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The increasing demand for a secure and transparent mechanism for verifying academic credentials has led to the exploration of blockchain technology (BT) as a viable solution. This paper presents a three-layered application for the reliable verification of academic credentials, leveraging the immutable and decentralized nature of BT. The system includes a data layer (DL), a blockchain layer (BL), and an application layer (AL). The DL records student records, faculty staff records, and credentials. The BL utilizes smart contracts to record and verify academic records, ensuring their authenticity and integrity. The AL provides a userfriendly interface for various stakeholders, such as students, educational institutions, and employers, to communicate with the system. This effort aims to determine how BT can be utilized to enhance the security, transparency, and efficiency of academic credential verification processes. Efficiency in academic credential verification processes ultimately contributes to a more reliable and effective educational ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exchange of information through the web took place inside a trusted environment and thus user privacy was assured by default. Nowadays, ensuring user privacy is becoming one of the most desirable features of new technology, and Blockchain is not an exception. The Blockchain is a decentralized technology, open, and public platform where all transactions are stored and viewed from nodes, an approach known as "Web of Trust." Although these transactions tend to be anonymous but in the case of the banking sector, user privacy requires special attention. In centralized systems, the implementation of privacy is no longer a challenge, using a hierarchical approach such as Public Key Infrastructure. This paper presents a broad landscape and state of art of user transaction privacy in Blockchain technology using the Web of Trust approach. Furthermore, we present a novel approach using the Public Key Infrastructure for assuring user privacy adding an optionally encrypted field in blocks in transactions. We have used Bithomp, as a free and open-source tool with the Testnet platform, and Ripple as the best known in the implementation of the payment system to implement the proposed approach. The paper concludes with the strengths and limitations of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eIDAS Regulation has become a key and, in a way, a ground-breaking piece of legislation of the European Union. It is crucial, in particular, with regard to its ambitious objectives and ground breaking because it was adopted at a time when the Member States of the European Union already had this issue more broadly or narrowly regulated by national laws. In our scientific study, we focus primarily on the critical analysis of the adopted eIDAS Regulation, its impact on the existing e-signature legislation and the amendments adopted, which are necessary to unify the legal framework for electronic signature of the Member States of the European Union. Our main objective was therefore to analyse the legal aspects of the electronic signature. We draw attention to those areas which, because of the regulation adopted, had to be recast and incorporated into the new Trust Services Act, as it emerged from the eIDAS Regulation for us. When processing the topic, we used legal analysis, compliant and available scientific methods as well as selected application problems from practice. In researching and developing a new legal framework for the electronic signature, we also used scientific and doctrinal interpretations associated with the application of scientific and scientific literature contained in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The results of the study indicate that, despite the multi-annual effectiveness of the eIDAS Regulation, there are still problems that need to be addressed by amending it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]