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Previous studies have shown that fetal abdominal obesity (FAO) was already observed at the time of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis and persisted until delivery despite management in older and/or obese women. In this study, we investigated whether fetuses of women with milder hyperglycemia than GDM have accelerated abdominal growth, leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 7,569 singleton pregnant women who were universally screened using a 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT) and underwent a 3-h 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) if GCT result was ≥140mg/dL. GDM, one value abnormality (OVA), and normal glucose tolerance (NGT, NGT1: GCT negative, NGT2: GCT positive & OGTT negative) were diagnosed using Carpenter-Coustan criteria. With fetal biometry data measured simultaneously with 50-g GCT, relative fetal abdominal overgrowth was investigated by assessing the fetal abdominal overgrowth ratios (FAORs) of the ultrasonographically estimated gestational age (GA) of abdominal circumference(AC) per actual GA by the last menstruation period(LMP), biparietal diameter(BPD) or femur length(FL), respectively. FAO was defined as FAOR ≥90th percentile The FAORs of GA-AC/GA-LMP and GA-AC/GA-BPD were significantly higher in OVA subjects compared to NGT subjects but not in NGT2 subjects. Although the frequency of FAO in OVA (12.1%) was between that of NGT (9.6%) and GDM (18.3%) without statistically significant difference, the prevalence of large for gestational age at birth and primary cesarean delivery rates were significantly higher in OVA (9.8% and 29.7%) than in NGT (5.1% and 21.5%, p<0.05). Particularly, among OVA subjects with FAO, the prevalence (33.3% and 66.7%) was significantly higher than in those without FAO (9.7% and 24.2%, p<0.05). The degree of fetal abdominal growth acceleration in OVA subjects was intermediate between that of NGT and GDM subjects. OVA subjects with FAO at the time of GDM diagnosis were strongly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated food consumption according to its degree of processing and its relationship with body adiposity in 218 women with breast cancer. Food consumption was categorised according to the NOVA classification. Two groups were formed, the first composed by consumption of in natura, minimally processed foods and culinary ingredients (less processed foods) and the second one of processed and ultra-processed foods (more processed foods). The increase of 5% in the caloric contribution of more processed foods was associated with a 4% increase in the prevalence of overweight (p = 0.028) and 3% in prevalence of abdominal obesity (p = 0.018). This reinforces the importance of evaluating food consumption with a focus on the degree of processing, as it can contribute to the prevention of excess body fat in this group, as this excess is associated with a worse prognosis and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThere is a general concurrence on the health benefits that breastfeeding confers to children, including offering maximal protection against obesity across their life course. However, the scientific evidence on similar benefits for women who breastfeed their children remains inconclusive. This study contributes to the discourse by examining the association of breastfeeding duration with overweight and obesity among women in Ghana.MethodsData on 8,516 women of reproductive age were pooled from the last five (5) Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys, and analysed using descriptive proportions and logistic regression models.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity was about 8% lower for women who breastfed their children beyond 18 months (overweight = 13%, obesity = 5%) compared with women who did not breastfeed (overweight = 21%, obesity = 13%) their children at all. With reference to women who did not breastfeed their children, a significant lower odds of obesity was observed for those who breastfed their children for 13–18 months (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.268, 0.864) and >18 months (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.216, 0.764), after adjusting for possible confounding factors.DiscussionWomen who breastfeed their children for a minimum of 12 months have lower risk of developing obesity. Promoting prolonged breastfeeding among mothers could be an effective pathway to preventing obesity among women in Ghana.

Background: Due to its rising tendency in both developed and developing nations, obesity is a worldwide health problem. Only a few examined the relationship between the liver enzymes and obesity. Materials & Methods: This was an observational analytical study conducted among obese women with BMI more than 30. Aims: To estimate the transaminase levels, prevalence of fatty liver and to find the association with BMI. Results: The mean AST was 57.37 ± 21.8 and 78.3% of the study participants had elevated AST.The mean ALT was 58.97 ± 21.77 and 90% of the study participants had elevated ALT. 41 out of 60 study participants had both AST and ALP elevated. Conclusion: Levels of serum AST and ALT showed a significant association with both abdominal and general obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogenous endocrine condition and combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have been demonstrated to be the first-line treatment to women who do not intend to become pregnant. The combination of COCs and PCOS may or may not amplify the risks of cardiovascular events. Objective: To investigate whether surrogates for obesity may be influenced by the use of COCs containing different formulations in women with PCOS. Method: From January 2024 a literature search was conducted in Google Scholar and Pubmed databases using PCOS, COC, and obesity terms. Hand search of randomized clinical trials in the references of obtained manuscripts was also performed. After the exclusion of reviews and articles that did not fulfill eligibility criteria, compared the results obtained before and after the use of COCs in 13 randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Random-effects model was used to estimate the standardized mean differences (SMD) and standard errors (SE). Risk of bias was examined using the Rob2 tool. Result: Thirteen heterogeneous RCTs reported no difference in waist circumference with the use of different COC formulations (p = 0.714). On the contrary, body fat mass increased with the use of pill (p = 0.013). Waist triglyceride index and lipid accumulation product tended to be higher after the use of COCs (p = 0.073 and p = 0.064, respectively). Conclusion: Combined oral contraceptives with different formulations might increase fat mass accumulation in women with PCOS. Lipids may also be increased in PCOS users. Because some concerns about the quality and heterogeneity identified in various RCTs, caution should be taken before a definitive conclusion regarding the use of COCs and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Overweight and obese women face various reproductive and other health challenges, and in some cases, even mortality. Despite evidence of rural-urban disparities in overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age, there is limited evidence regarding the predictors of these disparities. This study aims to investigate the factors associated with overweight and obesity and examine the contributors to rural-urban disparities in overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. Methods: We utilized the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey dataset. The survey employed a two-stage cluster sampling technique based on Nigeria's 2006 census enumeration areas for sample selection. Overweight and obesity were defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25. Data analyses were conducted using the Logistic Regression Model and the threefold Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition model (α0.05). Results: The study revealed that older women (OR = 2.44; CI = 2.11–2.83), those with higher wealth (OR = 2.05; CI = 1.81–2.31), contraceptive users (OR = 1.41; CI = 1.27–1.57), and residents of the South-South region (OR = 1.24; CI = 1.07–1.45) were more likely to be overweight/obese. The decomposition analysis indicated that the mean predicted prevalence of overweight and obesity is 35.5% in urban areas, compared to 21.1% in rural areas of Nigeria. Factors such as wealth status, educational level, media exposure, and contraceptive use were identified as significant contributors to these disparities. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of addressing socioeconomic disparities when designing healthcare interventions to reduce the burden of overweight and obesity, particularly in urban areas. Prioritizing these factors can facilitate efforts to promote healthier lifestyles and enhance overall well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the prevalence of obesity in pregnant women in Victoria, 2010–2019. Study design: Retrospective cohort study; analysis of Victorian Perinatal Data Collection data. Setting, participants: Women who gave birth in seventeen Victorian Department of Health areas (eight metropolitan, nine regional), 2010–2019. Main outcome measures: Proportions of births to women with obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2), by Department of Health area and year. Results: A total of 710 364 births with records that included the mothers' BMI were recorded in Victoria during 2010–2019. The proportion of births to women with obesity rose from 19.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.3–19.9%) in 2010 to 21.5% (95% CI, 21.2–21.8%) in 2019; the proportion of births to women with normal weight declined from 49.0% (95% CI, 48.6–49.4%) to 46.8% (95% CI, 46.4–47.1%). In metropolitan areas, the proportion of births to women with obesity rose from 17.7% (95% CI, 17.7–17.8%) to 19.4% (95% CI, 19.3–19.4%); in regional areas, it increased from 25.0% (95% CI, 25.0–25.1%) to 29.1% (95% CI, 29.0–29.2%). The increase in prevalence of obesity was greater among women living in the lowest socio‐economic standing (Index of Relative Socio‐Economic Disadvantage) quintile than for those residing in the quintile of least disadvantage (adjusted rate ratio, 2.16; 95% CI, 2.12–2.20). Conclusion: The proportion of births to Victorian women with obesity rose during 2010–2019, particularly in regional areas. Ensuring that regional health services are adequately resourced to meet the needs of the increasing number of women at risk of obesity during pregnancy is vital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of central obesity in Indonesia, especially in women aged 45-54 years, has increased according to the results of the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas, Riset Kesehatan Dasar). Central obesity is associated with a higher risk of diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. This study aimed to identify factors associated with the incidence of central obesity in women aged 45-54 years in Indonesia using the 2018 Riskesdas data with a cross-sectional study design. The study sample consisted of 60,557 individuals, with 64.54% having central obesity. Marital status (PR=1.12; 95%CI 1.09-1.15), low physical activity (PR=1.18; 95%CI 1.14-1.21), and consumption of highrisk foods (PR=1.03; 95%CI 1.01-1.05) were found to be associated with an increased risk of central obesity. In contrast, primary education (PR=0.86; 95%CI 0.83-0.89), employment status (PR=0.91; 95%CI 0.90-0.93), and smoking status (PR=0.89; 95%CI 0.84-0.95) acted as protective factors against central obesity. The results of this study suggest the need for increased nutrition education and physical activity in women aged 45-54 years as well as health support programs for married women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the relationship between vitamin D and obesity and abdominal obesity in women with infertility. We screened the data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2016. A total of 201 infertile women between the ages of 20 and 40 years were included in our study. To estimate the independent association of vitamin D with obesity and abdominal obesity, we used weighted multivariate logistic regression models and cubic spline analyses. Among infertile women in the NHANES 2013–2016 database, serum vitamin D levels were significantly and negatively associated with body mass index (ß= −0.96, 95% CI: −1.40, −0.51, p < 0.001)and waist circumference (ß= −0.40, 95% CI: −0.59, −0.22, p < 0.001), respectively. After multivariable adjustment, lower vitamin D levels were found to be associated with a higher prevalence of obesity (OR: 8.290, 95% CI: 2.451–28.039, p for trend = 0.001) and abdominal obesity (OR: 4.820, 95%CI: 1.351–17.194, p for trend =0.037). Spline regression showed linearity of the associations between vitamin D and obesity/abdominal obesity (p for nonlinearity > 0.05). Our findings suggested that a decreased vitamin D might correspond to a higher prevalence of obesity in infertile women, which reminded us to pay more attention to the supplement of vitamin D in obese infertile women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overweight and obesity can be interpreted as abnormal fat accumulation that can cause health problems. The average BMI (Body Mass Index) in adult women has also continued to increase. This study aims to identify the relationship between age, alcohol consumption, cigarette consumption, employment status, economic status, ethnicity and area of residence with the incidence of obesity in women aged 15-49 years in South Africa and determine the most influential factors on obesity. This study is a quantitative study with a design cross-sectional using secondary data from The DHS Program 2016. Respondents in this study were women aged 15 - 49 years in South Africa as many as 1158 people. The dependent variable in this study is the nutritional status of obesity which is classified as obese if BMI =25 kg/m2. While the independent variables are age, alcohol consumption, cigarette consumption, employment status, economic status, ethnicity, and area of residence. Data were analyzed by chi-square and logistic regression. The results showed that the factors associated with obesity were age, employment status and economic status (p-value <0.05). The most influential factor is adult age with a range of 25 - 49 years. Therefore, there is a need for behavioral changes in adult women 25-49 years in South Africa and national monitoring evaluation of multisectoral programs for obesity prevention in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Overweight and obese women face various reproductive and other health challenges, and in some cases, even mortality. Despite evidence of rural-urban disparities in overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age, there is limited evidence regarding the predictors of these disparities. This study aims to investigate the factors associated with overweight and obesity and examine the contributors to rural-urban disparities in overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. Methods We utilized the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey dataset. The survey employed a two-stage cluster sampling technique based on Nigeria’s 2006 census enumeration areas for sample selection. Overweight and obesity were defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25. Data analyses were conducted using the Logistic Regression Model and the threefold Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition model (α0.05). Results The study revealed that older women (OR = 2.44; CI = 2.11–2.83), those with higher wealth (OR = 2.05; CI = 1.81–2.31), contraceptive users (OR = 1.41; CI = 1.27–1.57), and residents of the South-South region (OR = 1.24; CI = 1.07–1.45) were more likely to be overweight/obese. The decomposition analysis indicated that the mean predicted prevalence of overweight and obesity is 35.5% in urban areas, compared to 21.1% in rural areas of Nigeria. Factors such as wealth status, educational level, media exposure, and contraceptive use were identified as significant contributors to these disparities. Conclusion The findings underscore the importance of addressing socioeconomic disparities when designing healthcare interventions to reduce the burden of overweight and obesity, particularly in urban areas. Prioritizing these factors can facilitate efforts to promote healthier lifestyles and enhance overall well-being.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity and its association with the level of physical activity, alone and combined with sedentary behavior., Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed. The sample was composed of 317 women aged between 24 and 59 years. Sarcopenic obesity was determined by the coexistence of sarcopenia (reduced muscle mass and strength) and obesity (% fat). Dual-energy x-ray absorption was used to evaluate muscle mass and % fat, with cutoff points of <15 kg and <31.71%, respectively. Strength was assessed by the handgrip test, with a cutoff point of <21.68 kg. Levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior were assessed using the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Individuals who did not achieve 150 minutes per week of physical activity were considered insufficiently active. The cutoff point for sedentary behavior was determined based on the 75th percentile (480 min/wk), considering excessive sedentary behavior (≥75th percentile) and low/moderate sedentary behavior (<75th percentile)., Results: The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was 7.9% (95% CI, 4.9-10.8). Sarcopenic obesity was associated with the general physical activity level (odds ratio, 3.96; 95% CI, 1.32-11.8) and being insufficiently active together with low/moderate sedentary behavior (odds ratio, 4.88; 95% CI, 1.49-16.0)., Conclusions: There was the presence of sarcopenic obesity in adult women which was associated with the level of general physical activity, alone and combined with sedentary behavior., Competing Interests: Financial disclosure/conflicts of interest: None reported., (Copyright © 2024 by The Menopause Society.)

Introduction and aim of study: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting young women. It is diagnosed in individuals who meet 2 of the following 3 criteria: hyperandrogenism, ovarian dysfunction or polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound. A common component of this disease is obesity that leads to many serious health complications. This review paper aims to discuss the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists as a therapeutic option to treat obesity in female patients with PCOS. Materials and Methods: The authors conducted a comprehensive review of the literature available in databases: PubMed and Medline focusing on the terms “PCOS”, “GLP-1”, “obesity”. Results: The first-line treatment of metabolic disorders in the course of PCOS is lifestyle modification. In patients who do not achieve sufficient results pharmacotherapy is recommended. Therapy with GLP-1 receptor agonists shows beneficial effects not only on weight loss, but also on metabolic and endocrine disorders. Studies have proven the superiority of these medications over metformin in the treatment of obesity associated with PCOS. However, the simultaneous use of GLP-1 receptor agonists and metformin may be beneficial for the patients. Conclusions: GLP-1 receptor agonists appear to be a promising therapeutic option in obese women with PCOS according to safety profile and effectiveness proven in studies.

Background: The obesity epidemic is affecting worldwide health, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases such hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. this gave an impetus to study the new variables Insulin-like peptide 5, Phosphodiesterase 9 and their relationship as a cause or effect factors Objective: To validate any associations between Phosphodiesterase 9 (PDE9) and, Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5), specific factors and obesity, and to explore how they might integrate with other established agents to combat obesity and improve metabolism. Subjects and Methods: The study was based analytical cross-sectional research was conducted from (February 2022) to (August 2022). The study based on apparently healthy women (primary analyses were made, their blood sugar and lipid profile with the normal reference range) 50 women with age range (20 – 40) years. Fasting blood samples were collected from all the participants in this study, (5 ml) was poured in plane tubes and sera were separated by centrifuging the samples for 10 minutes at 3000rpm for the biochemical and hormonal investigations, therefore they were divided into two group: -first group: consisted of twenty-five obese women without previously diagnosed diseases (BMI>30 kg/m2) . second group: consisted of twenty-five women with normal BMI (BMI= 24.9-18.5 kg/m2). Results: Serum insulin-like peptide 5 showed significant increase in obese women without previously diagnosed diseases (16.31±3.88 µIU/ml), in comparison with women with normal BMI (11.17±3.88 µIU/ml). Serum PDE-9A significantly ((P≤ 0.05) decrease in obese women (6.77±1.95ng/ml), in comparison with women with normal BMI (8.11± 1.52ng/ml), Conclusions: Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5) could play in a role in promoting insulin resistance (IR), Phosphodiesterase 9 (PDE9) is a regulator of energy, Phosphodiesterase 9 (PDE9) inhibition is associated with increase the occurrence of insulin resistance.

INTRODUCTION: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an important neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder with childhood onset and continues into adulthood. Studies suggest that androgens and obesity are involved in the etiology of ADHD. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenemia. The goal of this study is to investigate ADHD symptoms and the relation of with obesity in women with PCOS. METHODS: One hundred twenty five PCOS patients with biochemical hyperandrogenemia were recruited for the study group. For comparison, 125 healthy women were included the study. Current and childhood ADHD symptoms were assessed by using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) and Wender-Utah Rating Scale (WURS) and impulsivity was assesed by using the Barrat Impulsivity Scale (BIS). RESULTS: There were no significant difference between the groups in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, but Body Mass Index (BMI) was significantly higher in the PCOS group than the control group. Women with PCOS had significantly higher total current (ASRS) and total childhood (WURS) ADHD scores than controls. Inattention score of ASRS and hyperactivity-Impulsivity score of ASRS were higher in PCOS group. Women with PCOS had significantly higher total impulsivity (BIS) scores than controls. Attention impulsivity score of BIS, motor impulsivity score of BIS and Non-planning impulsivity score of BIS were higher in PCOS group. A positive correlation was found between BMI and all scale scores in both PCOS and control groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of the study show that women with PCOS have higher current and childhood ADHD symptoms and impulsivity. Also, high serum androgen levels and obesity in the PCOS and control group are associated with both adult ADHD symptoms and impulsivity. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings. We suggest that not only gynecologist but also a multidisciplinary team should examine these patients.

We examined rural and urban prevalence and correlates of overweight/obesity among women of reproductive age using survey data from Nigeria. Overweight and obesity prevalence increased from 16.1% and 6.1% in 2008 to 18.2% and 10.0% in 2018, while underweight prevalence consistently averaged at 12%. Regardless of the residential setting, age, marital status, education, occupation, wealth, and year were associated with higher risk of overweight/obesity, whereas breastfeeding showed a protective effect. Unique risk factors for overweight/obesity in urban areas were higher parity and female-headed households, while ethnicity, media exposure, and state of residence were unique risk factors in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There is a steadily increasing trend in obesity globally and in Sub-Saharan Africa that disproportionately affects women in most places. This is not different in Uganda, where the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey indicated an increase in obesity among women of reproductive age as measured by the body mass index (BMI). However, studies on the predictors of obesity in women are still limited. Particularly, studies using specific indicators of body fat are scant. This study explored the socio-demographic predictors of obesity as indicated by total body fat percentage among women in the age range of 18 to 69 years old living in Mukono Central Division in Central Uganda. Methods A cross sectional study design using quantitative methods was employed. A total of 384 women between 18 and 69 years old from Mukono Central Division in Central Uganda were randomly recruited. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data including age, level of education, marital status, childbearing status, household expenditure, household size and employment status. Total body fat percentage, the indicator for obesity was measured using the body composition meter from TANITA. The data was analyzed using multinomial logistic regression analysis using SPSS version 20. Results 155 women, nearly two fifths (40.4% CI 95% 38.4–42.4) were classified as obese. Age, marital status, childbearing status, and employment status were the factors that were associated with obesity among these women. Employment status was the only variable that remained significantly associated with obesity among the women after adjusting for other factors. Unemployed women were nearly two times more likely to be obese than the employed women (AOR 1.9; 95% CI 1.1–3.1). The prevalence of obesity among the unemployed and employed women was 48.2% and 34.4% respectively. Conclusions Obesity in women was predicted by employment status. An in-depth study on factors that predispose unemployed women to obesity, will be instrumental in guiding interventions to curb the emerging obesity epidemic in Uganda. In the same vein, strategies to reduce levels of unemployment among women living in urban Uganda are essential for protecting public health from the dimension of reducing obesity levels.

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BackgroundRecent studies have indicated an association between sedentary behavior (SB), particularly patterns of SB, and bone health. However, it remains uncertain how different patterns of SB in overweight/obesity older women impact their bone health. This study aimed to investigate the association between objectively measured SB patterns and bone health in Chinese community-dwelling overweight/obesity older women.MethodsCross-sectional data were obtained from a baseline survey of Physical Activity and Health in Older Women Study. Quantitative ultrasound was used to measure speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), bone quality index (BQI) and T value to evaluate bone health. SB patterns were measured using triaxial accelerometers, including sedentary time in SB bouts of ≥ 10, 30, and 60 min, number of SB bouts ≥ 10, 30, and 60 min. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the associations of different SB patterns with bone health.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders, sedentary time in SB bouts ≥ 60 min, number of SB bouts ≥ 60 min were significantly associated with bone health, with a lower SOS [β = −2.75, 95% confidence interval (CI): −4.96 to −0.53, P = 0.015], BUA (β = −1.20, 95% CI: −2.14 to −0.26, P = 0.013), BQI (β = −1.56, 95% CI: −2.63 to −0.49, P = 0.004), T value (β = −0.08, 95% CI: −0.14 to −0.03, P = 0.004) per 60 min increase of sedentary time in SB bouts ≥ 60 min, and a lower SOS (β = −3.97, 95% CI: −7.54 to −0.40, P = 0.029), BUA (β = −1.80, 95% CI: −3.44 to −0.16, P = 0.031), BQI (β = −2.28, 95% CI: −4.08 to −0.47, P = 0.014) and T value (β = −0.12, 95% CI: −0.22 to −0.03, P = 0.013) per bout increase of SB bouts ≥ 60 min, respectively.ConclusionLimiting the duration of prolonged sedentary bouts and minimizing the occurrence of number of SB bouts ≥ 60 min could be essential in bone health management, especially for those older people who are overweight/obesity.

Introduction: Mexico is a country with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. However, social feeding programs often target only undernutrition in vulnerable population groups. Objective: to estimate the association of overweight and obesity (OW) with participation in a conditional cash transfers (CCT) program and other social feeding programs in women 15-49 years of age within the most economically vulnerable population in Mexico. Methods: anthropometric data, as well as information on participation in social feeding programs, household food insecurity and sociodemographic variables, were analyzed for women aged 15-49 living in localities of under 100,000 inhabitants in Mexico. Data was derived from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018. A multiple logistic regression model was applied to estimate the association between OW and participation in social feeding programs, as well as other covariables. Results: the prevalence of OW in women who benefited from CCT was 62 %, while for women who participated in this as well as other programs the prevalence was 72.9 % (p = 0.04). A protective association was observed between the CCT program and OW (OR = 0.72, p = 0.04). Additionally, benefitting from DIF Community Kitchens revealed a risk association with OW (OR = 2.76, p = 0.03). Conclusions: it is critical that the design of public policy and social feeding programs consider the scientific evidence generated through rich experiences in Mexico, such as the program of CCT Prospera. This will allow decision-makers to address the epidemiological health and nutrition problems impacting the Mexican population today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally by 2030, 38% of the world's population would be overweight, and another 20% would be obese. This has led to rising concerns regarding how swiftly and substantially the world is moving towards this epidemic of "globesity". India too is facing an increased burden of overweight and obese population. The changing dietary patterns are significantly associated with the increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity and related complications, especially among women. Hence, the present study aims to observe the spatial patterns of overweight or obesity among women in reproductive age group in India and factors associated with it. Methods: The study analyzed data from a cross-sectional nationwide household survey, i.e. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16. The primary outcome variable of this study was overweight/obesity among reproductive-age women, which was measured through the body mass index (BMI) of the women. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the data. Additionally, for spatial analysis in terms of overweight/obesity among women in India, univariate and bivariate Moran's I index measurements were used along with the usage of spatial regression models. Results: The value of spatial-autocorrelation for overweight or obese was 0.64, which depicts the moderately high prevalence of the overweight/obesity coverage over districts of India. The overall prevalence overweight/obesity among women in India is around 25% and higher proportion of women from urban areas (37.8%), and non-poor (33.4%) economic group reported to be overweight or obese. From spatial lag model, the lag coefficient was found to be 0.28, implying that a change in the prevalence of overweight/obesity among women in a certain district may statistically lag the prevalence of overweight/obesity by 28% in the neighbouring districts. There were significantly high clustering of overweight/obese women and non-poor wealth quintiles in 132 districts, mainly from states of Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Additionally, there was high-high clustering of overweight/obese women and those who ever had caesarean in 82 districts, mostly from Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Conclusion: The spatial patterns on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in India show that the women belonging to the southern states' districts are more overweight or obese in comparison to other states. The determinants like older age, higher education, urban residence, higher economic status are the key factors contributing to the prevalence of overweight or obesity among women in the reproductive age group. The study concludes and recommends an urgent need of interventions catering to urban women belonging to higher socio-economic status, to reduce the risks of health consequences due to overweight and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background India has witnessed rapid urbanization in recent decades, leading to a worrisome surge in non-communicable diseases, particularly overweight/obesity, which now present a critical public health concern. Therefore, this study seeks to examine spatiotemporal variations and determinants of overweight/obesity among women of reproductive age (WRA) in urban India and its states during 2005-2021. Methods The study used 44,882, 171,443, and 135,272 WRA aged 15–49 from National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-3 (2005-06), NFHS-4 (2015-16), and NFHS-5 (2019-21), respectively. The outcome variable was overweight/obesity, defined as a Body Mass Index (BMI) of ≥ 25 kg/m2. Chi-squared test and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify the determinants of overweight/obesity. Results Overweight/obesity prevalence among WRA in urban India has risen significantly, from 23% in 2005-06 to 33% in 2019-21. This increase is particularly pronounced among SC/ST women and women with lower educational levels. During the study period, overweight/obesity rates in different states exhibited varying increases, ranging from 3 percentage points (pp) in Rajasthan to 22 pp in Odisha. Certain southern (e.g., Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh) and northeastern states saw a significant 15 pp or more increase. In contrast, several northern, central, and eastern states (e.g., Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal) experienced relatively smaller increases ranging from 5 to 8 pp. As of 2019-21, two regions exhibited high prevalence rates of overweight/obesity, exceeding 35%: the southern region (Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Karnataka) and the northern region (Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Haryana). In contrast, the Empowered Action Group states had relatively lower rates (25% or less) of overweight/obesity. Regression results showed that older women [AOR: 5.98, 95% CI: 5.71–6.27], those from the richest quintile [AOR: 4.23, 95% CI: 3.95–4.54], those living in south India [AOR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.72–1.82], and those having diabetes [AOR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.83–2.02] were more likely to be overweight/obese. Conclusion Considering the significant increase in overweight/obesity among urban WRA in India, along with substantial disparities across states and socioeconomic groups, it is imperative for the government to formulate state-specific strategies and policies based on determinants to effectively combat overweight/obesity.

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the effect of obesity awareness on gynecological cancer and reproductive health awareness in women. Materials and Methods: This study is a cross-sectıonal study. The sample of the study consisted of overweight and obese women. Data were collected using the introductory information form, obesity awareness scale, and gynecological cancers awareness scale via a Google form. Results: Obesity was found to have a statistically significant association with reproductive health, including the risk for pregnancy and baby, uterus, ovary and breast cancer, menstrual irregularity, age of first menstruation, polycystic ovary syndrome, cesarean section risk, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, stillbirth risk, birth defects, the chance of conception, the success of fertility treatment, early menopause, osteoporosis, baby weight, and iron deficiency anemia. The total mean score Obesity Awareness Scale and Gynecologic Cancer Awareness Scale was significantly higher among those who believed in this association. A highly significant positive correlation was observed between total and sub-dimension mean scores of women's Obesity Awareness Scale and Gynecologic Awareness Scale. Conclusion: It has been determined that obesity awareness in women is related to reproductive health and gynecological cancer awareness.

Overweight and obesity are associated with increased chronic disease and death rates globally. In Cambodia, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women is high and increasing. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age (WRA) in Cambodia. We analyzed data from the 2021-22 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS). Data analysis was restricted to non-pregnant women, resulting in an analytic sample of 9,417 WRA. Multiple logistic regressions were performed using STATA V17 to examine factors associated with overweight and obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among WRA was 22.56% and 5.61%, respectively. Factors independently associated with increased odds of overweight and obesity included women aged 20-29 years [AOR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.22-2.80], 30-39 years [AOR = 3.34; 95% CI: 2.21-5.04], and 40-49 years [AOR = 5.57; 95% CI: 3.76-8.25], women from rich wealth quintile [AOR = 1.44; 95% C: 1.19-1.73], having three children or more [AOR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.00-1.95], ever drink alcohol [AOR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.04-1.47], and current drink alcohol [AOR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.01-1.45]. Women completed at least secondary education were less likely being overweight and obese [AOR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.58-0.91]. Overweight and obesity remains highly prevalent among WRA in Cambodia. Therefore, there is an urgent need to take interventions that target women from higher socio-demographic status to reduce the risk of life-threatening caused by being overweight and obese through raising awareness of important changing lifestyles.

BackgroundOverweight/obesity has become global health concern with increasing prevalence. This study examined district-level disparities and spatial clustering of overweight/obesity among women of reproductive age (WRA) in India using the latest National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-2021) data.MethodInformation of 623,656 women aged 15 to 49 from the NFHS-5 (2019-2021) were analysed in this study. The outcome variable was BMI as classified by the world health organisation (WHO). Utilising Global Moran's I, Anselin's Local Moran's I, and spatial regression models spatial clustering and associated factors were analysed.ResultThe study found that 24% (95% CI: 23.8-24.3) of WRA in India were overweight/obese in 2019-21. The prevalence was greatest in Punjab (41%) and lowest in Meghalaya (11%). Additionally, the Global Moran's I value for the outcome variable was 0.73, indicating a positive spatial autocorrelation in the overweight/obesity. Districts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Telangana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Haryana, and Delhi were hotspots of overweight/obesity. Several factors of overweight/obesity among WRA were identified, including place of residence (β: 0.034, p: 0.011), parity (β: 0.322, p: 0.002), social group (β: -0.031, p: 0.016), religion (β: -0.044, p: ConclusionThe study emphasizes the importance of targeted interventions and region-specific strategies, while also stressing the need to address associated factors to develop effective public health initiatives aimed at reducing overweight/obesity prevalence among WRA in India.

The present study aimed to (a) assess normal-weight obesity (NWO) and general obesity prevalence among women of different ages residing in urban areas, (b) evaluate subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) in women with NWO, (c) establish SFT cutoff points for distinguishing NWO, and (d) explore eating habits linked to NWO. This cross-sectional study with 184 women aged 18–65 with NWO, normal weight without obesity (NWNO), overweight and general obesity included evaluation of body composition, SFT assessment using 2.5 MHz A-mode ultrasound (ISAK protocol, 7 sites) and lifestyle inquiries. The curvilinear relationship between body fat and BMI rendered BMI an unreliable indicator of adiposity in women with normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2). Almost 30% of women with a high body fat percentage (BFP ≥ 30%) were misclassified when BMI was used to measure adiposity. The overall obesity prevalence defined by BFP was almost four times higher than that defined by BMI (56.0 vs. 18.0%, p = 1 × 10−4). Women with NWO, overweight and general obesity shared a similar SFT profile and eating habits, setting them apart from those with NWNO. The mean SFT was the most reliable NWO predictor, with a threshold set at 12 mm equal to the 66th percentile. Mean SFT accurately classified 85% of women with NWO. While age did not significantly affect subcutaneous fat accumulation, total fat levels increased with age (R2 = 0.07 and R2 = 0.19, padj = 0.1 and padj = 9 × 10−4). Higher NWO prevalence in middle-aged women was linked to age-related increase in fat mass and decrease in fat-free mass. Engaging in regular physical activity and reducing snack consumption effectively countered age-related changes in body composition (padj < 0.05). Women under 45 years who consumed sweet bakery items, fast food, and snacks more frequently showed higher BFP and NWO status (padj < 0.05). Prevention strategies should focus on monitoring body composition and promoting healthy behaviors, particularly among young women transitioning into adulthood and women over 45 years.

Background: Overweight/obesity has become global health concern with increasing prevalence. This study examined district-level disparities and spatial clustering of overweight/obesity among women of reproductive age (WRA) in India using the latest National Family Health Survey-5 (2019–2021) data. Method: Information of 623,656 women aged 15 to 49 from the NFHS-5 (2019–2021) were analysed in this study. The outcome variable was BMI as classified by the world health organisation (WHO). Utilising Global Moran's I, Anselin's Local Moran's I, and spatial regression models spatial clustering and associated factors were analysed. Result: The study found that 24% (95% CI: 23.8–24.3) of WRA in India were overweight/obese in 2019–21. The prevalence was greatest in Punjab (41%) and lowest in Meghalaya (11%). Additionally, the Global Moran's I value for the outcome variable was 0.73, indicating a positive spatial autocorrelation in the overweight/obesity. Districts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Telangana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Haryana, and Delhi were hotspots of overweight/obesity. Several factors of overweight/obesity among WRA were identified, including place of residence (β: 0.034, p: 0.011), parity (β: 0.322, p: 0.002), social group (β: -0.031, p: 0.016), religion (β: -0.044, p: <0.001), household wealth status (β: 0.184, p: <0.001), mass-media exposure (β: 0.056, p: 0.031), and diabetes (β: 0.680, p: <0.001). Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of targeted interventions and region-specific strategies, while also stressing the need to address associated factors to develop effective public health initiatives aimed at reducing overweight/obesity prevalence among WRA in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To explore the relationship between vitamin D and obesity and abdominal obesity in women with infertility.Material and methods We screened the data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2016. A total of 201 infertile women between the ages of 20 and 40 years were included in our study. To estimate the independent association of vitamin D with obesity and abdominal obesity, we used weighted multivariate logistic regression models and cubic spline analyses.Results Among infertile women in the NHANES 2013–2016 database, serum vitamin D levels were significantly and negatively associated with body mass index (ß= −0.96, 95% CI: −1.40, −0.51, p 0.05).Conclusion Our findings suggested that a decreased vitamin D might correspond to a higher prevalence of obesity in infertile women, which reminded us to pay more attention to the supplement of vitamin D in obese infertile women.

Objective: We explored depressive symptom trajectories and their associations with underweight and obesity in Korean women., Methods: This prospective cohort study involved 7,691 women enrolled in the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families, with a follow-up period spanning from 2014 to 2020. Depressive symptoms were evaluated through the 10-item version of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Growth mixture modeling was employed to identify trajectories of depressive symptoms. Multinomial logistic regressions were conducted to investigate the correlation between depression trajectories and the evolving risks of underweight and obesity over the study period., Results: Five distinct trajectory classes were observed ("persistent low symptoms": N = 5,236, 68.1%; "decreasing symptoms": N = 930, 12.1%; "transient high symptoms": N = 421, 5.5%; "increasing symptoms" N = 825, 10.7%; and "persistent high symptoms": N = 279, 3.6%). Those with a low socioeconomic status, comorbidity, and who were divorced or widowed were more likely to follow the persistent high symptom trajectory. Among the 5 trajectories, the risks of underweight and obesity steadily increased in women following the trajectory with persistent high symptoms. For these women, the odds ratio (OR) of underweight increased from 2.27 (95% CI, 1.32-3.92) in 2014 to 3.39 (1.91-6.05) in 2020. They were not associated with obesity in 2014 (OR [95% CI]: 1.38 [0.61-3.11]) but exhibited an elevated risk of obesity in 2020 (3.76 [1.97-7.17])., Conclusion: We observed considerable heterogeneity in the trajectories of depressive symptoms among women, and individuals with persistent high depressive symptoms face an escalating risk of both underweight and obesity., (© Copyright 2024 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.)

Abstract Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUHO) are known to be affected by diet and inflammatory factors (such as TGF-β1, IL-β1, MCP1). We sought to survey that consume of processed meat could effect on MHO and MUHO phenotypes, mediated through inflammatory markers, in overweight and obese Iranian women. The current cross-sectional study was done on 224 women 18–48 years, with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2. A 147- item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to evaluate dietary intake. In all participants, anthropometric indices and biochemical factors, as well as metabolic health phenotypes based on Karelis score, were evaluated. According to results, 22.6% of participants had MHO and 75.7% had MUHO phenotypes. There was an association between higher adherence to processed meats and increasing odds of MUHO phenotype in Iranian women (OR:2.54; 95% CI 0.009, 7.51; P = 0.05). Moreover, we found that the relation can be affected by agents such as TGF-β1, IL-β1, and MCP1; however, more research is needed to confirm these results and finding.