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Sphingolipids, in particular ceramides, play an important role in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Ceramides seem to be dysregulated in people with CF (PWCF): An elevated ratio of ceramides C16Cer/ C24Cer has been linked to inflammation and disease severity. CFTR modulators might influence sphingolipid dysregulation in PWCF.Sphingolipid profiles were retrospectively analyzed in serum from 112 PWCF and 96 healthy controls as well as in plasma from 25 PWCF before and after treatment with the CFTR modulator elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ELX/TEZ/IVA) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Lipid data were correlated with clinical parameters.There were significantly higher levels of long-chain ceramides C18Cer and C20Cer and of the very long-chain ceramide C24:1Cer in PWCF versus healthy controls. Sphingosine levels were significantly reduced and accurately distinguished PWCF from healthy controls. Treatment with ELX/TEZ/IVA was associated with a decrease in levels of long-chain ceramides C16Cer, C18Cer and C20Cer and very long-chain ceramide C24:1Cer. Plasma levels of the most abundant very long-chain ceramide C24Cer as well as sphingosine-1-phosphate increased. Consequently, the ratio of ceramides C16Cer/ C24Cer decreased. Sphingolipid levels showed weak correlations with clinical parameters.These findings highlight the existence of a distinctive sphingolipid profile in blood from PWCF, which appears to be altered by ELX/TEZ/IVA therapy. Thus, strategies for sphingolipid remodeling need to be reassessed and adjusted in the light of highly effective CFTR modulator therapies.

Background: Nowadays physical activity (PA)/exercise is an important component of cystic fibrosis (CF) therapy. The aim of the study was to assess the barriers to PA and the barrier management and to explore the effect of supervision on the barriers and barrier management during an exercise program. Methods: In total, 88 people with CF (pwCF) of the ages 6 to 50 years old (mean 24.2 ± 7.9 yrs) participated in the partially supervised 12-month exercise program and filled in a structured and validated questionnaire about barriers to sports and barrier management at baseline. Additionally, 23 pwCF filled in the questionnaire after 6 months and 12 months. The items were clustered into physical and psychosocial barriers and into preventive counter strategies and situational counter strategies and analyzed at baseline and over time. Results: Physical barriers were more relevant than psychosocial barriers and no trend could be seen in the situational and preventive counter strategies. When divided in subgroups, the less active pwCF (7500 steps/day), physical barriers, and psychosocial barriers showed no significant differences. However physical barriers showed a tendency to have a higher value in the less active group compared to the more active group (p > 0.05). Stratified by age or FEV1%pred between the subgroups, no differences could be seen regarding barriers and counter strategies. Conclusions: Physical barriers seemed to have a higher priority when it comes to not participating in PA/exercise. Supervision over 6 months during an exercise program did not show a beneficial effect on barriers and barrier management. Besides the motivational aspect of sport counselling, the volitional aspect seemed to be more important to incorporate more PA into daily life. Individual barriers and their concrete counter strategies should be discussed with the patient with CF. Sport counselling is needed permanently and should be part of the CF routine care.

Little is known about motor competence and the longitudinal development of motor performance among youth with cystic fibrosis (CF). In this study, we assessed aspects of motor performance in different age groups of young patients with CF and compared them with a healthy reference group of same aged children. We also examined the development of motor performance among different age groups of these children with CF, using The Deutscher Motorik Test (DMT) to assess attributes of health-related and motor performance-related fitness. We used an incremental ergometer cycle test to determine maximal exercise capacity (expressed as peak workload). We evaluated and recorded habitual physical activity (PA) as measured by the number of steps per day and the time spent in different PA intensities (expressed in metabolic equivalents). In total, 31 children and adolescents with CF agreed to participate (13 girls,18 boys) aged 6–17 years ( M = 11.3, SD =3.3 years); they had a mean one second forced expiratory volume (expressed as a percentage of predicted value [% pred]) of 87.2% ( SD = 22.3%). We found their values of health-related and motor performance-related fitness to be significantly lower ( p

Purpose In this proof of principle study, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the novel Nox BodySleepTM 1.0 algorithm (Nox Medical, Iceland) for the estimation of disease severity and sleep stages based on features extracted from actigraphy and respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) belts. Validation was performed against in-lab polysomnography (PSG) in patients with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Methods Patients received PSG according to AASM. Sleep stages were manually scored using the AASM criteria and the recording was evaluated by the novel algorithm. The results were analyzed by descriptive statistics methods (IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0). Results We found a strong Pearson correlation (r=0.91) with a bias of 0.2/h for AHI estimation as well as a good correlation (r=0.81) and an overestimation of 14 min for total sleep time (TST). Sleep efficiency (SE) was also valued with a good Pearson correlation (r=0.73) and an overestimation of 2.1%. Wake epochs were estimated with a sensitivity of 0.65 and a specificity of 0.59 while REM and non-REM (NREM) phases were evaluated a sensitivity of 0.72 and 0.74, respectively. Specificity was 0.74 for NREM and 0.68 for REM. Additionally, a Cohen’s kappa of 0.62 was found for this 3-class classification problem. Conclusion The algorithm shows a moderate diagnostic accuracy for the estimation of sleep. In addition, the algorithm determines the AHI with good agreement with the manual scoring and it shows good diagnostic accuracy in estimating wake-sleep transition. The presented algorithm seems to be an appropriate tool to increase the diagnostic accuracy of portable monitoring. The validated diagnostic algorithm promises a more appropriate and cost-effective method if integrated in out-of-center (OOC) testing of patients with suspicion for SDB.

Der Ubergang von einer kindorientierten zu einer erwachsenenorientierten Gesundheitsfursorge bei Patienten mit Mukoviszidose (zystischer Fibrose [CF]) hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten an Bedeutung gewonnen, da die Lebenserwartung von Menschen mit Mukoviszidose kontinuierlich gestiegen ist. Der Ubergangsprozess (Transition) beginnt gewohnlich in der Adoleszenz und wird mit dem physischen Transfer des jungen Erwachsenen in die Erwachsenenmedizin abgeschlossen. Die historisch als „Kinderkrankheit“ geltende Mukoviszidose ruckt durch das steigende Alter der Patienten zunehmend in den Fokus der Erwachsenenmedizin. Hier gilt es, entsprechende medizinische Versorgungsstrukturen fur diese komplexe Erkrankung vorzuhalten und Kapazitaten zu schaffen, um die Kinderkliniken zu entlasten, die haufig die Versorgung bereits erwachsener Patienten aufrechterhalten haben. Die altersbedingt erhohte Komplikationsrate stellt spezielle Anforderungen an die Versorgung von erwachsenen Mukoviszidosepatienten. Hierzu zahlen nicht nur das Erkennen und Behandeln von Komplikationen, sondern auch eine medizinische Versorgungsstruktur, die darauf ausgerichtet ist, die mit der Mukoviszidose assoziierten Komorbiditaten wie den Diabetes mellitus oder die CF-Hepatopathie adaquat zu versorgen. Ein Behandlerteam aus Arzten, erfahrener CF-Pflege, Physiotherapie, Ernahrungstherapie, Psychologie und sozialem Dienst muss in der weiterfuhrenden Versorgung zu Verfugung gestellt werden, um dem Anspruch an eine allumfassende Behandlung der komplexen Erkrankung Mukoviszidose gerecht zu werden.

Purpose Sleep disturbances and poor sleep quality are known to be present in patients with CF. Regular physical activity plays an important role in the treatment of CF patients due to its positive influence on progression of disease and quality of life. The aim of this work is to create a home-based sleep and activity profile and to investigate the influence of habitual physical activity (HPA) on sleep quality in children, adolescents, and adults with CF. Methods A total of 109 CF patients (64 male, mean age 22.7 ± 12.0 years; mean ppFEV1 63.0 ± 26.7) were equipped with an actigraph for a home-based collection of data on sleep and activity over 4 weeks. Results Age, FEV1, and BMI affect sleep and activity in CF patients. Especially younger age and higher FEV1 show a great influence on certain aspects of sleep (SE, TST, TIB, WASO, # of awakenings) and activity and its different intensities. General HPA does not affect sleep, but there is a strong correlation between times spent in vigorous to very vigorous intensities and better sleep quality. Conclusion Besides younger age and higher FEV1, daily activity in higher intensities influences sleeping behavior of CF patients in a positive way. Patients with poor sleep quality and sleep disturbances possibly benefit from an intensification of physical activity in the home environment. Trail registration number: 14–6117-BO (University Duisburg-Essen) and NCT 03518697 (clinical trials).

In this study, we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the device VitaLog (SWG Sportwerk GmbH & Co. KG, Dortmund, Germany) for estimation of respiratory rate (RR) variability. VitaLog is a minimal-contact biomotion device that is placed under the mattress topper. It senses respiratory effort and body movement using a piezoelectric sensor. Diagnostic accuracy was determined in 103 patients referred to our sleep laboratory for suspected sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). SDB was defined by AHI ≥ 15/h. Results provided by VitaLog were compared with nasal flow measurement obtained by polysomnography (PSG). Diagnostic accuracy of VitaLog was excellent. We obtained a correlation of r = 0.99 and a bias of 0.2 cycles per minute (cpm) between VitaLog and PSG-provided nasal flow. Detection RR variability worked nearly identically in patients with and without SDB. VitaLog is an appropriate method for determination of RR variability based on a minimal-contact biomotion sensor. This device is easy to handle, available at low cost, and suitable for long-term monitoring in the hospital or at home.

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Background: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and disturbed sleep are common, often underrecognized, comorbidities in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). Objectives: We studied the effect of CFTR triple combination therapy elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ELX/TEZ/IVA) on sleep in pwCF. Method: This was a prospective, observational sleep study in clinically stable adult pwCF. All participants underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG), before (T0) and after (T1) initiation of CFTR modulator therapy with ELX/TEZ/IVA. In addition, pulmonary function tests, calculation of BMI, and sweat chloride testing were performed. Results: Twenty-nine pwCF (mean age 32 ± 8 years; 15 female) participated in the study. Mean time between T0 and T1 was 194 ± 21 days. Total sleep time (TST) was 298 ± 40 min, with decreased sleep efficiency (SE) (76 ± 109) and increased sleep latency (SL) (73 ± 38 min). Sleep stages for NREM (N1–3) and REM sleep were within the normal range. Nocturnal respiratory events mainly occur during REM sleep (T0: AHI REM 8.3 ± 9.0/h; ODI REM 9.4 ± 10.6/h), whereas the overall AHI was normal (3.6 ± 3.7/h). After initiation of ELX/TEZ/IVA, we saw significant improvements in ppFEV1 (p < 0.001) and BMI (p < 0.001) and a reduction in sweat chloride levels (p < 0.001). In parallel, there was a reduction in AHI (p = 0.003), ODI (p = 0.001), and nocturnal respiratory rate (p < 0.001), both in total, REM and NREM sleep. Neither TST, SL, SE, nor sleep architecture was influenced (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: Initiation of ELX/TEZ/IVA resulted in significant improvements in SDB in adult pwCF.

Background:Transition from child-oriented to adult-oriented health care in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) has become more important over recent decades as the survival of people with this disease has increased. The transition process usually begins in adolescence, with full transfer completed in early adulthood.Objective:This study investigated the impact of a short-term transfer program on clinical markers in an adult CF cohort still being managed by pediatricians.Methods:Clinically relevant data from the year before (T-1), the time of Transfer (T) and the year after the transfer (T+1) were analysed retrospectively.Results:39 patients (median age 29.0 years; 64% male) were transferred between February and December 2016. Lung function had declined significantly in the year before transfer (in % predicted: Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV), 62.8vs.57.7,pvs.71.1,pP. aeruginosa, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) andBurkholderiasp. during the observation period. The number of patient contacts increased significantly in the year after versus the year before transfer (inpatient: 1.51vs.2.51,pvs.3.41,pConclusions:Our data show that, within the framework of a structured transfer process, it is possible to transfer a large number of adult CF patients, outside a classic transition program, from a pediatric to an adult CF center in a short period of time, without any relevant changes in clinical markers and, stability.

Background. Regular physical activity plays an important role in the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). This study is aimed at investigating the effects of a 12-month partially supervised exercise program on attributes of health-related and motor performance fitness, lung function (ppFEV1), BMI, and habitual physical activity (HPA, steps/day) in adults with CF. Methods. Attributes of health-related and motor performance fitness were examined at the beginning (T0), after 6 (T1), and 12 months (T2) on the basis of five test items: forward bend (FB), bent knee hip extension (HE), plank leg raise (PLR), standing long jump (SLJ), and standing on one leg (OLS). Additionally, we recorded HPA by accelerometry, peak exercise performance ( W peak ) by an incremental cycle test, ppFEV1, and BMI. During the first six months, there was close supervision by an experienced sport therapist. Results. 26 CF patients (8 female, mean age 26.5 ± 7.9 years; ppFEV1 53.7 ± 21.0 ) completed the exercise program. Significant improvements were recorded from T0 to T1 (FB: p ≤ 0.05 ; PLR, OLS: p ≤ 0.01 ) and from T0 to T2 (FB, PLR: p ≤ 0.01 and HE, OLS: p ≤ 0.05 ). W peak , ppFEV1, BMI, and HPA showed no significant improvement between the single test points and over the entire study period (all p > 0.05 ). Conclusion. Our results show trainability of adults with CF in aspects of health-related and motor performance fitness during a partially supervised exercise program. Close supervision positively influences the results. Using a simple test setup seems to be a promising tool for evaluating the effects of exercise programs in CF and could serve as an additional outcome parameter in future clinical trials. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (retrospectively registered May 8, 2018).

Purpose In our study we aimed to analyze sleep variability and activity in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) during their hospital stay. Methods Forty-three CF patients were recruited and have been divided into two subgroups: exacerbated (n = 18) and non-exacerbated (n = 25). During the course of their hospital stay we used VitaLog, a minimal-impact biomotion device, in order to determine total sleep time (TST), time in bed (TIB), sleep efficiency (SE) and intra patient standard deviation (IPSD) of TST. Results TST was 5.1 h ± 1.5 h and ranged from 0.6h to 7.9 h.TIB was 17.7 h ± 3.8 h and ranged from 5.6h to 23.9 h. SE was 70.0% ± 17.0% and ranged from 13.6% to 98.5%. TST was higher in non-exacerbated patients (5.3 h ± 1.4 h vs. 4.8 h ± 1.6 h, p = 0.008) whereas TIB was lower in non-exacerbated patients (17.0 h ± 3.7 h vs. 18.5 h ± 3.8 h, p = 0.002). We also found that SE was better in non-exacerbated patients (73.1% ± 14.6% vs. 66.6% ± 18.8%, p = 0.002). Furthermore, we observed that IPSD of TST was higher in exacerbated patients (1.3 h ± 0.5 h vs. 0.9 h ± 0.4 h, p = 0.004). Conclusion In general, in CF patients TST was short and SE poor during the night. Furthermore, in the course of their hospital stay patients showed low activity. In exacerbated patients sleep quality was lower compared to non-exacerbated patients.

Background Chronic infection and an exaggerated inflammatory response are key drivers of the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF), especially CF lung disease. An imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, including dysregulated Th2/Th17 cells and impairment of regulatory T cells (Tregs), maintain CF inflammation. CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy might influence these immune cell abnormalities. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum samples were collected from 108 patients with CF (PWCF) and 40 patients with non-CF bronchiectasis. Samples were analysed for peripheral blood lymphocytes subsets (Tregs; Th1-, Th1/17-, Th17- and Th2-effector cells) and systemic T helper cell-associated cytokines (interleukin [IL]-5, IL-13, IL-2, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-4, IL-22, interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor-α) using flow cytometry. Results 51% of PWCF received CFTR modulators (ivacaftor, ivacaftor/ lumacaftor or tezacaftor/ ivacaftor). There were no differences in proportions of analysed T cell subsets or cytokines between PWCF who were versus were not receiving CFTR modulators. Additional analysis revealed lower percentages of Tregs in PWCF and chronic pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection; this difference was also present in PWCF treated with CFTR modulators. Patients with non-CF bronchiectasis tended to have higher percentages of Th2- and Th17-cells and higher levels of peripheral cytokines versus PWCF. Conclusions Chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection appears to impair Tregs in PWCF (independent of CFTR modulator therapy) but not those with non-CF bronchiectasis. Moreover, our data showed no statistically significant differences in major subsets of peripheral lymphocytes and cytokines among PWCF who were versus were not receiving CFTR modulators.

BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances and poor sleep quality are a known phenomenon in patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Habitual physical activity (HPA) plays an important role in the treatment of CF patients due to its positive influence on progression of disease and quality of life. The aim of this work is to create a home-based sleep and activity profile and to investigate the influence of habitual physical activity (HPA) on sleep quality of children, adolescents and adults with CF. METHODS: One hundred and nine CF patients (64 male, mean age 22.7±12.0 years; mean ppFEV1 63.0±26.7) were equipped with an actigraph (Actigraph Corp., Pensacola, FL, United States) for home-based collection of activity and sleep data for a total of 4 weeks. Evaluation of recorded raw data was performed by ActiLife software, Version 6.11.9 (Actigraph Corp., Pensacola, FL, United States). RESULTS: CF patients under the age of 18 show the best sleep efficiency (92%±3%), the longest time in bed (TIB) (545±71 min) and Total Sleep Time (504±72 min) and the lowest Wake after sleep Onset (WASO) (39±15 min). With increasing age there is a decrease in Sleep efficiency (SE) (P0.05). In terms of lung function, CF patients with FEV1 values > 70%pred. have the best SE (92%±3%), the highest TST (490±72 min) and TIB (531±71 min) and the lowest WASO (39±13 min). As FEV1 deteriorates, a change in sleeping behavior can be detected. SE (P0.05) decrease, whereas WASO (P>0.05) increases. Interestingly, there is no difference in the number of awakenings between the different age and FEV1 groups (all P>0.05). Statistical analysis was performed using version 25 of the SPSS statistics package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). CONCLUSIONS: Besides younger age and higher FEV1, daily activity in higher intensities influences sleep of CF patients in a positive way. Patients with poor quality and disturbances of sleep possibly benefit from an intensification of physical activity in the home environment.

The aim of this study was to examine motor performance and trainability in youths with cystic fibrosis (CF).Twenty-two children and adolescents (11 f/11 m), age range 6-17 years (11.3 ± 3.3 years), mean FEV1 91.0 ± 21.7% pred.finished the partially monitored 12-months exercise program. Patients performed the Deutsche Motorik Test (DMT) to assess flexibility, balance, strength, power and totalmotor performance. An incremental ergometer cycle test was used to assess maximal exercise capacity (Wpeak). All tests were performed before (T1), after 6 months of monitored exercise training (T3) and another 6 months without monitoring (T4).Motor Competence in total and test-items of the DMT (except foreward bend) improved to T3 (p .05). No further improvement could be observed after the end of the monitoring (T3). However, the values remained stable at the improved level (T4). Girls scored lower in test items depending on strength/power but scored higher in balancing compared to boys (p .05). Wpeak and FEV1 were not influenced by the training program. From T3 to T4 a slight decrease was observed (p ≤ .05).The findings demonstrate benefits of an individualizedmonitored long-term exercise intervention on motor performance in CF with improvements of test-tasks to predicted normal. Monitoringseems to be a facilitator in maintaining motivation toward physical activity as no further increase in motor performance was observed after stopping supervision. The results suggest that an individually tailored monitoredregular exercise program should include all aspects of physical fitness with a variety of movement experiences.

Background: In general, long-term measurement of sleep is difficult to achieve since the reference standard polysomnography is cost-expensive and barely available. Therefore, it could be suggested using minimal-contact devices in order to determine sleep-related outcomes. Objectives: The aim of our study was to determine the sleep duration and activity of exacerbated and non-exacerbated cystic fibrosis (CF) patients during their stay in hospital. Methods: VitaLog generates a single-channel motion measurement composed of body movements. In order to detect total sleep time (TST) and time in bed (TIB) all patients have been given VitaLog devices for several days during their hospital stay. Results: In our study, we included 47 patients (19 with acute exacerbation, 28 under prophylactic antibiotic therapy). TIB was 9.3±2.9h (range 2.9h-17.4h). TST was 6.7±2.2h (range 1.2h-14.9h). Exacerbated patients stayed longer in bed compared to non-exacerbated patients (TIB 9.7±3.4h vs. TIB 8.9h±2.2h, p=0.03). TST difference of exacerbated and non-exacerbated patients was not significant. We identified three periods of time during which patients preferred lying in bed. The longest time span was during the night until 8am, the other time spans were around 3pm and 9pm. Conclusion: During stay in hospital CF patients showed decreased activity, long TIB and normal TST. In order to get further information on common activity, TIB and TST habits should be examined by long-term sleep determination at home.

In this study, we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the device VitaLog (SWG Sportwerk GmbHCo. KG, Dortmund, Germany) for estimation of respiratory rate (RR) variability.VitaLog is a minimal-contact biomotion device that is placed under the mattress topper. It senses respiratory effort and body movement using a piezoelectric sensor. Diagnostic accuracy was determined in 103 patients referred to our sleep laboratory for suspected sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). SDB was defined by AHI ≥ 15/h. Results provided by VitaLog were compared with nasal flow measurement obtained by polysomnography (PSG).Diagnostic accuracy of VitaLog was excellent. We obtained a correlation of r = 0.99 and a bias of 0.2 cycles per minute (cpm) between VitaLog and PSG-provided nasal flow. Detection RR variability worked nearly identically in patients with and without SDB.VitaLog is an appropriate method for determination of RR variability based on a minimal-contact biomotion sensor. This device is easy to handle, available at low cost, and suitable for long-term monitoring in the hospital or at home.

Background: CFTR modulator therapy with ivacaftor is a treatment option for Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients with at least one copy of a R117H-7T mutation in the CFTR gene. Desirable effects of this therapy are improvement of lung function, decrease in exacerbation rate, normalization or reduction of sweat chloride and weight gain. Monogenetic CF-twins carry identical genetic information, so therapy response and side effects are expected to be nearly identical under this specific therapy. Case presentation: In monozygotic twins, at the age of 55, two pathogenic variants in the CFTR gene (F508del and R117H-7T) were detected. Both patients presented with a borderline sweat test (30-59 mmol/L) and despite the same genetic information and similar life circumstances the disease proceeds completely different. While one patient has severe pulmonary involvement with chronic P. aeruginosa infection, her twin sister is almost unimpaired. Liver or pancreatic involvement was not seen in either patient. Due to the presence of one copy of a R117H-7T mutation, CFTR modulator therapy with ivacaftor was initiated in both. Response and side effects were significantly different. In the less affected patient, we observed an improvement in lung function and a normalization of sweat chloride. In the severely affected patient, no functional response to treatment was seen, but stabilization of the disease state with a decrease in exacerbation and hospitalization rate and weight gain as well as a normalization of sweat chloride. There was an increase in liver enzymes in the less affected patient, which normalized after halving the dose of ivacaftor, while the therapeutic effect was maintained. Conclusions: Despite nearly identical genetic information, as in monogenetic twins, therapy response and onset of side effects of CFTR modulating therapy are very different. In patients with late diagnosis and severe pulmonary involvement, ivacaftor does not seem to improve lung function, whereas in patients with late diagnosis and low disease severity a relevant therapy response was obtained. In addition to lung function, additional clinical parameters such as reduction of exacerbation and hospitalization rate and weight gain should be used to assess therapy response, especially in severely affected patients. CA - Welsner

Left atrial thrombi are an important cause for embolism-related morbidity and mortality. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), the clinical reference, is semiinvasive; thus, we aimed to assess the value of contrast-enhanced cardiovascular MRI for the detection of thrombus in the left atrial appendage.The image quality was good for both 2D perfusion (grade 4 +/- 1) and 3D turbo fast low-angle shot (FLASH) (grade 4 +/- 1, n.s.). Compared with TEE, 2D perfusion, 3D turboFLASH, and the combination of both techniques yielded sensitivities of 47/35/44%, specificities of 50/67/67%, positive predictive values of 73/75/80%, and negative predictive values of 25/27/29%, respectively. The size of the thrombus was overestimated by 2D perfusion (66%) and by 3D turboFLASH (25%) and agreement for location and shape of thrombus was 50% and 75% for 2D perfusion and 75% and 50% for 3D turboFLASH, respectively. The TEE thrombus size was significantly larger in patients with true-positive diagnoses by 2D perfusion (148%) and by 3D turboFLASH (151%) when compared with patients with false-negative diagnoses (p0.05 for both). No such difference was found for image quality, time delay between TEE and MRI examination, and location and shape of thrombi. Contrast-enhanced MRI lacks diagnostic accuracy for the detection of thrombi in the left atrial appendage. Future technical improvements are essential to establish this technique as a noninvasive alternative to TEE.