosthesis placement and implant surgery, bone samples were collected. Results: The histologic analysis revealed no inflammatory or infective reaction against the seven biopsies. The histomorphometric graft analysis revealed an amount of New Bone of 29.03 ± 6.57% after 4 months and 34.11 ± 5.02% after 8 months. Conclusions: The two graft materials had a different volume reabsorption rate: 71% after 4 months and 90% after 8 months for dentin, and 6% after 4 months and 26% after 8 months for the xenograft. The space created by the dentin reabsorption increased the quantity of new bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OP-145 and SAAP-148, two 24-mer antimicrobial peptides derived from human cathelicidin LL-37, exhibit killing efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at comparable peptide concentrations. However, when it comes to the killing activity against Escherichia coli, the extent of membrane permeabilization does not align with the observed bactericidal activity. This is the case in living bacteria as well as in model membranes mimicking the E. coli cytoplasmic membrane (CM). In order to understand the killing activity of both peptides on a molecular basis, here we studied their mode of action, employing a combination of microbiological and biophysical techniques including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), zeta potential measurements, and spectroscopic analyses. Various membrane dyes were utilized to monitor the impact of the peptides on bacterial and model membranes. Our findings unveiled distinct binding patterns of the peptides to the bacterial surface and differential permeabilization of the E. coli CM, depending on the smooth or rough/deep-rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS) phenotypes of E. coli strains. Interestingly, the antimicrobial activity and membrane depolarization were not significantly different in the different LPS phenotypes investigated, suggesting a general mechanism that is independent of LPS. Although the peptides exhibited limited permeabilization of E. coli membranes, DSC studies conducted on a mixture of synthetic phosphatidylglycerol/phosphatidylethanolamine/cardiolipin, which mimics the CM of Gram-negative bacteria, clearly demonstrated disruption of lipid chain packing. From these experiments, we conclude that depolarization of the CM and alterations in lipid packing plays a crucial role in the peptides' bactericidal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: We are going to highlight new prognostic and predictive factors, CD44, PDL1, and ATG7, in surgical samples from patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Immunohistochemical analysis with primary antibodies anti-CD44, PD-L1 and ATG7 was performed using the tissue microarray (TMA) technique. Considering follow-up data, the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 85.71% and 36% for CD44-negative and -positive tumors. The 5-year DFS was 60% and 33.33% for negative and positive PDL1 tumors, respectively. At the follow-up, 5-year DFS was 58.06% and 37.50% for negative and positive ATG7 tumors. We focus on the new prognostic and predictive factors CD44, PDL1, and ATG7 in our study of surgical samples of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) using tissue microarray (TMA). Thirty-nine previously untreated patients affected by laryngeal carcinoma who then underwent surgical treatment were considered in this retrospective study. All surgical specimens were sampled, embedded in paraffin blocks, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A representative sample of the tumor was chosen and transferred into a new block of paraffin, the recipient block, to perform immunohistochemical analysis with the primary antibodies anti-CD44, PD-L1, and ATG7. At follow-up, 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) for negative and positive tumors was determined as 85.71% and 36% for CD44, 60% and 33.33% for PDL1, and 58.06% and 37.50% for ATG7, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that CD44 expression is an independent predictive factor of low-grade tumors (p = 0.008), lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis, and AGT7 negativity. Thus, CD44 expression is a potential marker for more aggressive forms of laryngeal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein present in most human exocrine fluids, particularly breast milk. Lactoferrin is also released from neutrophil granules, and its concentration increases rapidly at the site of inflammation. Immune cells of both the innate and the adaptive immune system express receptors for lactoferrin to modulate their functions in response to it. On the basis of these interactions, lactoferrin plays many roles in host defense, ranging from augmenting or calming inflammatory pathways to direct killing of pathogens. Complex biological activities of lactoferrin are determined by its ability to sequester iron and by its highly basic N-terminus, via which lactoferrin binds to a plethora of negatively charged surfaces of microorganisms and viruses, as well as to mammalian cells, both normal and cancerous. Proteolytic cleavage of lactoferrin in the digestive tract generates smaller peptides, such as N-terminally derived lactoferricin. Lactoferricin shares some of the properties of lactoferrin, but also exhibits unique characteristics and functions. In this review, we discuss the structure, functions, and potential therapeutic uses of lactoferrin, lactoferricin, and other lactoferrin-derived bioactive peptides in treating various infections and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, we summarize clinical trials examining the effect of lactoferrin supplementation in disease treatment, with a special focus on its potential use in treating COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many cysts and tumors which might occur in the mandibular and maxillary bones. Their origin can be either odontogenic or non-odontogenic. One of the most common odontogenic cysts is the odontogenic keratocyst (OKC). Its nomenclature and classification have changed many times over years, from a tumor to, finally, a cyst. Nowadays, its treatment has not greatly changed, however, it is related to a potential recurrence rate more than any other cyst of odontogenic origins. OKC size, localization, and possible cortical expansion towards adjacent soft tissues might influence the scope of treatment and possible reoccurrence in time. Each case is quite individual, and after removal of the pathology in some cases there can be a necessity for either bone grafting or any other reconstruction method to restore proper bone continuity. The size and the placement of OKC might influence pathological fracture occurrence or inappropriate healing if the bone cavity after cyst removal is not properly treated. A good healing potential can be achieved with xenograft bone substitutes or allograft fresh–frozen bones. On rare occasions, a titanium plate is used to ensure mandibular stability. In the following case report, an atypical case of a large OKC treated with fresh–frozen bone grafts, supported with collagen barrier material in the anterior mandible with buccal cortical expansion, will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]