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Los discursos reunidos en este volumen, popularmente conocidos como Filípicas (un declarado homenaje a Demóstenes), quizá marcan el cénit de la elocuencia ciceroniana y de la lengua latina en general. Son además un valiosísimo testimonio histórico de un momento clave para entender el final de la República romana. Tras el asesinato de Julio César, Marco Tulio Cicerón preparó como senador estos discursos contra Marco Antonio entre septiembre de 44 a. C. y mediados del año siguiente, poco antes de ser él mismo asesinado. Concebidos como si fueran batallas políticas, estos textos son las mejores armas oratorias que pudo esgrimir Cicerón para defender un sistema de gobierno que se tambaleaba peligrosamente y por el que acabó muriendo.

This book examines the forms of estate management in the countryside of Florence and Lucca between the eleventh and the middle of the thirteenth centuries. It argues that their change reflects wider transformations of medieval economic patterns, and specifically the surge in overall demand that occurred in the decades bridging the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries. The reasons for a comparison between the Florentine and the Lucchese countryside lie in the alleged differences of their historical evolution--as it has been outlined by scholars so far. The so-called manorial system (sistema curtense) is believed to have ceased to exist in the Lucchesia around the beginning of the tenth century, whereas in the Fiorentino its disappearance can be dated to the early thirteenth century. Similarly, the Florentine countryside is generally regarded as the birthplace of a particular type of sharecropping regime, the mezzadria poderale, which spread over much of central Italy during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and would later become an essential component of Italian agrarian identity. On the contrary, the mezzadria poderale is thought to have never developed at any point in the history of medieval and early modern Lucchesia--and this was indeed the case with all the coastal areas of Tuscany. The book endeavours to examine the characteristics of estate management in the central Middle Ages in their own right; that is to say, by detaching those transformations from any teleological view, and by placing them within the economic and sociopolitical context of the period 1000-1250.

The Old Prussian language has always puzzled linguists. While other Baltic languages, such as Lithuanian and Latvian, have remained in use to the present day, Old Prussian was extinguished at the beginning of eighteenth century, and the extant Old Prussian linguistic corpus is quite limited in scope. Drawing on two bilingual vocabularies and three Lutheran Catechisms (as well as onomastic evidence and several other minor texts), this work critically explores the linguistic and historiographical contours of Old Prussian.

This manual provides a detailed presentation of the various Romance languages as they appear in texts written by Jews, mostly using the Hebrew alphabet. It gives a comprehensive overview of the Jews and the Romance languages in the Middle Ages (part I), as well as after the expulsions (part II). These sections are dedicated to Judaeo-Romance texts and linguistic traditions mainly from Italy, northern and southern France (French and Occitan), and the Iberian Peninsula (Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese). The Judaeo-Spanish varieties of the 20th and 21st centuries are discussed in a separate section (part III), due to the fact that Judaeo-Spanish can be considered an independent language. This section includes detailed descriptions of its phonetics/phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax.

Die kritische Herausgabe handschriftlicher Texte birgt für jede geisteswissenschaftliche Forschung ein erhebliches Erkenntnispotenzial. Insbesondere für das Zeitalter des Humanismus dokumentieren variante Textzeugen das Zirkulieren sprachlicher Ideen, und ihre Erschließung trägt somit wesentlich zur Verdichtung des Wissens über die Epoche und ihre Genres bei. Li gesti di re Alexandro, eine italienische Übersetzung der Historiae Alexandri Magni des Quintus Curtius Rufus aus dem 15. Jahrhundert, die sich heute mit der Signatur Mscr.Dresd.Ob.47 in der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden befindet, wurde 1767 erstmals im Repertorium Biblioteca degli Volgarizzatori von Filippo Argelati dokumentiert. Zwischen der Anfertigung des Kodizes und dieser ersten Erwähnung liegen 300 Jahre Manuskriptgeschichte im Dunkeln, weshalb in vorliegender Untersuchung der Text dieses «Codex oblitus» nicht nur erstediert, sondern eine längst überfällige grundlegende Erschließung geliefert wird. Die Edition selbst wird dabei als Online-Zusatzmaterial frei zur Verfügung gestellt. Insbesondere bei der Beschäftigung mit dem 15. Jahrhundert aus romanistischer Perspektive stellt der interdisziplinäre Ansatz der Manuskriptforschung eine substantielle Forschungsleistung dar.

This collection of essays treats a topic that has scarcely been approached in the literature on Hebrew and Hebraism in the early modern period. In the seventeenth century, Christians, especially Protestants, studied the Mishnah alongside a host of Jewish commentaries in order to reconstruct Jewish culture, history, and ritual, shedding new light on the world of the Old and New Testaments. Their work was also inextricably dependent upon the vigorous Mishnaic studies of early modern Jewish communities. Both traditions, in a sense, culminated in the monumental production in six volumes of an edition and Latin translation of the Mishnah published by Guilielmus Surenhusius in Amsterdam between 1698 and 1703. Surenhusius gathered up more than a century's worth of Mishnaic studies by scholars from England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden, as well as the commentaries of Maimonides and Obadiah of Bertinoro (c. 1455-c.1515), but this edition was also born out of the unique milieu of Amsterdam at the end of the seventeenth century, a place which offered possibilities for cross-cultural interactions between Jews and Christians. With Surenhusius's great volumes as an end point, the essays presented here discuss for the first time the multiple ways in which the canonical text of Jewish law, the Mishnah (c.200 CE), was studied by a variety of scholars, both Jewish and Christian, in early modern Europe. They tell the story of how the Mishnah generated an encounter between different cultures, faiths, and confessions that would prove to be enduringly influential for centuries to come.

Die sprachliche Verwandtschaft zwischen Latein und Italienisch waren im Mittelalter nur vage bekannt. Dies ändert sich mit einer Diskussion im Jahre 1435, an der maßgebliche Humanisten wie Leonardo Bruni und Flavio Biondo beteiligt sind, die sich im Geiste der Rückbesinnung auf die Antike fragen, welche Sprache, d.h. welche Art von Latein, die Römer einst gesprochen haben mögen. Hieraus entspinnt sich nun eine Debatte (bis 1601) zwischen Lateinhumanisten und Vulgärhumanisten, an deren Ende sich die Erkenntnis durchsetzt, dass sich das Italienische (und andere romanische Sprachen) aus dem gesprochenen Latein der Antike, dem Vulgärlatein, herleitet. Die sprachwissenschaftliche Aufarbeitung dieser Debatte im Rahmen der italienischen Sprachenfrage (questione della lingua) ist Ziel und Gegenstand vorliegender Abhandlung.

Benedictow's magisterial study draws on records from across Europe to throw light on the nature of the disease, its origin, spread, mortality, and its impact on history.The Black Death was a disaster of huge magnitude, shaking medieval Europe and beyond to its economic and social core. Building upon his acclaimed study of 2004, Ole Benedictow here draws upon new scholarship and research to present a comprehensive, definitive account of the Black Death and its impact on European history. The medical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease, its geographical origin, its spread across Asia Minor, the Middle East, North Africa, Europe and Russia, and the mortality in the countries and regions for which there are satisfactory studies, are clearly presented and thoroughly discussed. The pattern, pace and seasonality of the spread of the disease reflect current medical work and standard studies on the epidemiology of bubonic plague. Benedictow's findings make it clear that the true mortality rate was far higher than had been previously thought: some 60% of Europe's population. In the light of those findings, the discussion of the Black Death as a turning point in history takes on a new significance. OLE J. BENEDICTOW is Professor of History at the University of Oslo.

O leitor tem em mãos um trabalho cuja ausência era notada na lingüística brasileira. Trata-se da edição revista e comentada da História da linguística, de autoria do grande Mattoso Camara Jr. O livro – publicado postumamente em 1975 – recebe agora uma significativa quantidade de notas esclarecedoras que visam à abertura do texto mattosiano ao diálogo com a nova geração de linguistas que se encontra em formação no Brasil. Esta edição crítica demorou bastante tempo para ser feita e exigiu de seus responsáveis – os professores Gabriel de Ávila Othero e Valdir do Nascimento Flores – cuidadosa pesquisa historiográfica e epistemológica da linguística feita até os dias de hoje, incluindo a tradição ocidental, sem dúvida, mas também a oriental, pois Mattoso traça uma história da linguística que demonstra sólido conhecimento do pensamento universal sobre a linguagem humana. Não há dúvidas de que este livro deverá ocupar lugar de destaque nas estantes dos jovens pesquisadores brasileiros e também daqueles para quem o conhecimento não cessa nunca de se fazer. É para esses leitores que a presente edição, revista e comentada, foi feita, porque são eles que continuarão a fazer a história da linguística. (Trecho da obra)

Il volume propone una variegata casistica di studi in cui le peculiarità linguistiche di singoli manoscritti o insiemi di codici romanzi medievali vengono interpretate anche alla luce del più ampio contesto costituito dalle tradizioni testuali alle quali essi appartengono, o con le quali vengono in contatto. La ricchezza dei generi letterari e degli ambienti socio-culturali studiati in questi contributi permette di ragionare in maniera comparata su alcuni dei metodi e degli ambiti più produttivi per una prospettiva di ricerca che, indagando l'innovazione linguistica come elemento connaturato alla trasmissione manoscritta dei testi romanzi, la valorizzi in quanto fenomeno particolarmente rappresentativo del fitto interscambio culturale proprio dell'Europa medievale.

After Charlemagne's death in 814, Italy was ruled by a succession of kings and emperors, all of whom could claim some relation to the Carolingians, some via the female line of succession. This study offers new perspectives on the fascinating but neglected period of Italy in the ninth century and the impact of Carolingian culture. Bringing together some of the foremost scholars on early medieval Italy, After Charlemagne offers the first comprehensive overview of the period, and also presents new research on Italian politics, culture, society and economy, from the death of Charlemagne to the assassination of Berengar I in 924. Revealing Italy as a multifaceted peninsula, the authors address the governance and expansion of Carolingian Italy, examining relations with the other Carolingian kingdoms, as well as those with the Italian South, the Papacy and the Byzantine Empire. Exploring topics on a regional and local level as well as presenting a'big picture'of the Italian or Lombard kingdom, this volume provides new and exciting answers to the central question: How Carolingian was'Carolingian Italy'?

In this book, an international team of experts draws upon a rich range of Latin and Greek texts to explore the roles played by individuals at ports in activities and institutions that were central to the maritime commerce of the Roman Mediterranean. In particular, they focus upon some of the interpretative issues that arise in dealing with this kind of epigraphic evidence, the archaeological contexts of the texts, social institutions and social groups in ports, legal issues relating to harbours, case studies relating to specific ports, and mercantile connections and shippers. While much attention is inevitably focused upon the richer epigraphic collections of Ostia and Ephesos, the papers draw upon inscriptions from a very wide range of ports across the Mediterranean. The volume will be invaluable for all scholars and students of Roman history.

The aim of this book is to reconstruct the violent nature of the March on Rome and to emphasise its significance in demarcating a real break in the country's history and the beginning of the Fascist dictatorship. This aspect of the March has long been obscured: first by the Fascists'celebratory project, and then by the ironic and reductive interpretation of the event put forward by anti-Fascists. This volume focuses on the role and purpose of Fascist political violence from its origins. In doing so, it highlights the conflictual nature of the March by illustrating the violent impact it had on Italian institutions as well as the importance of a debate on this political turning point in Italy and beyond. The volume also examines how the event crucially contributed to the construction of a dictatorial political regime in Italy in the weeks following Mussolini's appointment as head of the government.Originally published in Italian, this book fills a notable gap in current critical discussion surrounding the March in the English language.

Litanic verse is based on different syntactic and rhetorical devices, such as enumeration, parallelism, anaphora, and epiphora. Its Italian variants are not to be seen as a mere convention of versification, but as a multifactorial phenomenon, which involves semantic and performative aspects as well. The variants reveal their different faces within various periods, beginning with the Duecento. This book analyzes Italian poetry up until the first decades of the twentieth century, together with certain musical pieces that are closely related to the history of literature. The monograph is the fourth of five volumes devoted to the emergence and development of litanic verse in the literature of European regions.

The photographer Luigi Ghirri (1943–1992) was one of the most significant Italian artists of the late twentieth century. This volume – the first scholarly book-length publication on Ghirri to appear in English – introduces his photographic and critical work to a broader audience and positions Ghirri as a key voice within global artistic debates. It breaks new ground by approaching Ghirri's œuvre from a wide range of interdisciplinary perspectives, in order to take account of the breadth of his interests, the variety of his projects and the far-reaching impact of his work as a practitioner, writer, theorist and curator, both in the field of photography and beyond. Drawing on different approaches from disciplines including art history, theory of photography, literary and cultural studies, architecture, cartography, and place and landscape studies, the essays in the volume show how Ghirri redefined contemporary photography and helped shape the «spatial» or «landscape» turn in Italy and further afield.

Este resumen de la magna y parcialmente perdida Historia de Tito Livio ha permitido llenar algunas importantes lagunas del texto de referencia, y por añadidura ha aportado nuevos conocimientos sobre el extenso periodo estudiado. Esta historia de Roma, compuesta a finales del siglo I d.C. o principios del II y que termina con Augusto, es a pesar de su título tradicional más que un simple resumen de la obra de Livio. Sin duda Livio es la fuente principal, directa o indirecta, pero se detecta la influencia de Salustio y César en los contenidos, y la poética de Virgilio y Lucano; además, se aparta de Livio por su escaso interés hacia la religión. No obstante, las afinidades de tratamiento justifican la filiación indicada en el título. Panegírico del pueblo romano, el Epítome no atiende tanto al rigor histórico cuanto a la voluntad de enaltecer y celebrar al populus, verdadero héroe de la narración. Este interés fundamental por presentar materia digna de admiración y alabanza propició su éxito prolongado.

Catulo fue el primer poeta antiguo que describió todo un proceso amoroso apasionado, con lo que creó el género elegíaco latino. Tibulo es, con Propercio, el mejor de sus continuadores. Este volumen reúne los versos de dos de los tres grandes poetas elegíacos romanos (el otro es Propercio, a quien se ha dedicado otro tomo de esta colección). Catulo (Verona, h. 84-h. 54 a.C.) fue, además, el creador de este género. De familia rica, viajó en su juventud a Roma, donde se introdujo en los círculos literarios de los que darían en llamarse neotéricos o novi poetae ('nuevos poetas'), quienes tomaron como modelos no a sus antepasados romanos, sino a Calímaco y a los poetas griegos helenísticos, así como a líricos de siglos anteriores como Safo. Lo poco que sabemos de él es lo que revelan sus poemas, y lo principal de esto es su tempestuosa y apasionada relación con una mujer casada y bien situada, a la que se dirige con el nombre de Lesbia, pero que debió de llamarse Clodia en realidad. Catulo le dedica veinticinco poemas que abarcan todas las variantes del proceso amoroso, con múltiples y extremados altibajos. Estos poemas son los que más se recuerdan de su producción, que también incluye piezas de índole diversa (incidentes de la vida diaria, sátiras, críticas políticas, epitalamios...). Albio Tibulo (h. 55-19 a.C.), al parecer un importante caballero romano, se distinguió también en el cultivo de la poesía elegíaca. Amigo de Horacio y Ovidio, compuso dos libros de elegías, predominantemente amorosas, dedicadas a Delia (pseudónimo de Plania), a un muchacho (Marato) y a una chica (Némesis). Tibulo exaltó el amor romántico y apasionado, así como la bondad de la vida en el campo, y dedicó varios versos a su amistad con el gran político M. Valerio Mesala Corvino (al que probablemente acompañara en varias campañas). Su poesía pone de manifiesto delicadeza de sentimientos, cultura sin ostentación y buen gusto, así como un fino sentido del humor.

Los catorce discursos que forman las Filípicas, dirigidos contra Marco Antonio (que a la muerte de César se perfilaba como nuevo tirano), son los últimos del republicano Cicerón, y constituyen la suma y compendio de su excelencia oratoria. Cicerón tituló el conjunto de catorce discursos que pronunció contra Marco Antonio Filípicas, denominación de cuatro discursos patrióticos que Demóstenes, el orador ático al que tanto admiraba, dirigió contra Filipo II, rey de Macedonia, porque advertía semejanzas y paralelismos en ambos contextos. Tras el asesinato de César en el 44 a.C. (que Cicerón celebró porque detestaba la tiranía cesarista, opuesta a sus valores republicanos), y después de unos meses de incertidumbres acerca de los posicionamientos de los principales actores en la política romana, Cicerón encabezó el partido senatorial (diezmado a causa de las luchas civiles), y se enfrentó a su enemigo Marco Antonio, el hombre que había intentado hacer rey a César y que se perfilaba ya como nuevo dictador, en la serie de las catorce Filípicas. En ellas Cicerón critica las actuaciones de Marco Antonio y logra que el Senado, tras intentar una salida negociada al conflicto entre éste y Décimo Bruto (negociación a la que Cicerón se opuso), termine poniéndose en contra de Antonio, quien es derrotado en Módena y declarado'enemigo de Roma'. Pero con la formación del Segundo Triunvirato entre Octaviano, Lépido y Antonio y la rehabilitación política de este último, las Filípicas terminarán por costarle a Cicerón la vida: Marco Antonio ordena su ejecución, y que su cabeza y sus manos, que han escrito las Filípicas, sean expuestas en el Foro. La fama de las Filípicas se debe tanto a las circunstancias que las rodearon como al propio texto. Sin embargo, desde el punto de vista estilístico marcan el apogeo de la elocuencia ciceroniana y en ellas encontramos juntos rasgos de todos los discursos anteriores. Su lengua constituye, además, un auténtico paradigma de la norma clásica. Su influencia ha calado en el idioma, donde filípica se ha convertido en nombre común con el significado, según María Moliner, de'reprensión extensa y violenta dirigida a alguien'.

Son indicio de la popularidad de las Vidas muchas obras literarias contemporáneas que se han basado en ellas: Memorias de Agripina y El proceso a Nerón, de Pierre Grimal, Quo uadis?, de Sienkiewicz (y su célebre adaptación cinematográfica) y Yo Claudio (también adaptada con gran éxito) y Claudio el dios y su esposa Mesalina, de Robert Graves. Gayo Suetonio Tranquilo (c. 69-140 d.C.) nació cuando la dinastía de los Flavios ascendió al poder. En Roma, donde transcurrió gran parte de su vida, ejerció como secretario bajo Trajano y Adriano, y aprovechó el cargo para acceder a los archivos imperiales y a la correspondencia entre César y Augusto, material que utilizó en las Vidas de los doce Césares, su obra más conocida. Éstas consisten en doce biografías, las de Julio César, Augusto, Tiberio, Calígula, Claudio, Nerón, Galba, Otón y Vitelio, Vespasiano, Tito y Domiciano. Siguiendo el método biográfico de algunos eruditos alejandrinos, Suetonio trata sus temas esquemáticamente, según el paradigma de la contraposición retórica virtudes-vicios, y con arreglo a unos apartados fijos: antecedentes familiares, nacimiento y circunstancias, pasos hacia el poder, ejercicio del poder, vida privada, caída y muerte. A todo ello añade un ameno gusto por el detalle y lo anecdótico-humorístico, así como por lo escandaloso y lo truculento, de lo que tantos ejemplos le proporcionaron algunos de sus biografiados. Además, a su interés fundamental por el carácter ético de los personajes añade el estudio del trasfondo histórico, puesto que todos ellos fueron hombres públicos de la máxima importancia. Este primer volumen de las Vidas incluye las de Julio César (100-44 a.C.), Augusto (27 a.C.-14 d.C.) y Tiberio (14-37 a.C.), todos ellos de la dinastía Julio-Claudia, perteneciente a la nobleza romana. Los dos primeros encarnan, aun con sus defectos, el modelo de lo que Suetonio esperaba de un César: Gayo César es un conquistador ambicioso, general aguerrido, benévolo con los soldados; Augusto es piadoso, cívico, religioso y reflexivo. A diferencia de Tiberio –buen general, pero lujurioso, cruel e irreligioso–, ninguno de los dos anunciaba la debacle que predomina en los libros IV-VIII.

Die Kathedrale von Santiago de Compostela, als Ziel und Höhepunkt der Pilgerwege zum Jakobsgrab, darf heute mehr denn je Aufmerksamkeit beanspruchen, nicht nur als Ziel des Jakobsweges, sondern vor allem als architektonische und kulturgeschichtliche Quelle. Das mehrjährige Forschungsprojekt von Bernd Nicolai, Universität Bern und Klaus Rheidt, Universität Cottbus, «Die Kathedrale von Santiago de Compostela – Gestalt, Funktion und Programm», das den Bau und seinen architektur- und kunstgeschichtlichen Kontext von Grund auf neu untersucht, legt hier eine Zwischenbilanz vor. Der Band präsentiert erstmalig Ergebnisse zu Bauverlauf und Ausstattung auf der Basis einer neuen Bauforschung, Baugeschichte und Quellenanalyse und konfrontiert sie mit aktuellen internationalen Forschungen in Spanien, den USA, der Schweiz, Deutschland, England und Frankreich zum Themenbereich der Pilgerstraßenarchitektur und -skulptur.

Epigraphy, or the study of inscriptions, is critical for anyone seeking to understand the Roman world, whether they regard themselves as literary scholars, historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, religious scholars or work in a field that touches on the Roman world from c. 500 BCE to 500 CE and beyond. The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy is the fullest collection of scholarship on the study and history of Latin epigraphy produced to date. Rather that just a collection of inscriptions, however, this volume seeks to show why inscriptions matter and demonstrate to classicists and ancient historians how to work with the sources. To that end, the 35 chapters, written by senior and rising scholars in Roman history, classics, and epigraphy, cover everything from typograph to the importance of inscriptions for understanding many aspects of Roman culture, from Roman public life, to slavery, to the roles and lives of women, to the military, and to life in the provinces. Students and scholars alike will find the Handbook a crritical tool for expanding their knowledge of the Roman world.

Honorable Mention, American Society for Hispanic Art Historical Studies's Eleanor Tufts Book Award, hailed by the award committee as a'transformative scholarly contribution.'Winner, 2016 Admiral Teixeira da Mota Prize from the Academia de Marinha (Naval Academy), Lisbon Recently identified by the editors as the Rua Nova dos Mercadores, the principal commercial and financial street in Renaissance Lisbon, two sixteenth-century paintings, acquired by Dante Gabriel Rossetti in 1866, form the starting point for this portrait of a global city in the early modern period. Focusing on unpublished objects, and incorporating newly discovered documents and inventories that allow novel interpretations of the Rua Nova and the goods for sale on it, these essays offer a compelling and original study of a metropolis whose reach once spanned four continents. The Rua Nova views painted by an anonymous Flemish artist portray an everyday scene on a recognizable street, with a diverse global population. This thoroughfare was the meeting point of all kinds of people, from rich to poor, slave to knight, indigenous Portuguese to Jews and diasporic black Africans. The volume highlights the unique status of Lisbon as an entrepôt for curiosities, luxury goods and wild animals. As the Portuguese trading empire of the fifteenth and sixteenth century expanded sea-routes and networks from West Africa to India and the Far East, non-European cargoes were brought back to Renaissance Lisbon. Many rarities were earmarked for the Portuguese court, but simultaneously exclusive items were readily available for sale on the Rua Nova, the Lisbon equivalent of Bond Street or Fifth Avenue. Specialized shops offered West African and Ceylonese ivories, raffia and Asian textiles, rock crystals, Ming porcelain, Chinese and Ryukyuan lacquerware, jewelry, precious stones, naturalia and exotic animal byproducts. Lisbon was also a hub of distribution for overseas goods to other courts and cities in Europe. The cross-cultural and artistic influences between Lisbon and Portuguese Africa and Asia at this date are reassessed. Lisbon was imagined as the head of empire or caput mundi, while the River Tagus became the aquatic gateway to a globally connected world. Lisbon evolved into a dynamic Atlantic port city, excelling in shipbuilding, cartography and the manufacture of naval instruments. The historian Damião de Góis bragged of the'Tagus reigning over the world.'Lisbon's fame depended on its river, an aquatic avenue that competed with the Rua Nova, providing a means of interaction, trade and communication along Lisbon's coastline. Even for the cosmopolitan Góis, who traveled extensively for the Portuguese crown, Lisbon's chaotic docks were worth describing. Of all the European cities he experienced, only Lisbon and her rival Seville could be'rightfully called Ladies and Queens of the Sea.'Góis contended that they had opened up the early modern world through circumnavigation. Lisbon was destroyed in a devastating earthquake and tsunami in November 1755. These paintings are the only large-scale vistas of Rua Nova dos Mercadores to have survived, and together with the new objects and archival sources offer a fresh and original insight into Renaissance Lisbon and its material culture.

Information regarding epigraphy, both early Christian and medieval, in the province of Burgos was scarce and spread around in inaccessible publications. This Corpus contains and analyses all entries between IV and XIII centuries, located in the province of Burgos in various monuments like Quintanilla de las Viñas, San Pedro de Arlanza, Santo Domingo de Silos, The Real Huelgas, Burgos Cathedral, etc. To this end, starting from a review of the bibliography which has been published, a detailed fieldwork was performed resulting in the collection of 326 entries, 45 of which have never been published before, providing new and corrected readings to many of them. Indeed, the description of each item; its edition, both epigraphic and paleographic; its translation; the metric study of the inscriptions; its historical context; the paleographic study of its characters and analysis of the literary texts, All of that gives the ability to specify many dates in history of the creation of the corresponding monuments the inscriptions are part of, and the recognition of numerous analogies among several of these constructions. Therefore, this work stands as a valuable landmark and touchstone for the fields of History, Art and Medieval Studies.

This book investigates the changes that affected vowel length during the development of Latin into the Romance languages and dialects. In Latin, vowel length was contrastive (e.g. pila'ball'vs. pila'pile', like English bit vs. beat), but no modern Romance language has retained that same contrast. However, many non-standard Romance dialects (as well as French, up to the early 20th century) have developed novel vowel length contrasts, which are investigated in detail here. Unlike previous studies of this phenomenon, this book combines detailed historical evidence spanning three millennia (as attested by extant texts) with extensive data from present-day Romance varieties collected from first-hand fieldwork, which are subjected to both phonological and experimental phonetic analysis. Professor Loporcaro puts forward a detailed account of the loss of contrastive vowel length in late Latin, showing that this happened through the establishment of a process which lengthened all stressed vowels in open syllables, as in modern Italian casa ['ka:sa]. His analysis has implications for many of the most widely-debated issues relating to the origin of novel vowel length contrasts in Romance, which are also shown to have been preserved to different degrees in different areas. The detailed investigation of the rise and fall of vowel length in dozens of lesser-known (non-standard) varieties is crucial in understanding the development of this aspect of Romance historical phonology, and will be of interest not only to researchers and students in comparative Romance linguistics, but also, more generally, to phonologists and those interested in historical linguistics beyond the Latin-Romance language family.

Between the years 1550 and 1650, Italy's Jewish intellectuals created a unique and enduring synthesis of the great literary and philosophical heritage of the Andalusian Jews and the Renaissance's renewal of perspective. While remaining faithful to the beliefs, behaviors, and language of their tradition, Italian Jews proved themselves open to a rapidly evolving world of great richness. The crisis of Aristotelianism (which progressively touched upon all fields of knowledge), religious fractures and unrest, the scientific revolution, and the new perception of reality expressed through a transformation of the visual arts: these are some of the changes experienced by Italian Jews which they were affected by in their own particular way. This book explores the complex relations between Jews and the world that surrounded them during a critical period of European civilization. The relations were rich, problematic, and in some cases strained, alternating between opposition and dialogue, osmosis and distinction.

I saggi contenuti nel volume individuano nettamente, nel panorama della letteratura comica novecentesca, una linea di geografia letteraria emiliano-romagnola o più genericamente padana. L'attenzione si focalizza in primo luogo sul gruppo di autori riunitisi negli anni ‘90 intorno alla rivista Il semplice, innanzitutto Ermanno Cavazzoni e Gianni Celati. Ma la verve particolarissima del «comico padano» arriva a permeare tutto lo sviluppo diacronico del Novecento, dalla stagione di autori come Guareschi o Delfini, attraverso le suggestioni dello sperimentalismo e della neoavanguardia, fino al gioco letterario postmoderno. Completa il viaggio nell'universo letterario del «ridere in pianura» la ricerca delle sue radici nel filone dell'epica cavalleresca.

Solo di recente gli studi filologici si sono applicati all'esame sistematico dell'ampio e articolato corpus dell'agiografia volgare medievale in prosa, spostando l'attenzione dai singoli testi – visti in passato per lo più come reperti di interesse linguistico – verso il libro agiografico, verso cioè le centinaia di raccolte che tra XIII e XIV sec. si diffondono non solo in ambienti religiosi ma anche, e soprattutto, presso i ceti laici e borghesi, dove la raccolta agiografica, al di là delle sue funzioni devozionali, spesso rappresenta lo strumento base (e talvolta unico) anche per una più generale edificazione culturale e letteraria. A fianco dei cataloghi e dei repertori, si avverte oggi il bisogno di disporre di edizioni complete dei singoli mss., in modo da poter analizzarne le fonti, la scelta e l'ordinamento dei testi, la lingua e lo stile, gli interventi sui contenuti, e infine i rapporti di parentela tra le diverse raccolte. A questi scopi e principi si ispira la presente edizione della raccolta redatta in italiano settentrionale (inizio XIV sec.) del ms. Magl. XXXVIII.110 della Bibl. Naz. di Firenze, introdotta da uno studio stilistico, con speciale atten-zione alle strategie di traduzione, uno studio delle fonti e uno studio linguistico molto ampio (corredato di glossario).

Como griego de las provincias, Apiano aporta varios elementos novedosos a la comprensión de la historia de Roma. Apiano carece del genio historiográfico creador de un Tucídides o un Polibio, pero la información que recopila y selecciona con tino es fundamental para conocer varios lances de la historia de Roma, de los que es el único testimonio o como mínimo el más importante: usó diversas fuentes de variado signo, según el episodio que se proponía relatar, muchas de las cuales se han perdido parcialmente o por completo. La Historia dedica cinco libros a las guerras civiles, y constituye nuestra única narración continua conservada del periodo que abarca desde los Gracos hasta Accio, lo que ha motivado el interés moderno por Apiano. Éste se interesa especialmente por las repercusiones de las guerras civiles en las provincias y la anexión de Egipto, y trata de dar a los variopintos hechos que refiere de un sentido unitario y global.

This inventory, with its more than 580 titles, is the most comprehensive inventory to date of Yiddish books printed in the Netherlands, spanning the full period of active Yiddish printing in the region (from 1644 to the 1950s). This varied collection of Yiddish prints ranges from narrative prose, plays and humorous literature, to textbooks, grammars, religious literature, and regulations of local Ashkenazic Jewish communities. With its extensive indices and bibliographical references, the inventory serves as an invaluable tool for both qualitative and quantitative research into Yiddish language, literature, and printing. The accompanying reproductions of select pages from the included books provide the readers with a first glimpse into some of these treasures.

Thorough and meticulously researched, this study is based on a comprehensive reading of philosophical arguments drawn from all the major Jewish sources, published and unpublished, from the Geonic period in the ninth century until the dawn of the Haskalah in the late eighteenth century. The core of the book is a detailed discussion of the four doctrines of Christianity whose rationality Jews thought they could definitively refute: trinity, incarnation, transubstantiation, and virgin birth. In each case, Daniel Lasker presents a succinct history of the Christian doctrine and then proceeds to a careful examination of the Jewish efforts to demonstrate its impossibility. The main text is clearly written in a non-technical manner, with the Christian doctrines and the Jewish responses both carefully explained; the notes include long quotations, in Hebrew and Arabic as well as in English, from sources that are not readily available in English. At the time of its original publication in 1977 this book was regarded as a major contribution to a relatively neglected area of medieval Jewish intellectual history; the new, wide-ranging introduction prepared for this paperback edition, which surveys and summarizes subsequent scholarship, re-establishes its position as a major work.

Max Weinreich's History of the Yiddish Language is a classic of Yiddish scholarship and is the only comprehensive scholarly account of the Yiddish language from its origin to the present. A monumental, definitive work, History of the Yiddish Language demonstrates the integrity of Yiddish as a language, its evolution from other languages, its unique properties, and its versatility and range in both spoken and written form. Originally published in 1973 in Yiddish by the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research and partially translated in 1980, it is now being published in full in English for the first time. In addition to his text, Weinreich's copious references and footnotes are also included in this two-volume set.

The nine volumes containing the proceedings of this conference (with over 450 contributions) provide a comprehensive picture of research being done in the field of Romance Language Studies at the end of the 20th century. The papers are divided into nine sections covering the central sectors of Romance studies: history of linguistics; diachronic linguistics; dialectoloy, language geography and sociolinguistics; lexicology and lexicography, onomastics; theory and practice of scholarly editing; morphology and syntax; semantics and pragmatics; rhetorics, semiotics, stylistics; language acquisition, language teaching, creolistics. This broad spectrum is supplemented by six'round table'discussions.