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International audience; Highlights: • We investigated multifunctionality and ecosystem services in agroecosystems. • 18 research questions, obstacles and solutions were identified. • Future research must integrate knowledge from different sectors and communities. • Biodiversity is a key factor to explore and incorporate into modelling approaches. • Promoting dialogue, standardization and data-sharing would enhance progress.Abstract:Agroecosystems are facing new challenges in the context of a growing and increasingly interconnected human population, and a paradigm shift is needed to successfully address the many complex questions that these challenges will generate. The transition to providing multiple services within an agroecosystem is a starting point for heightened multifunctionality, however, there is still hesitation among stakeholders about moving towards multi-service systems, largely because of the lack of knowledge linking productivity and multifunctionality. We reason that much of this reticence could be overcome through a better understanding of stakeholder requirements and innovative transdisciplinary research extended in the dimensions of time and space. We assembled experts in France to identify priority research questions for co-constructing projects with stakeholders. We identified 18 key questions, as well as the obstacles that hinder their resolution and propose potential solutions for tackling these obstacles. We illustrate that research into agroecosystem multifunctionality and service production must be a hugely collaborative effort and needs to integrate knowledge from different sectors and communities. Promoting dialogue, standardization and data-sharing would enhance transdisciplinary progress. Biodiversity is highlighted as a key factor to explore and incorporate into modelling approaches, but major advances must be made in the understanding of dynamic changes in the biodiversity-function-service nexus across landscapes. Resolving these research questions will allow us to translate knowledge into decision objectives, identify adaptation and tipping points in agroecosystems and develop social-ecological economic pathways that are adaptive over time.

The design of electrode material for energy production and storage devices is becoming more and more timely in a world where energy is an essential pillar for development. This context urges us to develop and study the capacitive properties of polyaniline composite films – mixed oxide of Ni0.6 Co2.4O4 which can be used as electrode material.In the present study, the mixed oxides of Ni0.6Co2.4O4 were synthesized by the sol gel method via propionic acid. Polyaniline – Ni0.6Co2.4O4 composite films deposited on a platinum substrate (Pt/PANI - Ni0.6Co2.4O4) were prepared by incorporating mixed nickel and cobalt oxide particles into the matrix of polyaniline. This process was realized by chronoamperometry by electropolymerization of the aniline monomer dissolved in a 0.5M HCl electrolytewithdifferent contents of Ni0.6 Co2.4 O4 oxides (0.5 g/L, 1 g/L).Physical and electrochemical characterizations were made with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), UV-visible spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry.SEM, EDS, XRD and UV-visible analyzes confirmed the nature of the synthesized products and the incorporation of Ni0.6Co2.4O4 in the composite films. The electrochemical performance measurements of the Pt/PANI-Ni0.6Co2.4O4 film (1 g/L) give a specific capacity about 386.108 F.g -1, which is much higher than that of the Pt/ PANI, 164.340 F.g -1 at 5 mV/s. &nbsp

Gravity, magnetic and electrostatic separation methods allowed to obtain different titanium oxide concentrates (ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile) and different varieties of zircon concentrates (premium zircon, standard zircon, medium grade zircon standard) from Senegal’s heavy mineral sands. During mining separation, monazite, which is a paramagnetic mineral, was found in a non-negligible concentration of 0.57 wt% on average in the medium grade zircon standard which also contains 37.96 wt% zircon and 44.46 wt% titanium oxides. Magnetic and gravity separation tests were carried out on the Medium grade zircon standard (MGZS) to produce a monazite concentrate at Eramet Ideas laboratory. Magnetic separation at 1.5 teslas intensity resulted in the recovery of 94.8% of the monazite from the MGZS. Gravity separation also recovered 76.6% of the monazite from the MGZS. The combination of these two treatment methods can thus produce three concentrates from MGZS (a monazite concentrate, a zircon concentrate, and a titanium oxide concentrate).

The Sabodala gold mine is located in the Kedegou region in eastern Senegal near the border with Mali in a tropical Savannah climate zone with distinct wet and dry seasons. The mine has been operating since 2009 with active tailings deposition giving an ideal opportunity to study the weathering characteristics of carbonate rich tailings materials under real world conditions. The mine is operated in accordance with international best practice with regular monitoring of water quality and tailings chemistry in accordance with the international cyanide management code (ICMC) and also in order to monitor and control any potential impacts from Acid Rock Drainage and Metal Leaching (ARDML) that may be generated from the tailings materials and waste rock. In 2015 as part of a project looking at the potential for re-use of generated tailings as construction materials, a number of additional geochemical tests including whole rock assays, mineralogy, Acid Base Accounting in accordance with modified Sobek method with siderite correction, together with paste pH and electrical conductivity (Ec) measurements were undertaken. The purpose of the study was to update the predictions of the potential for ARDML generation and drainage pH in leachates forming from the Sabodala tailings. The tests were run on one composite weathered and 3 selective fresh samples collected by auger drilling on three holes over the tailing. Results have enabled a better understanding of the chemical weathering characteristics of finely ground tailings materials under tropical weathering conditions and the nature of secondary minerals precipitated.

The heavy mineral sands of Senegal are exploited to extract titanium oxides and zircon. Mining is carried out first by means of a floating dredge and concentration plant which produces a heavy mineral concentrate (HMC) containing on average 78% titanium oxides, 11% zircon and a set of silicate and alumino-silicate minerals. This heavy mineral concentrate is then treated by gravity, magnetic and electrostatic separation to produce titanium oxide concentrates (ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile) and three varieties of zircon concentrates (Premium zircon, standard zircon and medium grade zircon standard). In this study, we describe the various mineral concentrates in terms of mineralogical assemblages, and textural variability within grains, using Qemscan and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The titanium oxide concentrates are differentiated by their TiO2 content and vary from ilmenite to rutile. The zircon concentrates are characterized by the presence of impurities in the zircons, which consist in numerous inclusions of titanium oxides and silicate minerals. The mineralogical characteristics determined by scanning electron microscopy and by Qemscan showed great variability within the grains themselves. Heavy minerals contain many mineral inclusions and show strong chemical zoning.

This study assesses methodologies used during the selection of pilot products for the support to development of sustainable geographical indication projects by using the FAO/EBRD project as a case study. Relevant pilot products are essential to provide stakeholders with concrete experience, demonstrative effects and lessons learned in order to disseminate bets practices and facilitate scaling-out of sustainable GI processes. Qualitative data were transformed to quantitative data for product selection because data for local products were insufficient, and standard data were unavailable for each product. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), simple scoring and geographical indication assessment form were used together as product selection methods. Gemlik Olives, the first registered geographical indication product in the Bursa province, was included during assessment as a control group. Six local products with a potential for GI registration were considered for pilot product selection to serve as demonstrative process. Results suggest that the most important selection criteria were “reputation of the product” and “power of the organisation” and first two ranked products selected for the project were Bursa Black Figs and Bursa Peaches.

International audience; In this paper, we use a laboratory experiment to analyze the effect of social preferences in a coordination game with Pareto-ranked equilibria. Inequality is increased by increasing the coordination payoffs of some subjects while the coordination payoffs of others remain unchanged. Theoretically, in this setting, inequality aversion may lead to a negative relationship between inequality and coordination success, while total payoff motivations lead to a positive relationship. Using a within-subject experimental design, we find that more inequality unambiguously yields a higher level of coordination success. Furthermore, this result holds even for subjects whose payoffs remain unchanged. Our results suggest that total payoff motivations drive the positive relationship between inequality and coordination success found in this experiment. Moreover, our data highlight that the order of treatment matters. Groups facing over time a reduction in inequalities reach the efficient outcome more often, over the entire experiment, compared to groups facing over time an increase in inequalities. This study thus contributes to understanding whether social preferences and variations in inequality affect the outcome of coordination problems.

Onion is an important vegetable in Senegal horticulture, where it occupies the first place. However in the greatest areas production like the Gandiolais, in the North of Senegal, Pink root disease caused by a soil born fungus Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Hansen) Gorentz, Walker and Larson affects its productivity especially in nursery. On soil sterilized and inoculated by the fungus, we tested 5 natural fungicides and 2 synthetic fungicides, to measure their effectiveness on the Pink root disease on onion, in nursery. The device used is a split plot with 4 repetitions and 8 treatments. The measured variables are the emergence rates, the survival rates and the infestation rates. Our experimentations have shown that, for the emergence rates, there is no significant difference between thiophanate-methyl (Pelt 44), Carbendazim (Bavistine), Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Carica papaya L. It is the same between C. papaya and Moringa oleifera Lam, between M. oleifera and Cassia alata L. It is also the same between C. alata and Crotolaria retusa L. Regarding the survival rates, there is no significant difference between thiophanate-methyl, Azadirachta indica, Carbendazim, C. papaya and M. oleifera. The same is true between M. oleifera and Cassia alata, and between C. alata and C. retusa. Concerning the infestation rates, apart from the control check, all other treatments show no difference.

The Sabodala gold mine tailings were stabilised using geopolymerization technics in order to improve their mechanical properties in general for a reuse as building materials for local communities. The effect of several preparation parameters on the compressive and tensile strength of the stabilised tailings has been studied to define their optimums. For each formulation, all parameters are kept constant and only one is variable. The prepared samples are then tested for compressive and tensile strength to see how the variable parameter impact on these properties. The same work was carried out for the fresh tailings and for the weathered one to see whether they behave differently and if they need different treatment. The results show that for most of parameters, there is an optimal value on either side of which compressive and tensile strength decrease. Except for few parameters, the fresh and the weathered tailings have a similar behaviour with regards to trends of their mechanical properties with changing preparation conditions. In addition to the similarity of weathered and fresh tailings mechanical characteristics following their stabilization by geopolymerization, this work has proved the considerable effects of the preparation’s parameters.

International audience; In this paper, we consider the controllability of a strongly degenerate parabolic equation with a degenerate one-order transport term. Despite the strong degeneracy, we prove a result of well-posedness and null controllability with a Dirichlet boundary control that acts on the degenerate part of the boundary. Then, we study the uniform controllability in the vanishing viscosity limit and prove that the cost of the control explodes exponentially fast in small time and converges exponentially fast in large time in some adapted weighted norm. The main tools used are a spectral decomposition involving Bessel functions and their zeros, some usual results on admissibility of scalar controls for diagonal semigroups, and the moment method of Fattorini and Russell. Keywords: degenerate parabolic equations, cost of the control, uniform controllability, degenerate transport equation.

The Sabodala gold deposit in the Mako volcanic Belt (SE-Senegal, West African Craton) occurs in mafic and ultramafic rocks overlain by clastic sedimentary rocks and felsic volcanic-volcaniclastic sequences. It is a structurally controlled mesothermal vein gold deposit developed in deformed rocks units near the Falombo pluton. The Sabodala Goldfield comprises several faults systems striking N-S to NE-SW. New structural evolution consisting of both thrusting and transcurrent events has been defined for the Sabodala Goldfield. The majority of the gold at Sabodala occurs on the western flank of a large, doubling plunging dome (the Sabodala Antiform) and is also associated with sinistral wrenching that overprints early structures within the Sabodala Mine. The gold bearing veins are hosted by flat lying and NW-trending shear zones. The NW-trending faults acted as transfers syn-gold mineralization, although only discrete segments of these faults were active during the main stage of gold mineralization. Late exhumation resulted in extension along fault zones was responsible for the juxtaposition of medium and low grade metamorphic rocks. The granitic suite of the Falombo pluton is linked to exhumation. Final dextral transpression postdating exhumation produced shearing and folding. Gold lodes developed during brittle deformation are associated with high fluid pressures in a northwest-southeast shortening regime. These are termed mainly the Sabodala deposit, and secondary the Niakafiri and Masato deposits.

In this paper we present a highly compact and low-cost antenna solution based on a dielectric lens and a waveguide horn array feed for operation in the 57–64 GHz frequency band. The antenna is targeted for applications in point-to-point backhaul systems for Small Cell mobile access networks and features a beamforming capability providing self-alignment for ease of installation and improved link stability.

In this paper, we deal with the existence of insensitizing controls for the Navier-Stokes equations in a bounded domain with Dirichlet boundary conditions. We prove that there exist controls insensitizing the $L^2$ -norm of the observation of the solution in an open subset $\mathcal{O}$ of the domain, under suitable assumptions on the data. This problem is equivalent to an exact controllability result for a cascade system. First we prove a global Carleman inequality for the linearized Navier-Stokes system with right-hand side, which leads to the null controllability at any time $T>0$. Then, we deduce a local null controllability result for the cascade system.

The use of computers in developing countries is quite novel. The aim of this article is to discuss problems related to the use of computers in developing countries and propose solutions. EFL teachers and students in these countries are encouraged to use computers in the educational systen7 because they are cost effective. It is hoped that once familiar with course authoring systems (CAS), EFL teachers will develop software programs adapted to their own social environment for the benefit of their students.

This paper shows geometric aspects of rock masses in the Senegalese side of Kedougou-Kenieba inlier. The studies are done in one part on sedimentary rocks (represented by sandstones) with stratification and on the other part in igneous rocks (represented by basalts). Geometric studies are the fractal configuration and the scale effect. Scale effect is stud- ied by comparing the results of mechanical tests done in the laboratory and on outcrops. For all samples, laboratory pa- rameters are higher than values of field. In this paper, scale effect is characterized by the decrease of mechanical pa- rameters from laboratory samples to field. The scale coefficient is defined and characterizes the relation between me- chanical properties. More importantly, the scale effect is more significant. This scale effect depends largely on the rock anisotropy. The anisotropy depends on the fracturation and the filling. The scale effect takes into account the fracturation, the filling minerals and their diversity which define the complexity of the rock. The anisotropy is complex; the impact of scale effect traduced by an increase of scale coefficient is the highest. Configuration of discontinuities also defines fractal geometry. This fractal aspect appears on the asperities, the spacing and the apertures of discontinuities. The fractal dimension is different from a parameter to another. All these two parameters estimate the stage of fracturation of the rock in a geological system and depend one on another if they are studied in the same element.

Wood polymer composites (WPCs) were made with pine and polypropylene matrix (PP). Samples of WPCs were processed through melt compounding and hot-press moulding with different formulations of wood flour content and addition of coupling agent. This study focuses on the improvement of the mechanical properties of WPCs through the addition of compatibilizers. Generally fiber/matrix bonding or a strong interaction is required to ensure an appropriate transfer of stresses and satisfactorily physical properties. The effect of wood content and coupling agent like Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) on the thermal behavior was monitored by DSC, water uptake and thickness of swelling during 2 months. The results exhibited increase of these two physical properties with wood flour content and coupling agent. In the thermal behavior, wood plays the role of nucleating agent. During the cooling step, the crystallization begins earlier than in pure PP and the percent of crystallization increase with wood amount. The effects of the reinforcements on the mechanical properties of the composites as well as the effect of compatibilization on the composite properties were highlighted. The mechanical study revealed the positive effect of coupling agent MAPP on interfacial bonding permitting better stress transfer from matrix to fiber.

This Note is devoted to some insensitizing control problems for the Stokes system with a reduced number of controls. We give some e -insensitization results with external unidirectional forces in different geometric configurations. We also provide a negative result of insensitization for the Stokes system in some 2-D manifold without boundary with one scalar control.

The western part of the Kedougou Kenieba Inlier is located in the West African Craton. It consists of paleoproterozoic NE-trending elongate belts (subprovinces) of metavolcanic and granitic rocks that alternate with metasedimentary belts. Major linear fault such as the MTZ which also approximate a north-easterly trend form the eastern boundaries. The field observations and geophysics analyses were completed by a microscopic study. Based on these data we define across this region four lithostructural domains from east to west. The western domain is structurally complex. The rocks of this domain have been subjected to a complex history of polyphase deformation and metamorphism. The structural analyse allow us to distinguished three deformation events. The deformation results in the formation of D1 thrust tectonic and D2 and D3 transcurrent tectonic. The structural evolution of the Mako Belt is characterized by deformation dominated by the intrusion of large TTG batholiths (D1) followed by basins formation and transpression accommodating oblique convergence and collision (D2 and D3). The change from thrusting (D1 deformation to transcurrent motion (D2 and D3) is recorded in the marginal basin of the central domain and in Tinkoto pull apart basin. The timing of these basins indicates a diachronous evolution. Deformation styles within the basin are compatible with a dextral transpression which terminated at ca 2090 Ma. Small extensional basins formed over the rocks of the Mako Belt are filled with continental detrital sedimentary rocks that show weak foliation and active felsic volcanism. We suggest that the sinistral transpressive tectonic associated with oblique subduction may have generated the pull-apart basin and subaqueous volcanism. In part these features are now related to terrain accretion, thrusting and strike slip movement during oblique convergence. The inversion of the large scale structural evolution from thrusting to strike slip is common to modern orogenies.

The Kedougou Kenieba Inlier (KKI) (Paleoproterozoic of Eastern Senegal) is a portion of the West African Craton (WAC) containing a granite-greenstone terrain that experienced three distinct periods of magmatic activity, peaking at 2200, 2160–2130 and 2100–2070 Ma. In the Inlier, Paleoproterozoic granitoids and large-scale transcurrent shear zones are spatially associated, suggesting a genetic link between magma bodies and shear zones. Granitic intrusions are associated with all the volcanic episodes and phases of deformation, and have been used to constrain the age of many of these events. Our structural data and deformation sequence indicate that the Mako Greenstone Belt and the adjacent granitoid complexes have undergone a multi-phase evolutionary history that is spread over a prolonged period. The available geochronological data and field studies allowed classification of the granitoids of the KKI into four generations GI, GII, GIII and GIV. The current data suggest that the oldest rocks in the KKI, the Badon granites (2198 ± 2 Ma) and the tonalitic gneisses from Tonkouto (2200–2198 Ma) (GI), could be correlated with an early Birimian magmatic event. The gneisses, crystallized at depth, record the earliest deformation and in contrast to other tonalites, do not appear to have intruded volcanic rocks. The second manifestation of magmatism was intrusion of mafic diorite – the Gabbro Sandikounda Layered Igneous Complex type (GII) and development of the Laminia Kaourou Plutonic Complex (LKPC) (2160–2130 Ma). These bodies pre-date or are sometimes synchronous with a major deformational episode, and may, therefore, have formed very early in convergent Birimian orogenesis. The third major peak of magmatic activity occurred after the above major episode with the development of the oval shaped Diombalou and Bouroumbourou plutons (GIII). The orientation of these plutons parallel to the regional strike of the schistosity indicates structural control on granite emplacement. Eburnean magmatism was terminated in the Mako Belt following compressional Eburnean deformation, with the emplacement of the Tinkoto, Mamakono plutons (GIV) in the east of the complex and continued in the Diale–Dalema supergroup with the syntectonic emplacement of the Saraya batholith. Garnitiferous granites of crustal derivation were emplaced in the final period of extensional activity around 2080 Ma. Field observations suggest the early plutons of the complex granitic (Kakadian) batholith intruded during convergent deformation whereas later igneous activity accompanied regional orogen-parallel extension, followed by exhumation. In the Mako Belt, thickening of the crust was proposed to have caused heating and the ‘apparent diapiric rise’ of the Diombalou and Bouroumbourou plutons.

The Paleoproterozoic rocks in the Kedougou Kenieba Inlier (KKI) consist of volcanic and volcanosedimentary rocks intruded by granitoids with a wide compositional spectrum. Geochronological data based on single-grain zircon Pb-Pb evaporation, U-Pb single grain, Ar-Ar and K-Ar dating of several plutons point to a long lasting emplacement history in the KKI. The zircon data presented here yielded Paleoproterozoic ages for the emplacement/crystallization of the Badon granodiorite (2213 ± 3 to 2198 ± 2 Ma), tonalitic gneiss from Sandikounda (2194 ± 4 Ma), the Tinkoto pluton (2074 ± 9 Ma) as well as for the felsic host rocks of the Mamakono pluton (2067 ± 12Ma). The Badon granodiorite, formerly regarded to be relatively young and post-tectonic, is substantially older than all other known KKI intrusions. As a consequence, this new age may constrain the ongoing discussion on the existence of an Early Birimian cycle in the West African Craton (WAC). Ar-Ar and K-Ar ages on hornblende (2112 ± 12 and 2118 ± 31 Ma, respectively, in the tonalitic gneiss from Sandikounda) and biotite (2098 ± 26 and 2090 ± 21 Ma, respectively, in the Badon granodiorite) define an age of ca 2090 Ma, which is interpreted to mark the major tectonomagmatic episode in this part of the WAC. This is confirmed by the Paleoproterozoic ages of the Saraya, Tinkoto and Mamakono granite. A hydrothermal event at 2020 Ma followed the emplacement of the granitoids and caused the alteration of the Saraya granite. The new zircon ages, reflecting the magmatic and tectonothermal events in the study area correlate well with various magmatic and metamorphic events elsewhere in West Africa.