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Bu çalışmanın amacı 4 farklı bitki türü Elaeagnus rhamnoides, Quercus cerris, Coryllus maxima veCrataegus monogyna ile besleyerek Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki tarafından enfekte edilenMalacosoma neustria larvalarının hayatta kalmasına ve bazı bağışıklık enzimlerine bitkilerdeki krom,nikel, bakır ve çinko metal iyonlarının etkisini araştırmaktır. Düşük nikel miktarına sahip Q. cerris ve C.monogyna bitkileriyle beslenen larvalarda hayatta kalma oranı yüksek nikel miktarına sahip olan E.rhamnoides ve C. maxima’ya göre daha düşüktür. En yüksek bakır miktarına sahip Q. cerris bitkisi ilebeslenen larvalarda katalaz enzimi diğer bitkilerle beslenen larvalara göre yüksektir. En yüksek çinko veen düşük nikel miktarına sahip olan C. monogyna ile beslenen larvalarda glutatyon peroksidaz aktivitesien yüksektir. Düşük çinko ve yüksek nikel miktarına sahip olan E. rhamnoides ile beslenen larvalarda endüşük glutatyon peroksidaz aktivitesi bulunmuştur. En yüksek çinko içeren C. monogyna ile beslenenenfekte edilmiş larvalarda süperoksit dismutaz aktivitesi en yüksektir. Yüksek nikel ve bakır miktarınasahip E. rhamnoides ile beslenen larvalarda hemosit sayısı en yüksektir. En düşük hemosit sayısı ise nikelve bakır miktarının en az olduğu C. monogyna bitkisi ile beslenen larvalarda bulunmuştur. In this study, Malacosoma neustria larvae infected by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki were fedwith 4 different types of plant species, Elaeagnus rhamnoides, Quercus cerris, Coryllus maxima andCrataegus monogyna, in order to see the effects of chromium, nickel, copper and zinc heavy metal ionsin plants on the survival and the immune enzymes of these larvae. The larvae fed the C. monogyna plantwith the highest zinc content had the lowest survival rate. In the infected groups, the catalase enzymeactivity was the highest in larvae fed with the Q. cerris plant, which has a high chromium content, andthe lowest in the larvae fed with E. rhamnoides. In the larvae fed with the highest copper-containing Q.cerris plant, the catalase enzyme was higher than the larvae fed with other plants. The larvae fed with C.monogyna with the highest zinc content had the highest glutathione peroxidase activity. The lowestglutathione peroxidase activity was found in the larvae fed with E. rhamnoides having low zinc content.Superoxide dismutase activity was the highest in the infected larvae fed with the highest zinc containingC. monogyna. The highest number of hemocytes were found in the larvae fed with E. rhamnoidescontaining high amounts of nickel and copper, while the lowest hemocyte count was found in larvae fedwith C. monogyna plant, where the amount of nickel and copper was the lowest.

Bu çalışmanın amacı 4 farklı bitkitürü Elaeagnus rhamnoides, Quercuscerris, Coryllus maxima ve Crataegus monogyna ile besleyerek Bacillusthuringiensis subsp. kurstaki tarafından enfekte edilen Malacosoma neustrialarvalarının hayatta kalmasına ve bazı bağışıklık enzimlerine bitkilerdekikrom, nikel, bakır ve çinko metal iyonlarının etkisini araştırmaktır. Düşüknikel miktarına sahip Q. cerris ve C. monogyna bitkileriyle beslenen larvalardahayatta kalma oranı yüksek nikel miktarına sahip olan E. rhamnoides ve C.maxima’ya göre daha düşüktür. En yüksek bakır miktarına sahip Q. cerris bitkisiile beslenen larvalarda katalaz enzimi diğer bitkilerle beslenen larvalara göreyüksektir. En yüksek çinko ve en düşüknikel miktarına sahip olan C. monogyna ile beslenen larvalarda glutatyonperoksidaz aktivitesi en yüksektir. Düşük çinko ve yüksek nikel miktarına sahipolan E. rhamnoides ile beslenen larvalarda en düşük glutatyon peroksidazaktivitesi bulunmuştur. En yüksek çinko içeren C. monogyna ile beslenen enfekteedilmiş larvalarda süperoksit dismutaz aktivitesi en yüksektir. Yüksek nikel vebakır miktarına sahip E. rhamnoides ile beslenen larvalarda hemosit sayısı enyüksektir. En düşük hemosit sayısı ise nikel ve bakır miktarının en az olduğuC. monogyna bitkisi ile beslenen larvalarda bulunmuştur., In this study, Malacosoma neustria larvae infected by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki were fed with 4 differenttypes of plant species, Elaeagnusrhamnoides, Quercus cerris, Coryllus maxima and Crataegus monogyna, in order to see the effects of chromium,nickel, copper and zinc heavy metal ions in plants on the survival and theimmune enzymes of these larvae. The larvae fed the C. monogyna plant with the highest zinc content had the lowestsurvival rate. In the infected groups, the catalase enzyme activity was thehighest in larvae fed with the Q. cerrisplant, which has a high chromium content, and the lowest in the larvae fed withE. rhamnoides. In the larvae fed withthe highest copper-containing Q. cerrisplant, the catalase enzyme was higher than the larvae fed with other plants.The larvae fed with C. monogyna withthe highest zinc content had the highest glutathione peroxidase activity. Thelowest glutathione peroxidase activity was found in the larvae fed with E. rhamnoides having low zinc content.Superoxide dismutase activity was the highest in the infected larvae fed withthe highest zinc containing C. monogyna.The highest number of hemocytes were found in the larvae fed with E. rhamnoides containing high amounts ofnickel and copper, while the lowest hemocyte count was found in larvae fed withC. monogyna plant, where the amountof nickel and copper was the lowest.

Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) causes economic losses in apple, pear, plum, willow, oak and other economically important trees. In this study, an alphabaculovirus was isolated from the larval population of M. neustria from Samsun in the central Black Sea Region of Turkey between 2015 and 2016. Electron microscope analysis of occlusion bodies (OBs) obtained from dead larvae showed that the nucleocapsids of a new isolate (ManeNPV-T4) are multiply enveloped. The Kimura two-parameter analysis and the phylogenetic tree were performed based on concatenated nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the partial lef-8, lef-9 and polh genes from ManeNPV-T4 isolate compared to those of other 51 baculoviruses. Insecticidal activity tests against third instar M. neustria larvae produced 48 to 100% mortalities. The LC 50 of ManeNPV-T4 was 0.78 x 10 3 OBs/ml in M. neustria . Additionally, the isolate caused mortalities lower than 50% in Spodoptera exigua (Hubner, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) , Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) , Hyphantria cunea (Drury, 1773) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner, 1805) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Consequently, the new nucleopolyhedrovirus is infectious on M. neustria larvae and other lepidopterans.

Malacosoma neustria (LINNAEUS, 1758) Neu für die Ionischen Inseln. Bei Vathi erschienen die Männchen i.A. (11.– 12.05.2002) und am Ormos Kakogilos i.M. (15.– 16.05.2002) am Licht. Die Raupen Ende April bis Mitte Mai sehr verbreitet und stellenweise häufig auf Kefalonia, Ithaka und Lefkada. Auch von Lefkada (Evgiris) aus dem Jahre 2003 gemeldet (DE FREINA & PIATKOWSKI, 2006: 250)., Published as part of Weidlich, Michael, 2016, Zur Schmetterlingsfauna der Ionischen Inseln Griechenlands mit der Beschreibung neuer Psychiden-Taxa sowie ein Beitrag zu ihrer Köcherfliegenfauna (Lepidoptera, Trichoptera), pp. 265-320 in Beiträge Zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 66 (2) on page 282, DOI: 10.21248/contrib.entomol.66.2.265-320, http://zenodo.org/record/5372615, {"references":["FREINA, J. J. DE & PIATKOWSKI, H. - J. 2006: Beitrag zur Erfassung der Heteroceren Griechenlands (Lepidoptera). - Entomologische Zeitschrift 116 (6): 243 - 260."]}

Zusammenfassung und Diskussion Auf Grund der beschriebenen Beobachtung in den Vorratszuchten des Ringelspinners (Malacosoma neustria L.) wurde angenommen, das fur die kleinen, kunstlich verspateten Raupchen, das gewohnliche, im Mai erschienene Blatt bereits zu hart war. Durch Storung des sychronen Entwicklungsverlaufs von Blattern und Raupen wurde das Uberleben der letzteren ernstlich gefahrdet. Die beiden ersten Versuche, in denen die Raupen gefuttert wurden mit Blattern von normal und zufallig spater ausgeschlagenen Eichen sowie mit normalen Blattern und Johannislaub, bestatigten bereits diese Annahme. Leider musten die Versuche, lange bevor die Raupen ausgewachsen waren, beendet werden. Im dritten und letzten Versuch gelang es, die Raupen sowohl mit Mai- als mit Johannislaub am Leben zu halten. Genau wie bei den beiden ersten Versuchen war die Mortalitat der mit dem frischen Laub gefutterten Raupen bedeutend kleiner und das Wachstum schneller als bei den mit alten Blattern ernahrten. Spater ergab sich, das auch Puppengewicht und Eiproduktion bedeutend hoher lagen sowie die Verpuppung eher begann. Bezuglich der Zuchten mit Maiblattern des letzten Versuches mas darauf hingewiesen werden, das von 60 Raupen (♂ und ♀) nur 1(!) Weibchen ubrigblieb, in dessen Ovarium 83 Eier gezahlt wurden. Wenn diese Eier alle befruchtet und tatsachlich abgelegt waren, wurde sich aus dieser Gruppe von 60 Stuck eine Gruppe von 83 Stuck im Ei-Stadium entwickelt haben. Hiervon durfte zweifellos noch eine Anzahl eingegangen sein, bevor sie das Stadium des ursprunglichen Versuchsmaterials erreicht hatte. Zudem wurden Predatoren und Parasiten durch den Maschendraht von den anfanglich 60 Tieren ferngehalten. Im Freien ware eine derartige Population also sicher eingegangen, auch weil das im Vergleich mit dem anderen verlangerte Larvenstadium (um ca. 21 Tage) die Gefahr von Predation und Parasitierung bedeutend vergrosert haben wurde. Jedoch mus bemerkt werden, das im Freien wahrscheinlich niemals eine derartig grose Storung in der synchronen Entwicklung auftreten durfte. Die Tatsache, das alte Blatter nur skelettiert wurden und junge ganzlich gefressen, zeigt uns, das Strukturunterschiede des Blattes eine der Ursachen, wahrscheinlich der Hauptgrund, sind fur die unterschiedlichen Zuchtergebnisse. Moglicherweise hat auch der hohere Wassergehalt des jungen Blattes gunstig gewirkt. Dieses ist um so wahrscheinlicher, weil die Versuchstiere aus dem Blatt ihr Wasser beziehen musten. Der gunstige Einflus des verspateten Maiblattes und des Johannislaubes konnte auftreten trotz dem im Vergleich mit dem Maiblatt geringeren Zukker- und Roheiweisgehalt. Naturlich ist es auch moglich, das noch andere Stoffe mitgewirkt haben, z. B. ein Ubermas von wachstumsfordernden Stoffen im jungen Blatt oder giftig wirkenden im alten Blatt. Wir haben jedoch diesbezuglich keine Beobachtungen gemacht. Im Zusammenhang mit dem geringeren Zuckergehalt sei darauf hingewiesen, das nach Schwenke (1962, 1963 und 1966) das Erscheinen phythophager Insekten gefordert wird durch hohen Zuckergehalt, u. a. bei Diprion pini L. Weil aber die Konditionen, mit denen Schwenke seine Resultate erhielt, grundverschieden waren von den meinigen, will ich den Einflus des Zuckers hier nicht weiter diskutieren. Aus allen Resultaten durfen wir den Schlus ziehen, das unsere ursprungliche Auffassung richtig war, das also eine Storung in der synchronen Entwicklung des Eichenlaubs und der Ringelspinnerpopulation eine geringere Populationsdichte des letzteren verursachen kann. Es ist jedoch nicht wahrscheinlich, das im Freien eine derartig grose Storung, die wir ungewollt erzielten, auftreten wird. Es ist Vorsicht geboten beim Verzogern der Entwicklung der Ringelspinnereier, wenn das Material dazu dienen soll, den Einflus der Nahrungspflanze auf die allgemeine Entwicklung des Insektes zu prufen. Summary The investigations described in this paper are the result of a coincidence occurring in rearing cages containing the stock of lackey moths (Malacosoma neustria L.), which was intended for other experiments. In these cages some of the caterpillars were observed to skeletonize the leaves while the others ate the entire leaves. The skeletonizing caterpillars grew little or not at all. As the eggs had been kept at 5° C for some three weeks in spring we suspected that the synchronization between the development of the caterpillars and of the food plant, viz. the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L. = Q. pedunculata L.) had been disturbed, so that a proportion of the caterpillars starved. Three experiments were made in order to investigate the question. In the first experiment a group of caterpillars was fed with the soft leaves of some oaks which had budded late for some reason. These caterpillars grew much faster than the controls on May-leaves. This result confirmed the hypothesis stated above. It also led to the conclusion that in the field a population of the lackey moth will thrive better the more closely the development of the caterpillars is synchronized with that of the leaves. The experiment had to be discontinued because the caterpillars weakened too much and because soft leaves were no longer available in the vicinity of the laboratory. In the second experiment the midsummer growth, of oak, i. e. the shoots formed about the end of June, was used as food for the caterpillars. On this food the caterpillars also developed better than on the May-leaves. The experiment had to be discontinued because the controls (the caterpillars on May-leaves) died. In the last experiment we succeeded in keeping the caterpillars alive on the May-leaves as well as on the leaves of the midsummer growth. In this experiment the mortality of the caterpillars was also lower and the growth faster on the midsummer leaves than on the May-leaves. In addition it appeared that pupal weight and egg-production were greater and that pupation took place earlier on midsummer-leaves than on May-leaves. It has thus become likely that the differences in growth, mortality etc. are largely the result of differences in the structure of the leaves. Chemical analysis showed, that the midsummer-leaves contained more water and less sugar and protein than the May-leaves. Possibly also the high water content of the soft leaves was of advantage to the caterpillars. It is remarkable that the caterpillars thrived better on the young leaves and the midsummer-leaves, in spite of the low sugar and protein content. It is concluded that the hypothesis stated above is correct, and that a disturbance of the synchronization between the development of the leaves of the oak in spring and the development of the caterpillars of the lackey moth may cause a decrease of the population density of the insect. It is not to be expected, however, that in the field the disturbance will be as great as the one in the rearing cages. Care should be exercised when it seems necessary to slow down the development of the eggs of the lackey moth, when the caterpillars are to be used for investigations on the influence of the food on the development.

Aim. To assess the functional conservation of a baculovirus CNE. Methods. CNE deletion from the baculovirus genome and its replacement with a heterologous CNE was performed by using the bacmid-based technology. Transfection-infection assays were used to investigate cell-to-cell spread of the recombinant virus. Results. The recombinant Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus genome carrying the Malacosoma neustria nuclepolyhedrovirus CNE in place of the innate CNE was constructed. The recombinant virus was able to transmit the infection in a cell culture. Conclusions . The CNE essential function was foundto be conserved between the representatives of I and II groups of the genus Alphabaculovirus. Мета. Оцінити функціональну консервативність бакуловірусного CNE (conserved non protein-coding element). Вивчити функціональне заміщення консервативного некодуючого елемента (CNE) вірусу ядерного поліедроза Autographa californica на СNE вірусу ядерного поліедрозу Malacosoma neustria. Методи. Видалення CNE з вірусного генома і його заміщення гетерологічним CNE було виконано з використанням бакмідной технології. Трансфекційно-інфекційний аналіз був застосований для дослідження поширення рекомбінантного вірусу від клітини до клітини. Результати. Було сконструйовано рекомбінантний геном віруса ядерного поліедрозу Autographa californica, що несе в своєму складі CNE віруса ядерного поліедрозу Malacosoma neustria замість власного CNE. Показано, що рекомбінантний вірус здатний передавати інфекцію в культурі клітин. Висновки. Абсолютно обов’язкова функкція CNE є консервативною для представників I і II груп роду Alphabaculovirus. Цель. Оценить функциональную консервативность бакуловирусного CNE (conserved non protein-coding element). Методы. Удаление CNE из вирусного генома и его замещение гетерологичным CNE было выполнено с использованием бакмидной технологии. Трансфекционно-инфекционный анализ был применен для изучения распространения рекомбинантного вируса от клетки к клетке. Результаты. Был сконструирован рекомбинантный геном вируса ядерного полиэдроза Autographa californica, несущий в своем составе CNE вируса ядерного полиэдроза Malacosoma neustria вместо собственного CNE. Было показано, что рекомбинантный вирус способен передавать инфекцию в культуре клеток. Выводы. Абсолютно обязательная функция CNE является консервативной для представителей I и II групп рода Alphabaculovirus.

Summary Larvae of Malacosoma neustria (L.) were examined as regards their behaviour towards light stimuli. As a result, two forms could be distinguished which behaved differently in a light gradient. The development of the larvae at different temperatures showed that the two larval types had different temperature ranges. Hungry larvae of the two forms showed different activity and endurance in searching for food. The two forms differed in their susceptibility to infection with Bacillus thuringensis Berliner showing a mortality of 73% in one case against 33% in the other. From the results it appears desirable to pay more attention in the future to qualitative differences in the individuals of a species.

Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), Avrupa, Asya ve Kuzey Afrika'ya dağılmış dünya çapında bir zararlıdır. Elma, armut, erik, söğüt ve meşede ekonomik kayıplara neden olur. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde bulunan Samsun'dan 2015-2016 yıllarında toplanan M. neustria larvalarından bakulovirüs izole edilmiştir. Ölü larvalardan elde edilen oklüzyon badilerin (OB) elektron mikroskobu analizi, çoklu nükleokapsidlere sahip yeni bir izolat (ManeNPV-T4) olduğunu gösterdi. Kimura iki-parametre analizi ve filogenetik ağaç, ManeNPV-T4 izolatından elde edilen kısmi lef-8, lef-9 ve polh genlerinin birleştirilmiş nükleotit ve amino asit dizilerine dayanarak, diğer 51 baculovirüsünki ile karşılaştırıldı. Üçüncü evre M. neustria larvalarına uygulanan insektisidal aktivite testleri sonucunda %48 ile %100 arasında ölüm gözlendi. ManeNPV-T4'ün M. neustria için LC50 değeri 0,78 x 103 OB/ml olarak belirlendi. Ek olarak, viral izolat Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), Hyphantria cunea (Drury, 1773) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) ve Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1805) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvaları üzerinde %50’den düşük ölüm oranı oluşturdu. Sonuç olarak, bu yeni nükleopolihedrovirüs M. neustria ve diğer lepidopter larvalarına karşı da enfektiviteye sahiptir., Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) causes economic losses in apple, pear, plum, willow, oak and other economically important trees. In this study, an alphabaculovirus was isolated from the larval population of M. neustria from Samsun in the central Black Sea Region of Turkey between 2015 and 2016. Electron microscope analysis of occlusion bodies (OBs) obtained from dead larvae showed that the nucleocapsids of a new isolate (ManeNPV-T4) are multiply enveloped. The Kimura two-parameter analysis and the phylogenetic tree were performed based on concatenated nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the partial lef-8, lef-9 and polh genes from ManeNPV-T4 isolate compared to those of other 51 baculoviruses. Insecticidal activity tests against third instar M. neustria larvae produced 48 to 100% mortalities. The LC50 of ManeNPV-T4 was 0.78 x 103 OBs/ml in M. neustria. Additionally, the isolate caused mortalities lower than 50% in Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), Hyphantria cunea (Drury, 1773) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1805) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Consequently, the new nucleopolyhedrovirus is infectious on M. neustria larvae and other lepidopterans.

Lepidoptera takımında yer alan Malacosoma cinsine ait türler, konukçu ortaklığı, yayılış ve neden oldukları ekonomik zarar bakımından benzer özellikler gösterirler. Önemli zararlılar arasında yer alan Malacosoma neustria (L.) türüde yüksek popülasyon ve beslenme yoğunluğu açısından besin zincirinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Metal kontaminasyonunun şehirleşme ve endüstrileşmenin sonucu olarak çevreyi tehdit etmektedir. Ağır metal birikimi besin zincirinde yer alan canlıları da etkilemektedir.Kadmiyum, ağır metaller arasında modern toksik metal olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Doğada genellikle kadmiyum oksit, kadmiyum klorür, kadmiyum sülfat veya çinko ile bağlı olarak bulunmaktadır. Çevresel etmenlere dayanıklı olmaları ve çözünürlük özellikleri sayesinde birçok organizma yapısına ulaşabilmektedirler. Toprak ve suda birikerek, çevre kirliliğine de neden olmakta, önce su veya topraktaki organizmalara buradan da besinlerle birlikte hayvanlara geçerek besin zinciri yoluyla insana ulaşmaktadırlar. Belirli organ ve dokularda birikmeleri nedeniyle zararlı etki göstermektedirler.M. neustria larvaları farklı kadmiyum klorür (CdCl2) konsantrasyonları (10, 30, 50 µg/L) ile bulaştırılmış besinlerle beslenerek ağır metallerin olumsuz etkileri ortaya konulmaya çalışmıştır. Beslenme sonrası çıkarılan sindirim kanalı %10'luk tamponlanmış nötral formalin ile fikse edilerek histolojik doku takibi aşamaları uygulanmıştır. Doku preparatları hematoksilen-eozin, Masson'un üçlü boyaması ve periyodik asit Schiff boyama teknikleri ile boyanmıştır. Kadmiyumun olası etkileri larvaların barsak dokusundaki epitel yükseklikleri, goblet salgı alan çapı ve mikrovillus yükseklik ölçümleri değerlendirilerek yapılmıştır. Çalışmalarımızdan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, kadmiyumun etkisi ile epitel dokusunda hücre kayıpları, mikrovillus yapılarında hasar, goblet hücre çapında farklılıklar gözlenmiştir.Barsak yapısında oluşan değişimleri gözlemleyerek bir bitki zararlısı olan M. neustria türü ile mücadele yöntemi geliştirme ve besin zinciri yoluyla diğer canlılarda oluşabilecek zararlı etkilerin azaltılabilmesi için yapılacak çalışmalara da katkı sağlayacaktır. The species belonging to the genus Malacosoma from ordo Lepidoptera show similar characteristics in terms of host partnership, distribution and the economic damage they caused. Malacosoma neustria (L.) species, which are among the important pests, have an significant place in the food chain because of high population and feeding density. Metal contamination threatens the environment as a result of urbanization and industrialization. Heavy metal accumulation also affects living things in the food chain.Cadmium is considered as a modern toxic metal among heavy metals. It is usually present in nature due to cadmium oxide, cadmium chloride, cadmium sulfate or zinc. Due to their resistance to environmental factors and their solubility properties, they can reach the structure of many organisms. They accumulate in soil and water and cause environmental pollution. They first pass to the organisms in the water or soil and then to the animals and reach the human through the food chain. They have harmful effects due to their accumulation in certain organs and tissues.The larvae of M. neustria were fed with nutrients contaminated with different concentrations (10, 30, 50 µg/L) of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and the negative effects of heavy metals were investigated. Post feeding, the digestive tract dissected and fixed with 10% buffered neutral formalin and routine histological techniques were performed. Tissue slides were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's triple staining and periodic acid-Schiff staining techniques. Possible effects of cadmium were detected by evaluating the measurements of the epithelial cell heights of the larvae's epithelial tissue, the diameter of the goblet secretion area and the height of the microvillus.According to the results obtained from our studies, cell losses in epithelial tissue, damage on microvillus structures and differences in goblet cell secretion area diameter were observed with the effect of cadmium. By observing the changes in the intestine structure of M. neustria which is a plant pest, will contribute to the studies to develop a control method and it will also contribute to the studies to reduce the harmful effects that may occur in other living things through the food chain. 91

The lackey moth, Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus, 1758), a worldwide pest, causes extensive economic losses particularly on hazelnut, plum, oak, poplar, and willow trees. A baculovirus, Malacosoma neustria nucleopolyhedrovirus (ManeNPV-T2), has been isolated from the larvae collected in Turkey and appears to have a potential as a microbial control agent. In this study, we describe the complete genome sequence of ManeNPV-T2 and compare it to other sequenced baculovirus genomes. The ManeNPV-T2 genome is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of 130,202 bp, has 38.2% G + C, and is predicted to contain 131 putative open reading frames (ORFs) each with a coding capacity of more then 50 amino acids. There are 27 ORFs with unknown function of which 6 are unique to ManeNPV-T2. Eleven homologous regions (hrs) and two bro genes (bro-a and bro-b) were identified in the genome. There are two homologues of chaB and nicotinamide riboside kinase-1 genes, separated from themselves with a few nucleotides. Additionally, ac145, thought to be per os infectivity factor (pif) gene, is also found as two homologues. All 38 core genes are found in the ManeNPV-T2 genome. The phylogenetic tree of ManeNPV-T2 in relation to 50 other baculoviruses whose genomes have been completely sequenced showed ManeNPV-T2 to be closely related to the group II NPVs. This study expands our knowledge on baculoviruses, describes the characterization ManeNPV, and ultimately contributes to the registration of this virus as a microbial pesticide.

Bu çalışmada, Malacosoma neustria nükleopolihedrovirüs T2 (ManeNPV-T2) izolatının komple genom haritası çıkarıldı, genom organizasyonu belirlendi ve diğer bakülovirüs genomlarıyla karşılaştırıldı. Çalışmalar sonunda, ManeNPV-T2 genomunun, % 38.2 G + C'lik bir nükleotid dağılımıyla 130.202 bp büyüklüğünde, dairesel çift sarmallı bir DNA molekülü olduğu belirlendi. ManeNPV-T2'nin toplam genom dizisi NCBI GenBank'a, KY968317 erişim numarası ile kaydedildi. ManeNPV-T2, 38 kor genin aminoasit sekanslarının birleştirilmesi ile çizilen filogenetik ağaçta Grup II Alfabakülovirüslerin bulunduğu kısımda dallanma gösterdi. Genomun, kodlama kapasitesi 50 aminoasitin üstünde 131 ORF içerdiği ve bu ORF'lerden 104'ünün diğer Lepidopteran nükleopolihedrovirüslerle ortak olduğu tespit edildi. ManeNPV-T2'nin genomunda, bakülovirüslere özgü 14, Malacosoma NPV türlerine özgü 7 ve ManeNPV-T2'ye özgü 6 olmak üzere fonksiyonu belli olmayan toplam 27 ORF belirlendi. Buna ilave olarak, ManeNPV-T2 genomunda 52 tekrarlı, 11 adet homolog tekrar bölgesi (hrs) belirlendi. ManeNPV-T2 genomunda bro genlerinin (ORF93, 94) 2 adet olduğu tespit edildi. chaB (ORF 45, 46), nikotinamid ribozid kinaz 1 (ORF 94, 95) ve ac145 (ORF 12, 50) genlerinin çoklu kopyalar halinde olduğu gözlendi. ManeNPV-T2 AC145 proteininin, oral enfektiviteden sorumlu proteinlerin oluşturduğu komplekste rol alabileceği hipotezi maya iki-hibrid sistemi kullanılarak doğrulandı. Bu çalışmada, ManeNPV'nin ilk kez komple genom dizi analizi yapıldı. Virüse ait gen yapı ve genom organizasyonu detaylı çalışıldı. Bu bilgilerden hareketle yeni çalışmaların planlanması fırsatları da ortaya çıkarıldı. In this study, complete genome map of the ManeNPV-T2 isolate was extracted, genome organization was determined and compared with other baculovirus genomes. At the end of the studies, ManeNPV-T2 genome was determined to be a circular double stranded DNA molecule of 130.202 bp with a nucleotide distribution of 38.2% G + C. The total genome sequence of ManeNPV-T2 in the NCBI GenBank can be accessed by accession number KY968317. ManeNPV-T2 showed branching at the part of Group II Alphabaculoviruses in the phylogenetic tree drawn by concatenated amino acid sequences of the 38 core genes. It was found that the genome contained 131 ORFs above 50 amino acids, and 104 of these ORFs were common to other Lepidopteran nucleopolyedroviruses. Totally 27 ORFs, with unknown function, determined at ManeNPV-T2 genome of which 14 specific to baculoviruses, 7 specific to Malacosoma NPV species and 6 specific to ManeNPV-T2 itself. Additionally, 11 homologous repeat regions (hrs) with 52 replicates were determined in the ManeNPV-T2 genome. Two bro genes were identified in the ManeNPV-T2 genome. chaB (ORF 45, 46), nicotinamide riboside kinase 1 (ORF 94, 95), and ac145 (ORF 12, 50) genes were found as multiple copies in the ManeNPV-T2 genome. The hypothesis that the AC145 protein of ManeNPV-T2 could play a role in the complex of oral infectivity proteins was confirmed using yeast two-hybrid system. In this study, the first genome sequence analysis of ManeNPV was performed. Viral gene structure and genome organization were studied in detail. Based on this information, opportunities for planning new studies were also revealed. 133

Biology, host plants and damage of Malacosoma neustria L. were studied under natural ecological condition in Erzurum, during 1997 and 1998. The pest overwinters in the egg stage on twigs of host plants. The eggs firstly hatched on May 14 and May 10, 1997 and 1998 respectively. The larval stages were completed on July 14, 1997 and on July 13, 1998. The first pupae were observed on July 4, 1997 and July 8, 1998, the pupal stages continued 8-15 days. The famales started to lay their eggs in one day after emerging. Consequently, the insect gives one generation in a year. The most prefered hosts are Rose hip (Rosa canina L.) and other Rosa species, wild olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) and common barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.). Other hosts are rosas (Rosa spp.), oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia ssp. orientalis (L.) Kuntze), oak (Quercus spp.), apple (Malus communis L.), pear (Pyrus communis L.), apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), plum (Prunus domestica L.), sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), willow (Salix spp.), elm (Ulmus spp.), poplars (Populus spp.) and birch (Betula pendula Roth.)., Malacosoma neustria (L.)’nın biyolojisi, konukçuları ve zararı 1997 ve 1998 yıllarında Erzurum’da doğal koşullarda çalışılmıştır. Zararlı, kışı konukçu bitkinin ince dallarında yumurta kümeleri halinde geçirmektedir. Yumurtalar 1997’de 14 Mayıs’da, 1998’de ise 10 Mayıs’da açılmış, tırtıl dönemini sırasıyla 1997’de ve 1998’de 14 Temmuz ve 13 Temmuz’da tamamlamıştır. 1997’de 4 Temmuz ve 1998’de 8 Temmuz’da pupa evresine girmiş ve 8-15 günde erginler çıkmaya başlamıştır. Çıkıştan itibaren bir gün içerisinde yumurta bırakmaya başlamıştır. Yılda bir döl vermektedir. En çok bulunduğu bitkiler, Rosa canina L. ve diğer bazı kuşburnu türleri, yabani iğde (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) ve kızamık (Berberis vulgaris L.) olmuştur. Diğer konukçuları, gül türleri (Rosa spp.), iğde (Elaeagnus angustifolia ssp. orientalis (L.) Kuntze), meşe (Quercus spp.), elma (Malus communis L.), armut (Pyrus communis L.), kayısı (Prunus armeniaca L.), erik (Prunus domestica L.), vişne (Prunus cerasus L.), kiraz (Prunus avium L.), söğüt (Salix spp.), karaağaç (Ulmus spp.), kavak ( Populus spp.) ve huş (Betula pendula Roth.)’tur.

Nalcacioglu, Remziye/0000-0003-0527-9541; Demirbag, Zihni/0000-0001-5487-1977; INCE, Ikbal Agah/0000-0003-2299-9946 WOS: 000271434700009 A plaque-purified genotypic variant, derived from a field isolate of the Malacosoma neustria nucleopolyhedrovirus (ManeNPV) from Turkey was characterized based oil in vitro replication properties in a cell line, Md203 derived from Malacosoma disstria. The life cycle of ManeNPV was studied based oil the cytopathic effects (CPEs), polyhedral inclusion body (FIB) formation, budded virus (BV) production, viral DNA replication and polyhedrin protein expression in ManeNPV-infected Md203 cells. Infection of Md203 cells with ManeNPV resulted in cytopathic effects within 24 and 36 h post infection and most cells detachted from the bottom of the culture plate oil the fourth day. Typical NPV cytopathic effects (CPE) like granulated and rounded cells, nuclear hypertrophy and impairment in cell proliferation, and lost cell shape with the extendings were observed. Budded viruses were detected at 24 h p.i. However, significant increase in BV production was observed after 48 h p.i. PIB was firstly detected at 36 h p.i. When BV's were used for reinfection of the Md203 cells, the result showed that these cells support production of viable virus progeny. We also observed a significant level of viral DNA synthesis by 24 h p.i. The results indicate that ManeNPV can be propagated at in vitro system for further studies and thus has a potential for development into an effective biotechnological and microbial insecticidal agent. Karadeniz Technical University Research Foundation [KTU 2007.111.004.11] This study was supported by the Karadeniz Technical University Research Foundation (KTU 2007.111.004.11). We are thankful to Dr. Keddie (Department of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada) for providing us with a flask of Md203

Bu çalışmada; bazı bitkilerde zararlı olan Malacosoma neustiria (Yüzük kelebeği)’ya karşı bakterilerin biyolojik mücadelede kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla farklı zararlılardan izole edilen toplam 25 bakteri izolatı bazı klasik (morfolojik, biyokimyasal vs.) ve moleküler yöntemler (Mikrobiyal Tanılama Sistemi ve Biolog Mikroplate Sistemi) kullanılarak tanılanmıştır. İzole edilen bakteri izolatlarının tamamı laboratuar koşullarında test edilmiştir. Toplam 25 bakteriyel izolatın sadece üçünün (Brevibacillus brevis FD-1, Bacillus lentimorbus RK-340, Bacillus pumilus FD-3) M. neustria larvalarında % 20,4 ve % 89,95 arasında değişen oranda insektisidal etkiye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Diğer izolatların ise, istatistiksel olarak önemli bir etkiye sahip olmadığı saptanmıştır. Laboratuar koşullarında etkili olduğu belirlenen bakteri izolatlarından üçü daha sonra tarla koşullarında da test edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre test edilen bakteri izolatlarının uygulama yapılan zararlı larva populasyonu üzerinde kontrole göre yaklaşık olarak % 23-31 oranında ölümcül etkiye sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, seçilen bu üç bakteri izolatının daha sonra yapılacak toksikoloji çalışmaları ile insan ve çevre sağlığı açısından risk oluşturmadığının belirlenmesi durumunda M. neustria’nın biyolojik mücadelesinde kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.