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Preparation of cerium oxide by conventional liquid phase method has the disadvantages of complex technological process and effluent discharge. Spray pyrolysis for making CeO2 has the disadvantages of nozzle plugging, and this traditional heating method produces a significant temperature gradient that results in unevenly heated reactants. To prevent the above issues, this study proposed an effective and environmental experimental scheme. Cerium chloride heptahydrate and deionized water were utilized for the raw material. High-purity nano cerium oxide particles were prepared by jet-flow pyrolysis technology via microwave heating. Combining the technology of microwave heating with jet-flow pyrolysis, whose Venturi reactor served as the primary piece of equipment, can improve the mixing of gas and liquid, increase chemical reaction efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions. It was a new effort in the area of pyrolysis. To visually analyze the distribution of each physical field and substance, numerical simulation was combined with x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy to characterize the products. Effects of the various technological conditions (pyrolysis temperature, gas velocity, and adding citric acid) on the content of residual chloride element and microstructure of the product were examined. Results demonstrated that the temperature error between the experiment and simulation was below 20 ℃ with the condition of the same microwave power. When the pyrolysis temperature was at 500 ℃, CeO2 could be produced in a single phase, but the particle profile was unclear. The particles had sharp profiles when the temperature was 600 ℃. Nanoscale spherical CeO2 particles appeared when the average temperature reached 700 ℃. The results of the study’s simulations and experiments indicated that higher temperatures were associated with more regular microcosmic morphology and a lower content of residual chloride element. Increasing the gas velocity caused an obvious decrease in the average temperature, which led to more content of residual chloride elements. However, the gas collided with the solution more fiercely, which improved the mixing of the two phases. Experimental and simulated results showed that when gas velocity reached 1.2 m∙s−1, better dispersity and less agglomeration of the product were obtained. Additionally, the residual chloride content was less than 1%. Because a significant amount of CO2 was produced during the burning of the citric acid, the spherical cerium oxide particles broke into irregular particles. Porous structures also appeared when citric acid was added. The residual chloride content decreased with the increase of citric acid concentration when citric acid concentration was greater than 0.05 mol·L−1.

Large amounts of pickling liquor are produced during the pickling of iron and steel. The Venturi reactor is used during the pyrolysis of pickling liquor to prepare high-purity Fe2O3 particles. Changing the pyrolysis conditions will affect the purity and concentration of Fe2O3 particles. In this paper, physical experiments and numerical simulations were carried out to study the effect of pyrolysis conditions on the Fe2O3 particles, including the pyrolysis temperature, the FeCl2/FeCl3 ratio in the pickling liquor, and the citric acid ratio. The results showed that a product with a higher purity, better crystallinity, and greater concentration was obtained at 923 K. Further increasing the temperature did not change the concentration of Fe2O3 particles. When the ratio of FeCl2/FeCl3 in the pickling liquor was 1:1.5, the maximum concentration of Fe2O3 particles at the outlet was obtained. When the added proportion of citric acid was 1:1, the particle size distribution was more uniform, and when the added proportion was 1:2.5, the maximum concentration of Fe2O3 particles at the outlet was achieved.

Micro–nano cerium oxide particles with regular morphology and good dispersity have been widely used in polishing and other industrial fields. Microwave heating is an effective, controllable and green heating technology. The Venturi reactor used for microwave heating developed by our team was the core equipment utilized to study the effects of pyrolysis conditions on the purity and microstructure of cerium oxide particles. The experiments were carried out and the products were characterized using XRD, SEM and EDS. Microwave heating, fluid flow and chemical reaction were coupled using numerical simulation, the effects of microwave power, reactor location and waveguide arrangement on temperature fields were investigated. The results showed that with the microwave power increasing, the degree of crystallinity and purity of cerium oxide improved. The morphology gradually became sphere-like. Varied reactor locations and waveguide arrangements changed the gradient and dispersity of temperature fields. Bulk particles and agglomeration could be avoided, and cerium oxide particles with average size of 80 nm were produced when the reactor was located in the center of the cavity. Vertical arrangement of waveguides had the advantages of higher temperature value, gentle gradient and better dispersity.

CeO2 is an important energy storage material that can be used in solid fuel cells. Adding citric acid can improve the particle distribution of the pyrolytic preparation of CeO2 inside the reactor. Through Fluent, this paper investigated the pyrolysis preparation of CeO2 with the addition of citric acid by adopting the Eulerian multiphase flow model, component transportation model, and standard k-ε turbulence model. The experimental and simulation results suggest that the addition of citric acid can alter the pressure, temperature, and component distributions inside the reactor. When the mass fraction of O2 is 0.3, the concentration distribution effect of the CeO2 component is optimal and its conversation rate is the highest. When the mass fraction of citric acid is 0.04, the concentration distribution effect of the CeO2 component is the best, as witnessed by the high CeO2 concentration at the exit. It was found that an O2 content of 30 wt % and citric acid content of 4 wt % were optimal operating conditions for this technology.

Venturi jet pyrolysis is a popular method for the preparation of micro–nanocerium oxide. Its atomization performance should be investigated because it influences the purity and particle size of cerium oxide. This was carried out in this study via a combination of experiments and fluent simulation. Images obtained from physical experiments revealed the effect of jet atomization and the variation rule of the average Sauter diameter. Numerical simulation of the jet atomization process was carried out using the VOF-to-DPM model, SST turbulence model, KH-RT droplet crushing model, and random collision model. The initial atomization time of jet atomization decreased with increase in gas velocity, and at varying solution velocities, the initial atomization time of jet atomization varied slightly. Particle uniformity of the Venturi reactor was the best at throat velocities of 35 and 90 m/s at low and high gas velocities, respectively. At varying values of inlet velocities of the solution, the optimum preparation condition was 0.01 m/s and a fine and consistent particle diameter. The findings of this study provide helpful insights for further improving and optimizing the Venturi pyrolysis reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro–nano cerium oxide particles with regular morphology and good dispersity have been widely used in polishing and other industrial fields. Microwave heating is an effective, controllable and green heating technology. The Venturi reactor used for microwave heating developed by our team was the core equipment utilized to study the effects of pyrolysis conditions on the purity and microstructure of cerium oxide particles. The experiments were carried out and the products were characterized using XRD, SEM and EDS. Microwave heating, fluid flow and chemical reaction were coupled using numerical simulation, the effects of microwave power, reactor location and waveguide arrangement on temperature fields were investigated. The results showed that with the microwave power increasing, the degree of crystallinity and purity of cerium oxide improved. The morphology gradually became sphere-like. Varied reactor locations and waveguide arrangements changed the gradient and dispersity of temperature fields. Bulk particles and agglomeration could be avoided, and cerium oxide particles with average size of 80 nm were produced when the reactor was located in the center of the cavity. Vertical arrangement of waveguides had the advantages of higher temperature value, gentle gradient and better dispersity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CeO2 is an important energy storage material that can be used in solid fuel cells. Adding citric acid can improve the particle distribution of the pyrolytic preparation of CeO2 inside the reactor. Through Fluent, this paper investigated the pyrolysis preparation of CeO2 with the addition of citric acid by adopting the Eulerian multiphase flow model, component transportation model, and standard k-ε turbulence model. The experimental and simulation results suggest that the addition of citric acid can alter the pressure, temperature, and component distributions inside the reactor. When the mass fraction of O2 is 0.3, the concentration distribution effect of the CeO2 component is optimal and its conversation rate is the highest. When the mass fraction of citric acid is 0.04, the concentration distribution effect of the CeO2 component is the best, as witnessed by the high CeO2 concentration at the exit. It was found that an O2 content of 30 wt % and citric acid content of 4 wt % were optimal operating conditions for this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]