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ABSTRACT: Aim: In this in vitro study, the microleakage evaluation of repaired pit and fissure sealants with various surface treatments was compared. Study Design: The study included 120 extracted human third molars. The teeth were divided into two groups of 60 each. Group 1 was sealed with Clinpro™ unfilled sealant, while group 2 was sealed with Grandioseal nanofilled sealants. After curing, half of the polymerized sealant were removed. Both groups were divided further into two subgroups of 30 teeth each, with repair techniques using either Adper Easy One or Futura Bond. Three sections were obtained from each tooth resulting 6 surfaces per tooth to be examined and the sections of all four groups were scored for microleakage. Results: Conventional acid etching was found to be superior to self-etch adhesive technique. Conclusion: Microleakage was found to be greater with Grandio seal compared to Clinpro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Background: The use of SHED might bring advantages for tissue engineering over the use of stem cells from adult human teeth as SHEDs were reported to have higher proliferation rate and increase cell population doublings as compared with stem cells from permanent teeth. Objective: The study's objective was to assess the growth kinetics and tri-lineage differentiation capacity of stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Material and Method: After being propagated through multiple sequential subcultures, adherent fibroblastic cells in the pulp tissue culture from human exfoliation teeth were evaluated to assess their tripotent differentiation potential into bone, cartilage, and adipose cell lineages. Result: The stem cells derived from dental pulp had a comparatively high ability for proliferation and successfully differentiated into chondrocytes and osteocytes while less significant for adipocytes. Conclusion: Stem cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous teeth are mesenchymal stem cells which are multipotent and can serve as a promising incentive for therapeutic and future research purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral squamous papillomas are benign proliferating lesions induced by human papillomavirus. These lesions are painless and slowly-growing masses. As an oral lesion, it raises concern because of its clinical appearance. These lesions commonly occur between age 30 and 50 years, and sometimes can occur before the age of 10 years. Oral squamous papilloma accounts for 8% of all oral tumors in children. Common site predilection for the lesion is the tongue and palate and may occur on any other surface of the oral cavity such as the uvula and vermilion of the lip. Here, we are presenting a case of squamous papilloma on the palate in a 9-year-old child.

SHEDs have been shown to have a higher rate of proliferation and raise in cell population doublings when compared to stem cells from permanent teeth. Hence, using them in tissue engineering may be advantageous over stem cells from adult human teeth. Stem cells were removed from pulpal tissues of thirty primary teeth undergoing extraction under six to fourteen year of age. The tissues were incubated after centrifuging and adding DMEM-KO following the addition of a 2 mg/ml collagenase blend for examination of plates in search of cell attachment and growth. Flow cytometric analysis showed successful isolation of SHEDs using fluoresce inisothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated CD-34, CD-105, and PE (R-phycoerythrin)-conjugated CD-45, CD-90, CD-73, and HLA-DR antibodies. The surface antigens CD-73, CD-90 and CD-105 which are known to be present in mesenchymal lineages were positively expressed in SHEDs according to flow cytometry analysis, whereas CD-34, CD-45, and HLA-DR were not., (© 2024 Biomedical Informatics.)

H1N1 influenza, also known as "novel H1N1 virus" has led to a "global outcry." This virus is more virulent when compared with other seasonal flu viruses. Virulence may change as the adaptive mutation gene increases within the virus. A study at the US Centre for Disease Control and Prevention published in May 2009 found that children had no preexisting immunity to the new strain as they showed no cross-reactive antibody reaction when compared with adults aged 18-64 years, who showed a cross-reactive antibody reaction of 6-9% and older adults with 33% immunity. This review article depicts H1N1 virus, its virulence with genetic evolution potential and preventive protocol for the dental professionals. This would allow us to comprehend the changes in the disease process and contribute in its prevention as "prevention is better than cure."

Children are uniquely susceptible to cranio facial trauma because of their greater cranial mass to body ratio. Below the age of 5, the incidence of pediatric facial fractures in relation to the total is very low ranging from 0.6-1.2%. Maxillo-facial injuries may be quite dramatic causing parents to panic and the child to cry uncontrollably with blood, tooth and soft tissue debris in the mouth. The facial disfigurement caused by trauma can have a deep psychological impact on the tender minds of young children and their parents. This case report documents the trauma and follow up care of a 4-year-old patient with maxillofacial injuries.

Background and Objective: Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are the most commonly used restorative material in pediatric dentistry. They have numerous advantages; however, they show some marginal microleakage at the restoration-tooth interface. Various conditioning agents have been tested for alteration or dissolution of smear layer which has been attributed to the occurrence of microleakage; however, very limited studies have been done using primary teeth.Aims: To evaluate and compare the effect of 10% polyacrylic acid and 17% EDTA on marginal microleakage of high-viscosity GIC.Settings and Design: Experimental, in vitro study.Methodology: Class V cavities of standardized dimensions were prepared on 60 primary anterior teeth and were randomly divided into three groups. Except Group I, the cavities of Groups II and III were conditioned with 10% polyacrylic acid and 17% EDTA, respectively. All the 60 teeth were then restored with high-viscosity GIC. The samples were thermocycled and immersed in methylene blue solution for 24 h. The teeth were removed from the stain, rinsed, and sectioned buccolingually and were observed under stereomicroscope at 30× to score the marginal microleakage.Statistical Analysis Used: Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney post hoc analysis were used to compare the mean marginal leakage scores between the three study groups.Results: Statistical significance difference was found between all the three groups (P < 0.05). The mean marginal microleakage score was maximum for Group I (control group; 3.00), whereas it was the least for Group II (1.30) where 10% polyacrylic was used for conditioning the cavity surface.Conclusion: Among the study groups, none of them was completely devoid of microleakage in all its samples. 10% polyacrylic acid emerged as a better conditioning agent when compared with 17% EDTA in altering or removing the smear layer thereby resulting in better adhesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radiography is one of the most valuable diagnostic tools used in comprehensive dental care. Radiation from dental radiographs was thought to cause cytogenetic changes and its plausible effects can remain for some hours, months, or generations especially in children., Aims and Objectives: To evaluate and compare the possible genotoxic effect of routinely used intraoral periapical radiographic exposure and radiovisiographic exposure in exfoliated epithelial cells as measured by the formation of micronuclei during single visit pulpectomy procedure using Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) assay in children., Materials and Methods: Study comprised 60 healthy children who has undergone either intraoral periapical radiography (IOPAR; group 1, n = 30) or radiovisiography (RVG; group 2, n = 30) during various steps of single visit pulpectomy procedure. Cytological smears were taken from the buccal mucosa immediately before the X-ray exposure and 10 ± 2 days after exposure. The cells were stained with Feulgen and evaluated for micronuclei by scoring 1,000 cells per sample., Results: The genotoxic effect of radiation exposure from intraoral periapical radiography higher than that of RVG showing significant increase in micronucleus (MN) formation., Conclusion: The X-ray radiation emitted during IOPAR or RVG does induce genotoxic changes in the form of increased frequency of micronuclei. So, great care and standard protocol should be followed to advice radiographs if necessary and reduce the cumulated biological effects of radiation exposure., Keynote: Taking into account the strong evidence of a relationship between DNA damage and carcinogenesis and the extensive application of intraoral radiographs in pediatric dentistry, it would be useful to know to what extent these dental X-rays cause genotoxic effects resulting in DNA damage on oral mucosa., How to Cite This Article: Julu Y, Nagarathna C. Biomonitoring of Genotoxic Effect in Children Exposed to Dental Radiographs during Pulpectomy Procedure-BMCyt Assay. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(S-1):S63-S70., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2022; The Author(s).)

Aim: "Today's adolescents are tomorrow's citizens." Tobacco use in children and adolescents is reaching pandemic levels as they are the most vulnerable population to initiate tobacco use. It is well established that most of the adult users of tobacco, start the use of tobacco either in their childhood or adolescence. Parents are the best route to reach a child and can help lead to bring better outcomes for children. Hence, the aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding the hazards of tobacco use and Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) among the parents visiting pediatric dental clinic., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire regarding knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding the hazards of tobacco use and COTPA law. Samples size of 400 parents of adolescents aged between 10 and 16 years visiting to the department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry were included in the study, data thus obtained was subjected to statistical analysis., Results: Smoking tobacco product known to the parent population in the present study is cigarette (88.8%) and smokeless tobacco product is pan masala (65.2%). The tobacco health hazard known is cancer by 70.5 and 85.3% parent populations were aware of mandatory display of pictorial health warnings in COTPA law. Strict implementation of COTPA law was opted by 61.8%., Conclusion: Knowledge, attitude, and behavior of parents is required to educate and motivate adolescents. Parents have given their positive attitude regarding the strict implementation of COTPA law in India and realize the role of tobacco as a causative factor for health hazards both in children and adults. COTPA law should be made aware for both young and old to educate and motivate and to prevent the use of tobacco in India., How to Cite This Article: Kattimani S, Thimmegowda U, Nagarathna C. Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior Regarding the Hazards of Tobacco Use and Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act among Parents Visiting Pediatric Dental Clinic: A Cross-sectional Questionnaire Survey. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(1):47-53., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2022; The Author(s).)

Objective: Data on cognitive changes in patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) are sparse. We aimed to study the cognitive profiles of patients with grade I TBM and correlate them with the cytokine values., Methods: Prospectively, 60 patients (M:F-31:29) with grade I TBM were recruited. Clinical details were collected; CSF estimation of cytokines, neuropsychological assessment, and correlation were performed., Results: Mean age at presentation was 32.2 years (32.2 ± 10.1), and the duration of symptoms was 29.9 days (29.9 ± 25.9), respectively. Definitive evidence of mycobacterial infection was observed in 28.3% of the patients. Mean levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon (IFN-γ), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were 11.57 ± 30.35, 197.02 ± 186.64, and 127.03 ± 88.71 pg/mL, respectively. TNF-α levels were significantly elevated in definitive TBM ( p = 0.044). Neuropsychological tests revealed an impaired auditory verbal learning test (88.3%), followed by complex figure test (50%), spatial span test (50%), clock drawing test (48.3%), digit span test (35%), color trail tests 1 and 2 (30% and 33.3%, respectively), and animal naming test (28.3%). Elevated levels of IFN-γ and IL-6 in TBM directly correlated with the number of impaired neuropsychological tests. During follow-up, significant improvement was noticed in animal naming test ( p = 0.005), clock drawing test ( p = 0.003), color trail test 2 (0.02), spatial span test ( p = 0.012), and digit span test (0.035). Verbal learning did not show any significant change. Overall, the neuropsychological tests showed better recovery of attention, working memory, and category fluency and showed minimal recovery of verbal learning., Conclusions: There is subclinical evidence of cognitive impairment in patients with TBM, and this correlated with elevated cytokines. Both the frontal and temporal lobes showed varying degrees of cognitive impairment., (© 2021 American Academy of Neurology.)

Background: Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disease that diminishes the capability of individuals to perform their daily activities. It is an irreversible disease once it is started not able to stop it but early detection of the disease can help to slow down the progression of it by starting early treatment. In this experiment, we use MRI images and clinical study data available at the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data set to detect the different stages of Alzheimer's and forecast the duration required for the conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's. The clinical signs of Alzheimer's disease are portrayed by Age, patient education details, the progression rate of disease, and cognitive information. Done experiment by using Machine learning and Deep learning techniques like multi perceptron networks, Random forest, SVM, and decision tree classifiers to do binary and multi‐classification of Alzheimer's Disease(AD), Late Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Early cognitive impairment (EMCI), and Cognitive control(CN). Method: Deep learning technique Result: an average the model achieved 91.25% of precision indicates 91.25% total positive images are correctly classified, 91.25% of sensitivity indicates 91.25% of total images are detected remaining are not, and achieved 95.52% of accuracy Conclusion: Alzheimer's is a neuron degenerative disease. Currently no treatment is available to cure AD or to stop progress of disease. But detection of dementia at its early stage might help individual family to think about their future regarding financial issues. In this work we tried our best to categorize the different phases of AD. We used a deep neural network and achieved an accuracy of 95.52%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The aciduric mutans streptococci (MS) group, including Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Streptococcus sobrinus (SS), is highly cariogenic. Relationship between increments in dental caries and the presence of these species is not yet clarified. It is of great importance to separately determine the presence of these two species for understanding their role in dental caries, accurate prediction, and effective prevention. Hence, this study was undertaken to detect the presence of SM and SS in plaque samples of caries-free (CF), early childhood caries (ECC), and severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and also to compare the possible relationship between these species with the occurrence of ECC.Materials and Method: In all, 120 healthy children between 3 and 6 years of age were randomly allocated into three groups: Group A (n = 40) CF, Group B (n = 40) ECC, and Group C (n = 40) S-ECC. Plaque samples were collected from all approximal surface and gingivobuccal surfaces of teeth using a sterile universal scaler and dmft/dmfs scores were taken. The presence of SM and SS was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results: The presence of SM in CF, ECC, and S-ECC was 10.0%, 27.5%, and 42.5%, respectively, and SS was 5.0%, 40.0%, and 47.5% in CF, ECC, and S-ECC, respectively. Comparison of mean relative quantification (RQ) values of SM between three study groups showed significant results between CF and S-ECC at P value 0.003. Comparison of mean RQ values of SS showed significant results between CF to ECC and CF to S-ECC at P value <0.001. This study showed significant results between the mean dmft/dmfs scores in three study groups and the presence of high levels of SM and SS in ECC and S-ECC groups. However, the study showed weak positive correlation between dmfs scores and both SM and SS species in ECC and S-ECC.Interpretations and Conclusion: Higher levels of SS were more closely related to the caries-active lesions leading to severity of dental disease, that is, both in ECC and S-ECC. There was significant difference between mean dmft/dmfs scores in three study groups and it also showed positive correlation between dmfs scores and SM and SS colonization in ECC and S-ECC status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In children, stainless steel crowns (SSCs) have become an invaluable restorative option for grossly decayed primary teeth. The crowns are manufactured in different sizes with preformed anatomy which requires trimming or contouring as a necessary step to fit an individual tooth. Initially, this may produce variation in the occlusal contact points yet may not result in pain or discomfort. Little research exists regarding bite force equilibration measurements in children after placing SSC, and its influencing factors such as age and gender., Aim and Objective: To evaluate and compare the measurements of bite force pre- and post-cementation of SSC using the conventional technique at maximal intercuspal position (MIP) on primary molars at different time intervals and whether age and gender influence bite force measurements., Design: Bite force and occlusal contacts during occlusion were made using T-Scan III. Twenty children scheduled for treatment who needed SSCs were included. T-Scan measurements of the bite force and occlusal contacts of the maxilla and mandibular teeth were recorded and analyzed before and immediately after cementation of SSC later 4 weeks during the follow-up period. These measurements were correlated with age and gender influence., Results: There was no significant result in the percentage of bite force on the crowned tooth (placement of SSC) at different time intervals. Prematurities were present in all the groups but a significant reduction was seen on the crowned tooth from baseline to 1-month follow-up ( p = 0.03). Also, a statistically significant increase in the bite force was seen in >7 years of age ( p = 0.006) and no statistical significance among the gender., Conclusion: Following the standard tooth preparation, the SSC will continue to appear clinically acceptable for many years. Our study children showed an adaptable masticatory system irrespective of age and gender during growth and development., How to Cite This Article: Aishwarya N, Nagarathna C, Poovani S, et al. Comparison of Bite Force and the Influencing Factors Pre- and Post-cementation of Stainless Steel Crown in Children Using T-Scan. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1):46-50., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2021; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)

Context: A major goal in pediatric dentistry is preservation of the integrity of primary teeth and their supporting tissues until physiological process of exfoliation takes place. Pulpectomy serves such a purpose using various materials and techniques to fill the canals of primary teeth. Aims: The aim of this in vivo study was to determine the efficacy of modified disposable syringe technique in root canals of primary molars using digital radiography when obturated with endoflas. Settings and Design: A clinical study was undertaken for a period of 6 months. Subjects and Methods: A total of 60 primary maxillary and mandibular molars were selected in the age group of 4-8 years and randomly divided into two groups. The teeth were obturated with handheld lentulospiral and a modified disposable syringe techniques. Postoperative radiographic evaluation was done for quality of fill and voids using digital radiography. Statistical Analysis Used: Results were assessed using Chi-square test and Mann--Whitney U-test. Results: No statistically significant difference between quality of obturation using hand-held lentulospiral and modified disposable syringe (P < 0.05) was observed. Optimal obturation was achieved in both techniques; however, voids in obturation were not significant. Conclusions: Both the hand-held lentulospiral and modified disposable syringe technique are effective in the obturation of primary molar root canals in terms of quality of fill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The aciduric mutans streptococci (MS) group, including Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Streptococcus sobrinus (SS), is highly cariogenic. Relationship between increments in dental caries and the presence of these species is not yet clarified. It is of great importance to separately determine the presence of these two species for understanding their role in dental caries, accurate prediction, and effective prevention. Hence, this study was undertaken to detect the presence of SM and SS in plaque samples of caries-free (CF), early childhood caries (ECC), and severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and also to compare the possible relationship between these species with the occurrence of ECC., Materials and Method: In all, 120 healthy children between 3 and 6 years of age were randomly allocated into three groups: Group A (n = 40) CF, Group B (n = 40) ECC, and Group C (n = 40) S-ECC. Plaque samples were collected from all approximal surface and gingivobuccal surfaces of teeth using a sterile universal scaler and dmft/dmfs scores were taken. The presence of SM and SS was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction., Results: The presence of SM in CF, ECC, and S-ECC was 10.0%, 27.5%, and 42.5%, respectively, and SS was 5.0%, 40.0%, and 47.5% in CF, ECC, and S-ECC, respectively. Comparison of mean relative quantification (RQ) values of SM between three study groups showed significant results between CF and S-ECC at P value 0.003. Comparison of mean RQ values of SS showed significant results between CF to ECC and CF to S-ECC at P value <0.001. This study showed significant results between the mean dmft/dmfs scores in three study groups and the presence of high levels of SM and SS in ECC and S-ECC groups. However, the study showed weak positive correlation between dmfs scores and both SM and SS species in ECC and S-ECC., Interpretations and Conclusion: Higher levels of SS were more closely related to the caries-active lesions leading to severity of dental disease, that is, both in ECC and S-ECC. There was significant difference between mean dmft/dmfs scores in three study groups and it also showed positive correlation between dmfs scores and SM and SS colonization in ECC and S-ECC status., Competing Interests: None

The incidence of mesiodens, although very common in permanent dentition, is a rare finding in the primary dentition. Mesiodens often serves no use and is likely to harm the eruption of permanent incisors and so extraction of the mesiodens tends to be a commonly indicated treatment. In the present case, a 4 year old boy with mesiodentes was treated with an alternative approach, which was more focused on avoiding psychological trauma and also the need for a prosthesis. One mesiodens was retained due to its favourable position in the arch and reshaped into central incisor, while the other was extracted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief Background: Mucocele or mucous retention cyst, is a lesion involving salivary glands and their ducts. Various investigations have suggested traumatic severance of a salivary duct, such as that produced by biting of the lips, cheeks as the most common etiologic factor for the development of mucocele. The paper describes a case of mucocele and its management. Materials and Methods: (A boy reported with a chief complaint of swelling on the lower lip that was present for the past 3-4 months. The patient's mother gave a history of the swelling being small at first, with a slow enlargement to the present size along with the habit of lip biting). A patient with the chief complaint of swelling on the lower lip for 3-4 months with progressive enlargement along with the habit of lip biting was treated surgically and the lesion removed under local anaesthesia. Discussion: The clinical characteristics of mucocele, their evolution and treatment to aid decision making in daily clinical practice management of the lesion involved, both surgical treatment and preventive measures to intercept the lip biting habit, form the focus of discussion. Summary and Conclusions: Mucoceles can be easily diagnosed with clinical and histopathological examinations and the key to prevention would be early education and interception of oral habits in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the effects of different cavity conditioners on internal adaptation (IA) of glass ionomer-based restorative materials applied to primary teeth. Methods: 80 extracted primary second molar teeth were randomly assigned to four different cavity conditioner groups [10% polyacrylic acid, 20% polyacrylic acid, 17% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), 35% phosphoric acid]. Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces and relevant cavity conditioners were applied, and the samples in each cavity conditioner group were randomly assigned to glass hybrid (GHR) or conventional glass ionomer restoratives (CGIR). Subsequently, restorative materials were applied and all samples were thermocycled (5–55 °C, 5000 cycles) and IA were calculated volumetrically by using a Micro Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) system. IA values was recorded as % and data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests. Statistical significance level was set as 5%. Results: 35% phosphoric acid showed the lowest mean internal voids (between the cavity-restoration interface) for both restorative materials (for GHR = 0.180% and for CGIR = 0.936%). However, the highest mean internal voids for GHR and CGIR were observed after the use of 17% EDTA (2.438%) and 10% polyacrylic acid (8.483%), respectively. For both restorative materials, 20% polyacrylic acid showed the second lowest mean internal voids (for GHR = 0.321% and for CGIR = 3.580%), however, no significant difference was found between 35% phosphoric acid and 20% polyacrylic acid (p = 0.941 for GHR and p = 0.061 for CGIR). In the samples applied the cavity conditioners other than 17% EDTA, glass hybrid restoratives showed significantly higher IA quality than conventional glass ionomer (p = 0.0001 for 10% polyacrylic acid, p = 0.001 for 20% polyacrylic acid and p = 0.002 for 35% phosphoric acid). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, 35% phosphoric acid and 20% polyacrylic acid were determined to be the most successful cavity conditioners in terms of IA, and glass hybrid restorative system showed superior IA quality than conventional glass ionomer. Further studies are needed to confirm the present results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological condition that impairs the patient's cognitive function. The article presents a deep learning architecture using the implicit image from MRI to categories MRI scans and detect AD on time. The annotated data is divided into patients with AD and control groups. After GAN creates the synthetic and real images, the dataset is passed through CNN to detect spatial features from the scans. We used 30 slices from the region of the top brain above the eyes for learning. In order to train the CNNs and evaluate the results, the data is divided using the 10-fold cross-validation evaluating technique to validate the model, the accuracy estimates are 99.67%, 98.76%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Effective caries removal in pediatric dentistry is vital for reducing discomfort and maintaining oral health. Traditional methods like drilling can be invasive, prompting interest in alternatives such as the chemo-mechanical caries removal method. Aim: This study aimed to compare the efficacy, pain and satisfaction, treatment time, and microbiological outcomes of a sodium hypochlorite-based chemo-mechanical caries removal method (CarieMove® Gel) with conventional drilling in pediatric patients. Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial involved 30 children aged 7-9 years with bilateral class 1 caries in first permanent molars, as per the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) No 4, with no pulp involvement. CarieMove® Gel was randomly applied to one side for caries removal, while the conventional drilling method was used on the other side. Caries removal efficacy, pain and satisfaction, caries excavation time and microbial presence before and after treatment were registered. Data were collected, and tabulated statically analyzed at a 5% significance level (p ≤0.05). Results: Comparative analysis showed similar overall efficacy between the chemo-mechanical and conventional methods, with no significant difference (p=0.083). Pain and patient satisfaction pain perception were significantly higher with the chemo-mechanical method (p<0.001), despite a longer treatment time (p<0.001). Microbiological evaluations revealed no significant difference in bacterial count between both methods (p=0.893). Conclusion: This study highlighted the efficacy and acceptability of CarieMove® Gel as a promising alternative to traditional drilling for caries removal in pediatric patients. While both methods were effective, CarieMove® Gel resulted in a higher patient satisfaction. Although treatment time was slightly longer, the increased comfort and positive experiences suggest its value for young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects cognitive functions such as memory, thinking, and behavior. In this disease, there is a critical phase, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), that is important to be diagnosed early since some patients with progressive MCI will develop the disease. When a person is in MCI, they still have significant cognitive issues, especially with memory, but they are still able to perform many daily tasks on their own. This study delves into the challenging task of classifying Alzheimer's patients into four distinct groups: Control Normal (CN), progressive Mild Cognitive Impairment (pMCI), stable Mild Cognitive Impairment (sMCI), and AD. This classification is based on a thorough examination of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan images obtained from the ADNI dataset, which provides a comprehensive understanding of the disease's progression. Several deep-learning and traditional machine-learning models have been used to detect AD. In this paper, three deep-learning models, namely VGG16 and AlexNet, and a custom Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with 8-fold cross-validation, have been used for classification. Finally, an ensemble technique is used to improve the overall result of these models. The classification results show that using deep-learning models to tell the difference between MCI patients gives an overall average accuracy of 93.13% and an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 94.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]