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Sluice and radial gates are common devices used to control flow in closed conduits. In high-head gated conduits, the high-velocity flow exiting the gate drags and entrains a lot of air. If the air demand of the flow is not met, the pressure drop downstream of the gate will cause structural damage or cavitation. Typically, an air vent is installed immediately downstream of the gate to supply sufficient air to the flow. In this study, the effect of the conduit gate type on the air-demand ratio was investigated. The results showed that the gate type had a very significant effect on the air-demand ratio. Significantly higher air-demand ratios were observed in the conduit with a sluice gate compared to the conduit with a radial gate. The results obtained will be useful in future modeling and design processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An algorithm for the analysis of Affymetrix Genechips is presented. This algorithm, referred to as the Inverse Langmuir Method (ILM), estimates the binding of transcripts to complementary probes using DNA/RNA hybridization free energies, and the hybridization between partially complementary transcripts in solution using RNA/RNA free energies. The balance between these two competing reactions allows for the translation of background-subtracted intensities into transcript concentrations. Results: To validate the ILM, it is applied to publicly available microarray data from a multi-lab comparison study. Here, microarray experiments are performed on samples which deviate only in few genes. The log2 fold change between these two samples, as obtained from RT-PCR experiments, agrees well with the log2 fold change as obtained with the ILM, indicating that the ILM determines changes in the expression level accurately. We also show that the ILM allows for the identification of outlying probes, as it yields independent concentration estimates per probe. Conclusion: The ILM is robust and offers an interesting alternative to purely statistical algorithms for microarray data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  There continues to be a growing interest in the use of co-evolutionary algorithms to solve difficult computational problems. However, their performance has varied widely from good to disappointing. The main reason for this is that co-evolutionary systems can display quite complex dynamics. Therefore, in order to efficiently use co-evolutionary algorithms for problem solving, one must have a good understanding of their dynamical behavior. To build such understanding, we have constructed a methodology for analyzing co-evolutionary dynamics based on trajectories of best-of-generation individuals. We applied this methodology to gain insights into how to tune certain algorithm parameters in order to improve performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information from the same restriction analysis of chloroplast DNA of 33 taxa of Rubiaceae was scored in four different ways, two of which were based on fragments, and two on restriction sites, and they were subsequently analysed with Wagner parsimony. The methods resulted in different phylogenetic trees. The inherent differences between the methods relate to the amount of non-homologous characters and dependent characters, but none of the methods will systematically bias the resulting cladograms. The fragment analyses are much less time-consuming, but probably less accurate, than the site analyses. The choice of method is dependent on a trade-off between accuracy and resources (time). One important recommendation is made: all phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast DNA data should be accompanied by a data matrix and contain information on how the matrix was compiled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gumushane Universty Electronic Journal of the Faculty of Communication / Gümüshane Üniversitesi Iletisim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi is the property of Gumushane Universitesi Iletisim Fakultesi Elektronik Dergisi (e-GIFDER) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Foundry Technology (1000-8365) is the property of Foundry Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To explore the impact pathways of cognitive decline, risk perception, and self-efficacy on the safe medication practices of empty nesters, utilizing the risk perception attitude framework theory. Methods A stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to conduct a questionnaire survey involving 361 empty nesters. Multiple linear regression analysis and structural equation modeling were used to construct the impact pathways. Results The average score for safe medication practices among empty nesters was 30.59±3.61. Path analysis revealed that cognitive decline directly predicted safe medication practices β=-0.134) and also indirectly influenced these practices through risk perception and self-efficacy. This included the independent mediating effects of self-efficacy β=-0.066) and risk perception β=-0.131), as well as the chain mediating effect of risk perception and self-efficacy β=-0.088) (all P<0.05). Conclusion The level of safe medication practices among empty nesters urgently needs improvement, particularly focusing on those with cognitive decline. Enhancing self-efficacy and correcting risk perception biases may elevate safe medication practices among cognitively impaired empty nesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of data related to clothing measurements for women population that appeared in the June 2002 issue "Standard Sizing and Fit Testing," are presented.

The article titled "Farmer Survey: Changing Farming Practice?" published in the journal Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems discusses a survey approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at Southern Cross University. The survey seeks information on farmers' location, occupation, preferred sources of information, principles, management practices, knowledge of different topics, assessment of issues, views, and experience related to regenerative agriculture. It also gathers background information on respondents' education, property ownership, age, gender, and additional land management. The survey concludes with an invitation for comments and assurance of confidentiality. [Extracted from the article]

Single-stranded RNA viruses encompass broad classes of infectious agents and cause the common cold, cancer, AIDS and other serious health threats. Viral replication is regulated at many levels, including the use of conserved genomic RNA structures. Most potential regulatory elements in viral RNA genomes are uncharacterized. Here we report the structure of an entire HIV-1 genome at single nucleotide resolution using SHAPE, a high-throughput RNA analysis technology. The genome encodes protein structure at two levels. In addition to the correspondence between RNA and protein primary sequences, a correlation exists between high levels of RNA structure and sequences that encode inter-domain loops in HIV proteins. This correlation suggests that RNA structure modulates ribosome elongation to promote native protein folding. Some simple genome elements previously shown to be important, including the ribosomal gag-pol frameshift stem-loop, are components of larger RNA motifs. We also identify organizational principles for unstructured RNA regions, including splice site acceptors and hypervariable regions. These results emphasize that the HIV-1 genome and, potentially, many coding RNAs are punctuated by previously unrecognized regulatory motifs and that extensive RNA structure constitutes an important component of the genetic code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To introduce the application of the time series generalized regression neural network (GRNN) model in predicting the incidence of viral hepatitis in China and to evaluate its fitting and predictive accuracy. Methods Monthly incidence data of viral hepatitis from 2004 to 2019 were collected to construct time series. Data from January 2004 to June 2019 were used as training data, while data from July to December 2019 served as testing data. Both GRNN and SARIMA models were established to predict the incidence from July to December 2019, and the predictions were compared with the testing data. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was employed to assess the model's fitting and predictive performance. Results The fitting MAPE for the GRNN model across various types of hepatitis ranged from 1.67% to 21.22%, while the predictive MAPE ranged from 2.26% to 17.17%. In comparison, the SARIMA model's fitting MAPE for various types of hepatitis ranged from 3.84% to 7.87%, with a predictive MAPE ranging from 2.54% to 48.89%. Notably, the predictive MAPE for hepatitis A was 48.89%, indicating a significant prediction error. Conclusion The GRNN model outperformed the SARIMA model in predicting the monthly incidence of viral hepatitis in China, suggesting its suitability for broader application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Preventive Medicine is the property of Modern Preventive Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main aim of this work is to present some special results related to relatively commuting mappings. We prove that if F is a non trivial derivation on a 2-torsion free prime ring R, then for any o ∈ R, the property that [[F(o),o], F(o)] is a central force F to be commuting on R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new class of sets termed as double fuzzy generalized Z alpha closed sets and double fuzzy generalized Z alpha open sets are introduced with the help of double fuzzy Z alpha open and double fuzzy Z alpha closed sets, respectively. Using these sets double fuzzy generalized Z alpha border, double fuzzy generalized Z alpha exterior and double fuzzy generalized Z alpha frontier of a fuzzy set in double fuzzy topological spaces are introduced. Also, the topological properties and characterizations of these sets and operators are studied. Furthermore, suitable examples have been provided to illustrate the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern Preventive Medicine is the property of Modern Preventive Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We present Bayesian hierarchical spatial model development motivated from a recent analysis of noisy small area response rate data, named the Booster data. The Booster data are postcode-level aggregates from a recent mail-out recruitment for a physical exercise intervention in deprived urban neighbourhoods in Sheffield, UK. Bayesian hierarchical Bernoulli-binomial spatial mixture zero-inflated Binomial models were developed for modelling overdispersion and for separation of systematic and random variations in the noisy and mostly low crude response rates. We present methods that enabled us to explore the underlying spatial rate variation, clustering of low or high response rate areas and neighbourhood characteristics that were associated with variations and patterns of invitation mail-outs, zero-response and response rates. Three spatial prior formulations, the intrinsic conditional autoregressive or (iCAR), the Besag-York-Mollié (BYM) and the modified BYM models, were explored for their performance on modelling sparse data on a modestly large and discontinuous irregular lattice. An in-depth Bayesian analysis of the Booster data is presented, with the resulting posterior estimation and inference implemented via Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation in WinBUGS. With increasing availability of spatial data referenced at fine spatial scales such as the postcode, the sparse-data situation and the Bayesian models and methods discussed herein should have considerable relevance to small area disease and health mapping and to spatial regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Preventive Medicine is the property of Modern Preventive Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aspect is one of the most important structural and semantic features of the verbs. the ‘durative phrase’ and its effect on the aspectual interpretation of different verbs is amongst important issues in surveying lexical aspect too. In order to determine the effect of durative phrase on the aspectual interpretation of sentences which include achievement and accomplishment, the present research aims to analyze aspectual interpretation of telic predicates (achievement and accomplishment) in the presence of the durative phrase in Persian. The results of the analysis based on MacDonald’s (2008) approach and within the Minimalist Program framework showed that appending durative phrase to reversible achievements and cyclic achievements leads to end-time interpretation while its presence in overthrowing irreversible achievement leads to atelic single event interpretation. The analyzing of accomplishment predicates showed that, like achievement predicates, the effect of the presence of durative phrase not only depends on the quantitative and non-quantitative feature of the object but also it depends on the nature in terms of reversibility or irreversibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to being known for their other work, physicists George Gamow and Marvin Stern also published an analysis of an intriguing problem regarding their perception that although both worked on different floors, it seemed that the first elevator to arrive on their respective floors was traveling in the opposite direction of their destination. In this manuscript, a fictitious conversation occurs between the two in regards to the probability of the elevator stopping on every floor (which they term the Shabbat Effect). One claims that it is the number of elevator occupants that predominates whereas the other claims it is the number of floors in the building that predominates in giving rise to this effect. Equations for estimating the probability of the Shabbat Effect are developed and analyzed. The resulting equations show that the relationship between the number of elevator occupants and floors is surprisingly complicated. Consequently, no general rule can be given for whether the probability of the Shabbat Effect increases or decreases for an arbitrary change in the number of occupants and floors. However, it discovered that for similar changes in the number of occupants and floors, it is the number of floors that predominates in determining the probability of the elevator stopping on every floor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS‐8201) is a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–targeting antibody–drug conjugate with a novel enzyme‐cleavable linker, a topoisomerase I inhibitor payload, and a drug‐to‐antibody ratio of ≈ 8. We have characterized the population pharmacokinetics (PK) of trastuzumab deruxtecan and released drug (topoisomerase I inhibitor) in patients with HER2‐positive breast cancer or other solid tumor malignancies. This analysis includes pooled data from five clinical studies with 639 patients. Trastuzumab deruxtecan doses ranged from 0.8 to 8.0 mg/kg every 3 weeks. Serum concentrations of trastuzumab deruxtecan and released drug were analyzed using a sequential two‐step approach, with the nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling methods. Covariate assessment was based upon stepwise forward‐addition and backward‐elimination process, followed by both univariate and multivariate analysis quantifying their impact on steady‐state exposure of trastuzumab deruxtecan and released drug. A two‐compartment model with linear elimination best described PK profiles of intact trastuzumab deruxtecan, while a one‐compartment model with time‐varying release‐rate constant and linear elimination described released‐drug PK profiles. Statistically significant covariates (country, tumor size, sex, formulation, age, body weight, albumin, total bilirubin, and aspartate aminotransferase) resulted in < 20% change in steady‐state area under the concentration‐time curve of trastuzumab deruxtecan and released drug, except for increased body weight (95th percentile, 86 kg) and decreased albumin (5th percentile, 31 g/L). Analysis of patients stratified by country, race, renal function, and hepatic function found no clinically meaningful differences in steady‐state exposure of intact trastuzumab deruxtecan or released drug. Overall, results suggest that no dose adjustment based on tested covariates or in specific patient populations is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aims To assess the relationship between systemic exposure to capecitabine metabolites and parameters of efficacy and safety in patients with advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer from two phase III studies. Methods Concentration–effect analyses were based on data from 481 patients (248 males, 193 females; age range 27–86 years) in two phase III studies. Plasma concentration–time data for 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5′-DFUR), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and α-fluoro-β-alanine (FBAL) were obtained from sparse blood samples collected within the time windows 0.5–1.5 h, 1.5–3.0 h, and 3.0–5.0 h after capecitabine administration (1250 mg m-2 ) on the first day of cycles 2 (day 22) and 4 (day 64), respectively. Systemic exposure based on plasma concentrations of capecitabine and its metabolites was determined using individual parameter estimates derived from a population pharmacokinetic model constructed for this purpose in NONMEM. Logistic regression analysis was conducted for selected safety parameters (all treatment-related grade 3–4 adverse events, treatment-related grade 3–4 diarrhoea, grade 3 hand–foot syndrome (HFS) and grade 3–4 hyperbilirubinaemia) and for tumour response. Cox regression analysis was used for the analysis of time-to-event data (time to disease progression and duration of survival). Results Statistically significant relationships between covariates and PK parameters were found as follows. A doubling of alkaline phosphatase activity was associated with a 11% decrease in 5-FU clearance and a 12% increase in its AUC. A 50% decrease in creatinine clearance was associated with a 35% decrease in FBAL clearance, a 53% increase in its AUC, a 24% decrease in its volume of distribution, and a 41% increase in its C max . A 30% increase in body surface was associated with a 24% increase in the volume of distribution of FBAL and a 19% decrease... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]