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Actual cancer treatment is typically a dynamic process with stochastic disturbances. Uncertain constraints (UCs) are suitable for modeling of dynamic processes under stochastic disturbance conditions, in which constraints are not fully met. Therefore, uncertain constrained dynamic optimization (UCDO) models can be utilized for addressing anti-cancer drug administration (ACDA) in cancer treatment. Due to the dynamics, randomness, and complexity of decision functions, the UCDO problem arising from ACDA in cancer treatment is difficult to deal with. To tackle this issue, a relaxation technique (RT) and an improved smooth approximation strategy (ISAS) are proposed for formulating the UCDO problem as a deterministic approximation problem, where a vector parameterization strategy and equality/inequality constraint dealing with method are integrated. Following that, to attain a global optimal solution (GOS) to the deterministic approximation problem, a hybrid optimization method (HOM) is proposed based on limited memory BFGS (L-BFGS) and a novel stochastic search method (NSSM) and its global convergence results are established. Simulation results show that the proposed HOM can achieve a higher quality solution with a lower calculating cost and lower conservativeness than existing approaches for solving the ACDA problem in cancer treatment under stochastic disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper, the authors consider distributed convex optimization over hierarchical networks. The authors exploit the hierarchical architecture to design specialized distributed algorithms so that the complexity can be reduced compared with that of non-hierarchically distributed algorithms. To this end, the authors use local agents to process local functions in the same manner as other distributed algorithms that take advantage of multiple agents' computing resources. Moreover, the authors use pseudocenters to directly integrate lower-level agents' computation results in each iteration step and then share the outcomes through the higher-level network formed by pseudocenters. The authors prove that the complexity of the proposed algorithm exponentially decreases with respect to the total number of pseudocenters. To support the proposed decomposition-composition method for agents and pseudocenters, the authors develop a class of operators. These operators are generalizations of the widely-used subgradient based operator and the proximal operator and can be used in distributed convex optimization. Additionally, these operators are closed with respect to the addition and composition operations; thus, they are suitable to guide hierarchically distributed design and analysis. Furthermore, these operators make the algorithm flexible since agents with different local functions can adopt suitable operators to simplify their calculations. Finally, numerical examples also illustrate the effectiveness of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed integer programming is inherently involved in solving a significant number of practical problems. This paper focuses on mixed integer programming, where the objective function is the summation of N functions, and the constraints include both scalar coupling and set constraints. Given the potentially large scale of these problems, the goal of this work is to propose a distributed method to solve large-scale problems more efficiently. The right-hand side allocation decomposition approach is employed to address the large-scale mixed integer programming problem. Algorithms are then proposed for solving these problems, based on the analysis of the continuity, differentiability, and local convexity properties of the decomposed subproblems. Simulation experiments with randomly generated coefficients demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithms compared to the Gurobi solver, offering higher solution accuracy and faster processing time for large-scale mixed integer programming problems with nonlinear objective and constraint functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing integration of renewable energy sources, the optimization of distribution networks has become a critical challenge to ensure sustainable and reliable energy supply. In this paper, a robust comprehensive optimization (RCO) strategy based on multi-scenarios is proposed to manage the uncertainty of distributed power supply and load in regional distribution networks, for making up for the shortcomings of existing methods in multi-scenario integrated energy optimization of distribution networks. Firstly, the development of a holistic model that concurrently considers constraints related to wind power, photovoltaics (PVs), gas turbines (GTs), energy storage systems, reactive power compensation, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, ensuring a comprehensive approach to network management. Then, the application of Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) for scenario generation, combined with an adaptive K -means clustering approach using the elbow method (EM), which results in the creation of highly representative prototypical scenarios. In addition, the imposition of 1-norm and ∞-norm constraints on the probability confidence intervals for scenario distribution, provides a rigorous framework for addressing uncertainty in energy scenarios. Furthermore, a novel two-phase decomposition model based on the box decomposition algorithm will be introduced to handle the temporal dependencies between energy storage and unit commitment, optimizing both operational costs and system flexibility. Using the column and constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm, the proposed complex optimization problem has been solved comprehensively. Finally, the validation of the model using the IEEE 33-note system based on the Matlab/Simulink platform from four regional distribution networks, demonstrates that the proposed method can effectively improve the practicability, reduce the clustering error, enhance the robustness, and have better scene representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With differential games and classical pursuit-evasion problems as the main focus, this article aims to trace the historical development of group pursuit-evasion differential games. By addressing large-scale group pursuit-evasion issues from the point of mean-field games, the prospects of applying reinforcement learning techniques are elucidated. It proposes exploring solutions to inverse pursuit-evasion differential games, suitable for scenarios such as underwater autonomous vessels, terrestrial robots, and swarms of unmanned aerial vehicles. Diverging from other review papers, it devotes significant attention to the distinctive academic schools of thought in Russia and the former Soviet Union, highlighting their influence in the evolution of this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the following problems for a parametric uncertain (affine) linear time-invariant system. The first problem is: Let a feedback gain matrix be designed such that the states of the closed loop system satisfy the specified transient performance bounds. Then, compute a ball in the uncertain parameter space such that for all parameter perturbations within it, the state response continues to satisfy the same transient performance bounds. The second problem is on the synthesis of a robust static state feedback control, which i) minimises the norm of the gain matrix, ii) maximises the radius of the ball in the uncertain parameter space, and iii) ensures achieving specified transient performance in the closed loop. For this, a sub-optimal linear matrix inequality optimisation is formulated. The developed results are demonstrated with numerical examples. It also highlights how the proposed methodology can be applied to design robust static state feedback control for a polytopic uncertain system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies show that deep neural networks (DNNs) are extremely vulnerable to elaborately designed adversarial examples. Adversarial training, which uses adversarial examples as training data, has been proven to be one of the most effective methods of defense against adversarial attacks. However, most existing adversarial training methods use adversarial examples relying on first-order gradients, which perform poorly against second-order adversarial attacks and make it difficult to further improve the robustness of the model. In contrast to first-order gradients, second-order gradients provide a more accurate approximation of the loss landscape relative to natural examples. Therefore, our work focuses on constructing second-order adversarial examples and utilizing them for training DNNs. However, second-order optimization involves computing the Hessian inverse, which typically consumes considerable time. To address this issue, we propose an approximation method that transforms the problem into optimization within the Krylov subspace. Compared with the Euclidean space, the Krylov subspace method typically does not require storing the entire matrix. It only needs to store vectors and intermediate results, avoiding explicitly calculating the complete Hessian matrix. We approximate the adversarial direction by a linear combination of Hessian-vector products in the Krylov subspace to reduce the computation cost. Because of the non-symmetrical Hessian matrix, we use the generalized minimum residual to search for an approximate polynomial solution of the matrix. Our method efficiently reduces computational complexity and accelerates the training process. Extensive experiments conducted on the MNIST, CIFAR-10, and ImageNet-100 datasets demonstrate that our adversarial learning using second-order adversarial samples outperforms other first-order methods, leading to improved model robustness against various attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of port automation and artificial intelligence, coordination with multi-geographic data centers (Geo-DCs) has become a viable solution to address the issue of limited port computing resources. This study proposes a distributed energy dispatch method for the port microgrid coordinated with Geo-DCs (Geo-DCPM), aimed at reducing port carbon emissions and operational costs. Consider the single point of failure problem and high construction costs of centralized data centers. Geo-DCs are first introduced to solve the problem of insufficient computing resources in ports. An energy consumption calculation model for Geo-DCs is established, considering the data load delay constraint and the data space transfer constraint caused by specific delay-sensitive loads in the port microgrid. Then, an energy dispatch model (EDM) is constructed for the Geo-DCPM, taking into account carbon capture costs. Moreover, based on mixed-integer linear programming, a distributed algorithm is proposed to solve the EDM problem. Finally, the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with the centralized algorithm, the packet loss rate of the distributed algorithm combined with Geo-DCs is significantly lower, reduced by about 70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, control problems with infinite horizons and discount factors have become increasingly central not only for economics but also for applications in artificial intelligence and machine learning. The strong links between reinforcement learning and control theory have led to major efforts toward the development of algorithms to learn how to solve constrained control problems. In particular, discount plays a role in addressing the challenges that come with models that have unbounded disturbances. Although algorithms have been extensively explored, few results take into account time-dependent state constraints, which are imposed in most real-world control applications. For this purpose, here we investigate feasibility and sufficient conditions for Lipschitz regularity of the value function for a class of discounted infinite horizon optimal control problems subject to time-dependent constraints. We focus on problems with data that allow nonautonomous dynamics, and Lagrangian and state constraints that can be unbounded with possibly nonsmooth boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey paper explores advanced nonlinear control strategies for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), including systems such as the Twin Rotor MIMO system (TRMS) and quadrotors. UAVs, with their high nonlinearity and significant coupling effects, serve as crucial benchmarks for testing control algorithms. Integration of sophisticated sensors enhances UAV versatility, making traditional linear control techniques less effective. Advanced nonlinear strategies, including sensor-based adaptive controls and AI, are increasingly essential. Recent years have seen the development of diverse sliding surface-based, sensor-driven, and hybrid control strategies for UAVs, offering superior performance over linear methods. This paper reviews the significance of these strategies, emphasizing their role in addressing UAV complexities and outlining future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart Grid (SG) technology utilizes advanced network communication and monitoring technologies to manage and regulate electricity generation and transport. However, this increased reliance on technology and connectivity also introduces new vulnerabilities, making SG communication networks susceptible to large-scale attacks. While previous surveys have mainly provided high-level overviews of SG architecture, our analysis goes further by presenting a comprehensive architectural diagram encompassing key SG components and communication links. This holistic view enhances understanding of potential cyber threats and enables systematic cyber risk assessment for SGs. Additionally, we propose a taxonomy of various cyberattack types based on their targets and methods, offering detailed insights into vulnerabilities. Unlike other reviews focused narrowly on protection and detection, our proposed categorization covers all five functions of the National Institute of Standards and Technology cybersecurity framework. This delivers a broad perspective to help organizations implement balanced and robust security. Consequently, we have identified critical research gaps, especially regarding response and recovery mechanisms. This underscores the need for further investigation to bolster SG cybersecurity. These research needs, among others, are highlighted as open issues in our concluding section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the distributed online optimisation problem is considered in an unknown dynamic environment. Compared with the existing results, an unknown dynamic environment causes the problem to be more challenging. An online optimisation algorithm is designed based on distributed mirror descent and distributed average tracking technology. The analysis of dynamic regret is presented and a bounded regret is obtained. Some simulations are given to verify the validity of the designed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many practical applications, such as poker, chess, drug interdiction, cybersecurity, and national defense, players often have adversarial stances, i.e., the selfish actions of each player inevitably or intentionally inflict loss or wreak havoc on other players. Therefore, adversarial games are important in real-world applications. However, only special adversarial games, such as Bayesian games, are reviewed in the literature. In this respect, this study aims to provide a systematic survey of three main game models widely employed in adversarial games, i.e., zero-sum normal-form and extensive-form games, Stackelberg (security) games, and zero-sum differential games, from an array of perspectives, including basic knowledge of game models, (approximate) equilibrium concepts, problem classifications, research frontiers, (approximate) optimal strategy-seeking techniques, prevailing algorithms, and practical applications. Finally, promising future research directions are also discussed for relevant adversarial games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout its history, Operational Research has evolved to include methods, models and algorithms that have been applied to a wide range of contexts. This encyclopedic article consists of two main sections: methods and applications. The first summarises the up-to-date knowledge and provides an overview of the state-of-the-art methods and key developments in the various subdomains of the field. The second offers a wide-ranging list of areas where Operational Research has been applied. The article is meant to be read in a nonlinear fashion and used as a point of reference by a diverse pool of readers: academics, researchers, students, and practitioners. The entries within the methods and applications sections are presented in alphabetical order. The authors dedicate this paper to the 2023 Turkey/Syria earthquake victims. We sincerely hope that advances in OR will play a role towards minimising the pain and suffering caused by this and future catastrophes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose a novel distributed continuous-time algorithm aimed to solve optimization problems with cost function being a sum of local strictly convex multidimensional functions associated to individual agents. Additionally, the problems can have coupled equality and inequality constraints. We prove global asymptotic convergence of the algorithm for a connected graph topology. In order to investigate its practical implementation, we analyze convergence when Euler method is applied to represent discrete-time communication. Finally, we support our results with numerical experiments of the developed approach application for power balancing in New England power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical automated test assembly (ATA) methods assume fixed and known coefficients for the constraints and the objective function. This hypothesis is not true for the estimates of item response theory parameters, which are crucial elements in test assembly classical models. To account for uncertainty in ATA, we propose a chance-constrained version of the maximin ATA model, which allows maximizing the α -quantile of the sampling distribution of the test information function obtained by applying the bootstrap on the item parameter estimation. A heuristic inspired by the simulated annealing optimization technique is implemented to solve the ATA model. The validity of the proposed approach is empirically demonstrated by a simulation study. The applicability is proven by using the real responses to the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2015 science test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing methods for nonlinear robust control often use scenario‐based approaches to formulate the control problem as large nonlinear optimization problems. The optimization problems are challenging to solve due to their size, especially if the control problems include time‐varying uncertainty. This paper draws from local reduction methods used in semi‐infinite optimization to solve robust optimal control problems with parametric and time‐varying uncertainty. By iteratively adding interim worst‐case scenarios to the problem, methods based on local reduction provide a way to manage the total number of scenarios. We show that the local reduction method for optimal control problems consists of solving a series of simplified optimal control problems to find worst‐case constraint violations. In particular, we present examples where local reduction methods find worst‐case scenarios that are not on the boundary of the uncertainty set. We also provide bounds on the error if local solvers are used. The proposed approach is illustrated with two case studies with parametric and additive time‐varying uncertainty. In the first case study, the number of scenarios obtained from local reduction is 101, smaller than in the case when all 214+3×192$$ {2}^{14+3\times 192} $$ extreme scenarios are considered. In the second case study, the number of scenarios obtained from the local reduction is two compared to 512 extreme scenarios. Our approach was able to satisfy the constraints both for parametric uncertainty and time‐varying disturbances, whereas approaches from literature either violated the constraints or became computationally expensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a distributed primal‐dual bandit feedback method for online convex optimization with time‐varying coupled inequality constraints on unbalanced directed graphs is proposed. A multiagent network is considered in which agents exchange the estimations of the dual optimizer and the scaling variable with their neighbors. The scaling variable is used to resolve the bias of the estimations caused by a directed communication network. Each agent does not have prior knowledge of the loss function, and its value at a queried point is sequentially disclosed to each agent. Each agent performs a projected subgradient‐based primal‐dual algorithm to estimate the optimal solution. It is confirmed that both the expected dynamic regret of the loss function and the cumulative error of the constraint violation achieve sublinearity using the proposed online algorithm with the two‐point bandit feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aircraft icing due to severe cold and local factors increases the risk of flight delays and safety issues. Therefore, this study focuses on optimizing de-icing allocation and adapting to dynamic flight schedules at medium to large airports. Moreover, it aims to establish a centralized de-icing methodology employing unmanned de-icing vehicles to achieve the dual objectives of minimizing flight delay times and enhancing airport de-icing efficiency. To achieve these goals, a mixed-integer bi-level programming model is formulated, where the upper-level planning guides the allocation of de-icing positions and the lower-level planning addresses the collaborative scheduling of the multiple unmanned de-icing vehicles. In addition, a two-stage algorithm is introduced, encompassing a Mixed Variable Neighborhood Search Genetic Algorithm (MVNS-GA) as well as a Multi-Strategy Enhanced Heuristic Greedy Algorithm (MSEH-GA). Both algorithms are rigorously assessed through horizontal comparisons. This demonstrates the effectiveness and competitiveness of these algorithms. Finally, a model simulation is conducted at a major northwestern hub airport in China, providing empirical evidence of the proposed approach's efficiency. The results show that research offers a practical solution for optimizing the use of multiple unmanned de-icing vehicles in aircraft de-icing tasks at medium to large airports. Therefore, delays are mitigated, and de-icing operations are improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research field of attended home delivery (AHD) and attended home service (AHS) problems has experienced fast growing interest in the last two decades, with the rapid growth of online platforms and e-commerce transactions. The COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced that interest, raising further challenges and opportunities that have to be tackled by innovative methodologies and policies. The aim of this work is to provide an extensive literature review on the state of the art for AHD and AHS problems, with a particular focus on real-world applications. A discussion of promising future research directions is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the problem of fixed-time distributed time-varying optimization of a nonlinear fractional-order multiagent system (FOMAS) over a weight-unbalanced directed graph (digraph), where the heterogeneous unknown nonlinear functions and disturbances are involved. The aim is to cooperatively minimize a convex time-varying global cost function produced by a sum of time-varying local cost functions within a fixed time, where each time-varying local cost function does not have to be convex. Using a three-step design procedure, a fully distributed fixed-time optimization algorithm is constructed to achieve the objective. The first step is to design a fully distributed fixed-time estimator to estimate some centralized optimization terms within a fixed time T 0 . The second step is to develop a novel discontinuous fixed-time sliding mode algorithm with nominal controller to derive all the agents to the sliding-mode surface within a fixed time T 1 , and meanwhile the dynamics of each agent is described by a single-integrator MAS with nominal controller. In the third step, a novel estimator-based fully distributed fixed-time nominal controller for the single-integrator MAS is presented to guarantee all agents reach consensus within a fixed time T 2 , and afterwards minimize the convex time-varying global cost function within a fixed time T 3 . The upper bound of each fixed time T m (m = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3) is given explicitly, which is independent of the initial states. Finally, a numerical example is provided to validate the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power system can utilize the flexibility provided by energy‐intensive enterprises (EIEs) for large‐scale renewable energy penetration. However, system operators cannot obtain the manufacture scheme of EIEs due to business privacy protection. Furthermore, highly regulated electricity prices further restrict the flexible utilization of EIEs. To overcome these issues, a coordinated dispatch framework between power system and EIEs under the intrinsic time of use (TOU) prices is designed in this paper, which requires only several boundary information for interaction. Firstly, the mathematical formulation of EIEs is given based on the inherent features analysis of typical production equipment and the optimal operation scheme of EIEs can be obtained. Then, considering uncertainties of both source and loads, the purchasing energy of EIEs from the network can be adjusted through the designed framework to track renewable energy dynamics and the clear equivalence class method is used to solve fuzzy chance constrained programming. Next, the improved Asymmetric Nash Bargaining (ANB) method is adopted to carry out the distribution of benefits. Finally, a modified IEEE‐30 test system is given to verify the feasibility of the proposed method, which can effectively improve the regional consumption level of renewable energy and ensure interests of all sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has become a major problem for humanity in the last two decades. One of the reasons that caused it, is our daily energy waste. People consume electricity in order to use home/work appliances and devices and also reach certain levels of comfort while working or being at home. However, even though the environmental impact of this behavior is not immediately observed, it leads to increased CO2 emissions coming from energy generation from power plants. It has been shown that about 40% of these emissions come from the electricity consumption and also that about 20% of this percentage could have been saved if we started using energy more efficiently. Confronting such a problem efficiently will affect both the environment and our society. Monitoring energy consumption in real-time, changing energy wastage behavior of occupants and using automations with incorporated energy savings scenarios, are ways to decrease global energy footprint. In this review, we study intelligent systems for energy management in residential, commercial and educational buildings, classifying them in two major categories depending on whether they provide direct or indirect control. The article also discusses what the strengths and weaknesses are, which optimization techniques do they use and finally, provide insights about how these systems can be improved in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose an exact, deterministic, and fully continuous reformulation of generalized Nash games characterized by the presence of soft coupling constraints in the form of distributionally robust (DR) joint chance-constraints (CCs). We first rewrite the underlying uncertain game introducing mixed-integer variables to cope with DR–CCs, where the integer restriction actually amounts to a binary decision vector only, and then extend it to an equivalent deterministic problem with one additional agent handling all those introduced variables. Successively we show that, by means of a careful choice of tailored penalty functions, the extended deterministic game with additional agent can be equivalently recast in a fully continuous setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power electronic converters and grid‐connected filters were important components of the permanent magnet direct drive wind power generation system whose performance directly determines the quality of wind power generation. In past modeling, analysis, and control studies, capacitive and inductive components were often treated as integral‐order components. However, the inductance and capacitance components in the actual permanent magnet direct drive wind generator were fractional‐order components, and their electrical characteristics will change with the change of order, which had an important impact on the dynamic and static characteristics of the system. In this paper, the mathematical model of the fractional‐order LCL (FOLCL) filter was derived. Through simulation, it could be seen that the FOLCL filter can avoid resonance fundamentally. At the same time, the fractional‐order PI (FOPI) controller was introduced into the machine‐side current converter, and the parameters of the FOPI controller of the outer speed loop and the inner current loop were adjusted by using the time‐domain optimization method. The results showed that the efficiency of the FOPI controller was significantly better than that of the integer‐order PI controller in realizing maximum wind energy capture. It provides theoretical support and practical application value for the stable operation of the wind power generation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a robust approximation of joint chance constrained DC optimal power flow in combination with a model-based prediction of uncertain power supply via R-vine copulas. It is applied to optimize the discrete curtailment of solar feed-in in an electrical distribution network and guarantees network stability under fluctuating feed-in. This is modeled by a two-stage mixed-integer stochastic optimization problem proposed by Aigner et al. (Eur J Oper Res (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.10.051). The solution approach is based on the approximation of chance constraints via robust constraints using suitable uncertainty sets. The resulting robust optimization problem has a known equivalent tractable reformulation. To compute uncertainty sets that lead to an inner approximation of the stochastic problem, an R-vine copula model is fitted to the distribution of the multi-dimensional power forecast error, i.e., the difference between the forecasted solar power and the measured feed-in at several network nodes. The uncertainty sets are determined by encompassing a sufficient number of samples drawn from the R-vine copula model. Furthermore, an enhanced algorithm is proposed to fit R-vine copulas which can be used to draw conditional samples for given solar radiation forecasts. The experimental results obtained for real-world weather and network data demonstrate the effectiveness of the combination of stochastic programming and model-based prediction of uncertainty via copulas. We improve the outcomes of previous work by showing that the resulting uncertainty sets are much smaller and lead to less conservative solutions while maintaining the same probabilistic guarantees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a survey of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications in smart cities, emphasizing integration challenges. Smart cities leverage innovative technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and UAVs, to enhance residents' quality of life. The study highlights UAV applications, challenges, limitations, and future perspectives of smart city development. Advanced control methods for maximizing UAV benefits are discussed. Control theory challenges and issues for the deployment of UAVs are addressed. By concentrating on challenges, potential applications, and advanced control techniques, this paper offers insights into UAVs' role in shaping the future of smart cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study designs an effective mitigation control scheme for a class of attacks called resonance attacks on the power grids. Mainly in this attack, an enemy is able to disturb a stable power system via manipulation in rate of change of frequency (RCF). Thus, in countermeasures, a detection and mitigation control scheme propose using artificial neural network (ANN) observer-based sliding mode controller (SMC) in this study. Malicious resonance offensive uncertainties are estimated via ANN observer effectively. The estimated states and uncertainties via ANN observer are utilized as input in SMC design to select switching surface boundary limits. The asymptotic stability of proposed control scheme is analysed using the Lyapunov stability theorem. The presented control technique regulates rate of change of frequency within permissible limits with reduction in chattering and frequency oscillations even in presence of resonance offensive patterns. Detection and mitigation capability of proposed controller is illustrated by MATLAB simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of and need for cyber security have increased in the last decade. The critical infrastructure of the country, modeled with cyber-physical systems (CPS), is becoming vulnerable because of a lack of efficient safety measures. Attackers are becoming more innovative, and attacks are becoming undetectable, thereby causing huge risks to these systems. In this scenario, intelligent and evolving detection methods should be introduced to replace basic and outworn methods. The ability of artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze data and predict outcomes has created an opportunity for researchers to explore the power of AI in cyber security. This article discusses new-age intelligence and smart techniques such as pattern recognition models, deep neural networks, generative adversarial networks, and reinforcement learning for cyber security in CPS. The differences between the traditional security methods used in information technology and the security methods used in CPS are analyzed, and the need for a transition into intelligent methods is discussed in detail. A deep neural network-based controller that detects and mitigates cyber attacks is designed for microgrid systems. As a case study, a stealthy local covert attack that overcomes the existing microgrid protection is modeled. The ability of the DNN controller to detect and mitigate the SLCA is observed. The experiment is performed in a simulation and also in real-time to analyze the effectiveness of AI in cyber security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]