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Background and aim: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide as it represents the sixth most common cancer. Numerous molecular mechanisms have been explained to regulate OSCC progression, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cadherin switching is the pivotal process that controls EMT in which E-cadherin reduces while N-cadherin elevates. This work aimed to clarify the role of cadherin switching in OSCC. Material and methods: Thirty paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of OSCC including six cases with lymph node metastasis were subjected to immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against E&N-cadherins. Cell cultures were performed using OSCC cell lines (SCC-15/SCC-25) from the human tongue. F–12K medium (Kaighn's Modification of Ham's F12 Medium) was added as EMT inducing media. E&N-cadherin mRNA gene expression levels were detected by real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Cadherin switching through N-cadherin elevation and E-cadherin reduction was evaluated at the histopathologic level in primary and metastatic OSCC as well as at the genetic level within OSCC cell culture. Cadherin switching showed a significant correlation between E&N-cadherins at different histopathological grades of OSCC and in metastatic OSCC. Moreover, the level of mRNA gene expression of E&N-cadherins in human 15 SCC and 25 SCC cell lines with EMT-inducing media exhibited a significant correlation. Conclusions: Cadherin switching is a crucial event in the EMT process. It may be used as a significant tool in the study of OSCC progression. Cadherin switching plays a significant role in the invasion and metastasis of OSCC.

Background and objective: Tree turmeric or Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr is a recent focus climber tree for its various potent therapeutic activities. The present study focused on establishing the potent antidiabetic activity of ethanol seed extract of Coscinium fenestratum (CF) after confirmation through in silico molecular docking study. Methods: The Soxhlet method was used for the extract preparation using ethanol solvent. Further, phytochemical screening and TLC were performed to detect the compound responsible for the antidiabetic activity. The accessible structure from the plant extract was used in an in-silico docking investigation based on that prediction. For the diabetes docking investigation, the alpha-amylase (HPA) protein with PDB ID: 4X9Y was chosen. After that, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay techniques were also used to test the in vitro antidiabetic activity. Results: Berberine was detected and identified by TLC with an Rf of 0.37 and was found to be responsible for the antidiabetic activity. AutoDock4.2 was employed for in silico study, and the binding energy of berberine was −7.84, demonstrating the significant antidiabetic properties of the ethanol extract from CF seeds. Conclusion: The ethanol seed extract of CF may have an anti-diabetic effect because of the presence of berberine in the extract as one of the phytochemicals. However, additional research is required to ascertain the potential synergistic or antagonistic effects amongst various CF seed extract constituents.

This article examines the role of junior cadres in rebel group fragmentation. I argue that in a centralised rebel group factions will emerge when leaders block junior cadres' access to senior decision-making bodies. Junior cadres who want to influence the organisation's politics therefore face a choice between remaining within the rebel group and exiting it. Factionalising is a way to redress grievances by aggrieved junior cadres who deem peaceful mechanisms for upward mobility ineffective. Using original datasets and personal interviews, I find strong evidence supporting my argument in the case of Palestinian Fatah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Alkaloid drugs were permitted for using as a treatment of numerous diseases. Colchicine, codeine, piperine, papaverine, ergometrine, theophylline, theobromine and caffeine are recognized safe alkaloids and used for many human disfunctions. The chemical structures of alkaloids have flexible chemical moieties with various electronic and chemical characters. COVID-19 is a horrible disease as result from that the discovering of potent drugs from previously FDA approved drugs is the main objective of this study. Methods: docking studies were used for discovering the interactions of alkaloids with protease proteins. The nature of selected alkaloids structures was utilized for advance insights studies to predict new medical applications. Results: Docking studies for alkaloids were completed and the obtained outcomes, displayed that all tried alkaloids have great attraction with the five protease proteins, the energy docking score ranged from -2.9516 (for colchicine with 5R82) to -24.7449 (for ergotamine with 5R80) kcal/mol with 1-5 variable interactions bond. Conclusion: Among the tested drugs, papaverine and ergometrine revealed high docking scores for all five proteins (score ranged from, -14.1058 to 23.1619 for papaverine and, -4.7900 to 24.7449 for ergometrine) and number of interactions with all tested proteins are two to three for papaverine but for ergometrine are two to five. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers details regarding the urological activites of the British Urological Foundation (BUF), in relation to its pursuits of raising money which will be used to support research, education and training. It also mentions the recent cycling event of "BJU International" in Sicily, as one way to help to raise money for BUF. The event was participated by 14 supporters of the BUF and was able to raise almost £100 000 for the cause.

This section presents abstracts on nephrology-related topics including the estimation of urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 as a renal injury marker in patients with type 2 diabetes, the efficacy of valganciclovir prophylaxis in preventing cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced disease, the glomerular and tubular apoptotic changes in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy.