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ABSTRACTIn this work, dyed samples were self-prepared from two methods including madder dyeing and mordant dyeing by madder combined with Al3+ at different temperatures, and their kinetics and isothermal adsorption were both discussed. Weber–Morris diffusion model and Freundlich model were found to be more suitable in dyeing for kinetics and thermodynamics. Through SEM, FTIR and fastness tests, the dyeing performances were displayed and the possible structure between madder dyes and the complex with Al3+ were illustrated. By molecular docking, madder dyes showed combination with glutamic acid predominantly. After introducing metal ion, the shortage of hydrogen bonds length was observed. It was initially employed to elucidate the potential binding modes between dyes and proteinaceous fibers. Overall, through experimental dyeing and curve fitting, this study provided insights into the dyeing mechanism of madder-associated dyestuffs on silk. Moreover, molecular docking elucidated the dyeing mechanism further, highlighting that the presence of metal ion enhances the firmness of the staining. The elucidation of dyeing mechanism not only provided valuable theoretical support for color restoration but also shed light on the practically modify of methods in obtaining ideal color. These results could serve as inspiration for conservators to maintain the vibrancy and longevity of dyed silks.

Polyamide/elastane warp-knitted fabrics were separately dyed with gall oak (Quercus infectoria Olivier) and madder (Rubia tinctorum L.). Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods were used to analyze dyed warp-knitted fabrics. A reserved phase high-performance liquid chromatography with the diode-array detection (RP-HPLC-DAD) method was utilized to determine the components of dyes present in the dyed fabrics. Scanning electron microscopy-energy X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) was utilized for morphological analysis. The undyed and dyed warp-knitted fabrics were characterized by FT-IR. The CIEL*a*b* values of the dyed polyamide-elastane warp-knitted fabrics were measured. Further, in physical testing, the pilling and abrasion resistance of raw and dyed fabrics were examined, and the water contact angle values of all fabrics were measured. Pilling test results were evaluated with a grade of 5 for all fabrics as the best score, and the resistance of fabrics to abrasion was very good. The formation of the fiber-metal-dye complex caused the fabric’s contact angle to drop, giving the fabric a hydrophilic character. The colorfastness characteristics of the dyed fabrics to light, rub, wash, and perspiration have been evaluated. The light fastness scores vary from 3 to 5, and they are satisfactory for using natural dyes to color textiles since they are in the good to moderate range. Overall, the dyed samples displayed a score of 5, which is excellent, on the Gray Scale for washing fastness.

Silk is a natural filament obtained from the Bombyx mori species of silkworm, with a fiber length of up to 3000 meters. During the Ottoman era in Edirne, sericulture and silk trade were important activities. To this end, silk factories, trade centers, and silk weaving schools were established, creating an important source of income for the people of Edirne. Edirne Red is a natural dye obtained from the Rubia Tinctorum L. plant and is part of the Ottoman Empire's heritage. This dye is resistant to sunlight and washing. It has been used in Turkish carpets, as well as in silk and cotton fabrics. The aim of this study is to bring together the importance of Edirne Red and silk in Edirne's history. For this purpose, 100% silk fabrics were dyed using madder (Rubia Tinctorum L.) grown within the borders of Edirne province. The effects of dye ratios and auxiliary chemicals used on color and colorfastness were examined during the dyeing process. The color values of the fabrics were measured numerically in the CIEL*a*b* color space, and the washing and light fastness values of the dyed fabrics were also measured. Additionally, highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were performed on both the used madder and the dyed fabric. Based on the obtained data, the closest Edirne Red color was achieved by pre-mordanting fabric before dyeing and using ethanol as the dye solvent. Madder dye, successfully applied to silk fabrics under different conditions, has shown good results in terms of color yield and fastness properties.

We present a genome assembly from an individual Sherardia arvensis (field madder; Tracheophyta; Magnoliopsida; Gentianales; Rubiaceae). The genome sequence is 440.9 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 11 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial and plastid genome assemblies have lengths of 203.98 kilobases and 152.73 kilobases in length, respectively.

This paper focuses on the first investigation of the 19th-century manufacture of red lake pigments obtained from madder by Winsor & Newton (W&N), prominent artists’ colourman at that time. The first approach to their manufacture was carried out by studying the madder entries of the company’s book P1, found in the W&N 19th Century Archive Database. Eleven production records were discovered under names such as Rose Madder, Madder Carmine, Madder Lake and Madder Rose. Three main methods of synthesis were identified and reproduced, revealing three main steps: washing of the madder roots (Rubia tinctorum L.); extraction in acid media and complexation with Al3+ using alum; and precipitation by the addition of salts such as ammonium carbonate and sodium borate. The syntheses were followed by UV-VIS spectroscopy, and the pigments were further characterised by colourimetry, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD). They all exhibited a rose hue in a highly insoluble aluminate matrix. Although the dye extraction was incomplete, alizarin, purpurin and pseudopurpurin were identified. An analytical comparison with a Rose Madder 19th-century oil paint tube was also performed by micro-FTIR and microspectrofluorimetry. This work intends to be foundational to a systematic study of the W&N’s 19th-century madder colours aiming to contribute new knowledge towards their identification and preservation in heritage objects.

This article discusses the synthesis of nano dyes from Indian madder and indigo plant extracts for UV protective cotton fabrics. It explains the importance of protecting against UV radiation and explores the use of natural dyes with good fastness properties to produce UV protective fabrics. The study aims to obtain cotton fabrics with higher UV protection by applying Indian madder root extract and indigo dye in nano form. The article provides detailed information on the process of dye extraction, particle reduction, and fabric dyeing. The results show that both dyes have the ability to absorb UV radiation and provide UV protection when applied to fabric, with good fastness properties and high UPF ratings. The article also lists additional research articles on related topics, providing valuable information for library patrons conducting research on textiles. [Extracted from the article]

In this investigation woven cotton fabric was dyed with madder dye under different dyeing conditions such as in the presence of without mordant, single mordant and mixed mordant. The thermal behaviour of non-mordanted,single mordanted and mixed chemical mordanted with madder dyed cotton fabrics were investigated through thermogravimetric analysis. Further, the fundamental molecular arrangement of dyed cotton fabric was confirmed by the Fourier transformer–Infrared spectroscopy, and the electronic orientation of dye molecule, and after adsorption of cellulose structure is confirmed from Ultra–Violet spectroscopy. HOMO and LUMO calculations are evaluated from the gaussian software. The interaction and binding energies between inhibitor (dye molecule) and cellulose surface are evaluated from molecular dynamic simulation using BIOVIA material studio software.

The effect of nano SiO2silica and nano TiO2 on the dyeing of cotton fabric with madder dye was studied. The metal nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel method from respective precursors. Various concentrations of the nanoparticles were added during the dyeing of cotton with madder. The effect of nanoparticles on the color values, fastness, and ultraviolet protection properties was studied. The characterization of the nanoparticles and the dyed fabric was studied using various analytical techniques. The dye was characterized by FTIR and phytochemical analysis. The post dyeing results inferred that there is a considerable improvement in the dye uptake and fastness properties of the dyed fabric after introducing metal nanoparticles. The SEM and EDX analysis confirmed the presence of SiO2 and TiO2nanoparticles on the fabric surface. The physico-mechanical properties of the fabric were found intact after dyeing.

ABSTRACTWaterless or reduced water consumption dyeing methods based on supercritical technologies are of interest to fabric manufacturers. The study was aimed at developing a dyeing method for natural fibers, in particular linen and silk, by pressure supercritical impregnation using madder alizarin (R. tinctorum) coloring compound produced by supercritical extraction method as an ecological alternative to conventional dyeing methods. A comparative test of fabric dyeing using supercritical and conventional methods was also carried out. In these dyeing technologies, the pre-treatment process plays an important role in the color intensity. The tests were performed using fabrics without and with mordants, and the results were compared using the color analysis method. The colors of the dyed samples obtained in the supercritical technology are more in shades of carmine, and in the traditional method in duller reds. The proposed modern and ecological dyeing technology guarantees a good resistance to washing and light. Antibacterial activity tests were also performed using supercritical and ethanol extracts. Dyed fabrics play health-promoting and protective roles for their users. Linen fabrics showed antimicrobial activity and positive effects on the skin, which was more moisturized. Waterless technologies should be developed in conjunction with user and environmental impact studies.

In recent years, there is a great tendency for ecological dyeing and finishing of natural fabrics with natural dyes. Natural dyes obtained from nature were used for dyeing of textiles from ancient times till the nineteenth century. Weld (Reseda Luteola L.) produces the most stable yellow colour and shades and Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) produces the most beautiful red colour and shades. These natural dyes were usually combined toghether to produce different shades of orange. Colour represents the bridge between science-art- industry, and can be described by various methods, with the following features: hue, saturation or purity (chroma) and brightness. Any colour can be defined by these three values which describe a unique color. The paper presents the colour analysis, resulting 16 variants of the ecological dyeing on hemp fabric with natural dyes Weld and Madder. In the colour analysis, the following was observed: the influence of the prior application of treatments for improving the absorption capacity of the dye (pre-treatments with enzyme and scouring and bleaching in one step), the influence of using different combinations and concentrations of dye (Weld-Madder combination and Madder-Weld combination), but also the colour resistance after washing on the tested samples. In order to have a general view over the colours obtained after dyeing with natural dyes on hemp samples, colouring measurements in the CIE LAB system with spectrophotometer 968 (X– Rite, USA), with light source D65 and observer of 100 (Enhanced polarization filter according to ISO/ DIS 13655) have been carried out.

The color red has a significant presence in cultures around the world. The organic dye madder, derived from plants, has been used throughout human civilization and remains an important natural dye. The research reviews five traditional madder dyeing techniques from China, Europe, Turkey, and Japan. The techniques are applied to cotton, linen, silk, and wool fabrics, and their similarities and differences are compared and analyzed. Additionally, the environmental sustainability, resource conservation, and process efficiency of these dyeing techniques are also evaluated in this article. The chromatic value of dyed textile color was tested by means of an American Hunterlab spectrophotometer, the influence of different dyeing techniques on textile color characteristics was analyzed, and the artistic features of textile color were analyzed from the perspective of visual art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study emphasizes that madder is an input compatible with sustainability goals in the textile sector. Madder is an input (dyestuff) that can be used instead of hazardous chemicals in textile dyeing. With this feature, madder has a high trade potential. It has been cultivated and traded throughout history. Although it came to the point of disappearance after the discovery of synthetic dyes, it has gained significance again today. The study aimed to support, the commercial value of madder with figures. In this study, the commercial value of madder emphasized with figures. Madder is a driving force that carries economies from rural development to national development and it is a material compatible with sustainability goals. It has been frequently preferred in textile coloring in recent years because it supports zero discharge of hazardous chemicals. At the empirical stage of the study, the amount of fabric to be dyed with a unit of madder was calculated by multiplying the product obtained per hectare with the dyestuff ratio. Then, the average of the prices of madder obtained from various producers was collected and the commercial value of the madder was revealed. With the understanding of the commercial value of it, countries, producers and all stakeholders with environmental awareness will evaluate the potential.

This paper studies the dyeing properties of wool fabrics dyed with aqueous extracts of madder roots, chamomiles, pomegranate peels, and apple tree branches (obtained after pruning) barks. We have thoroughly investigated the effects of dye bath pH and mordants on the color properties of the aforementioned fabrics. Even without mordanting, the wool fabrics dyed with the pomegranate peel have the highest value of color strength (K/S = 14). Mordanting permits to produce different colors and improve the fastness of a dye, especially for madder roots, chamomile, and apple tree branches bark. UV protection of wool fabrics increased after natural dyeing, and it was more improved after mordanting especially with ferrous sulfate. Experimental results show that the fastness properties of dyed wool fabrics range from average to excellent even without mordanting.

This work provides significant insight into the molecular structure of alizarin lake pigments used by artists in the past. To characterize two red powders, lakes 1 and 2, obtained by complexation of 1,2-dihydroxy anthraquinone (alizarin) with Al3+, a multi-analytical approach was designed based on solid and liquid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Lake 1 was synthesized according to literature and compared with lake 2, a reproduction of an artist’s pigment. FTIR showed Al3+ coordinated to oxygens in C1 and C9, and that in lake 2 the -OH groups in C2 are protonated, being responsible for its low solubility. 1H-NMR proved that lake 2 is formed by two tautomers [Al(Aliz-2-H-)2(OH)(H2O)] and [Al(Aliz-10-H-)2(OH)(H2O)], the latter being the major species. SS-NMR was the only technique that got insight into the Al3+ coordination, octahedral for both lakes. It confirmed the existence of two species in lake 2, in a 5:1 ratio. Both are amorphous “open structures”, resulting in fewer constraints for the ligands and in a large variety of geometries. SS-NMR allowed the analysis of the red pigments without preparation, which is a unique advantage for their study in artworks.

AbstractIn this study silver nanoparticles (NP) were grown in-situ on the surface of madder-sensitized TiO2 by an in-situ reduction method using silver nitrate as a silver source and a honeysuckle extract as a reducing agent. Silver doped madder-sensitized TiO2 nanoparticles were then prepared, supported on the surface of cotton fabrics to prepare photocatalytic cotton fabrics with high-efficiency self-cleaning properties and excellent antibacterial properties. transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed that elemental Ag NPs were deposited on the surface of the madder-sensitized TiO2, and that Ag-doped madder-sensitized TiO2 NPs were successfully loaded on the cotton fabric surface. The results of UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis-DRS) and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (PL) showed that Ag-doping could further reduce the band gap of madder-sensitized TiO2 than pure TiO2. The absorption of light in the photocatalytic system was increased, and the recombination of electron-hole pairs was effectively inhibited. Compared with madder-sensitized TiO2 photocatalyzed cotton fabric, the degradation rate of nano-Ag-doped madder-sensitized TiO2 photocatalytic cotton fabric for methylene blue (MB) was increased by 10.66% within 2 h, and the degradation process was in line with the first-order reaction kinetic model. After 5 times of washing, the photocatalytic cotton fabric still had excellent photocatalytic performance. Its antibacterial rates against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) reached 100 and 99.99%, respectively. In addition, it had good wrinkle resistance and UV protection properties, but the cross-linking modification reduced the breaking strength by about 14%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental and health-related impacts of synthetic dyes have led to growing interest in natural dyes as sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. However, natural dyes have been used to dye textiles with limited color shade and poor fastness properties, and little research has been conducted in this field. Additionally, natural dyes also have the potential to provide added functionalities to textiles, such as antibacterial and anti-UV properties. A systematic literature review of 38 studies was conducted to analyze the use of six natural dyes derived from eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), weld (Reseda luteola L.), madder (Rubia tinctorum L.), annatto (Bixa Orellana L.), true indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L.) and woad (Isatis tinctoria L.). These dyes were selected after a preliminary analysis of studies on plant-based natural dyes with primary colors, considering their chromatic and potential medicinal properties. This study explores the influence of different dyeing parameters and auxiliary products in these properties. The research discussed how the chromatic and medicinal properties of natural dyes can be affected by various factors and provides a summary table with the chromatic palette possibilities according to the different materials and processes relationships. Exploring the combination of natural dyes with environmentally friendly auxiliary products can be a promising development area for creating a wide range of color shades. Further research is also needed to optimize the dyeing processes with natural dyes, towards more sustainable textile dyeing possibilities.

We present a genome assembly from an individual Sherardia arvensis (field madder; Tracheophyta; Magnoliopsida; Gentianales; Rubiaceae). The genome sequence is 440.9 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 11 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial and plastid genome assemblies have lengths of 203.98 kilobases and 152.73 kilobases in length, respectively., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2024 Christenhusz MJM et al.)

In this study, silk fabrics were dyed with madder (Rubia tinctorium L.) and gall oak (Quercus infectoria Olivier). One fabric was dyed only with madder and the other four fabrics were dyed with both plants by keeping madder percentage constant. After the dyeing procedure, silk fabrics dyed were characterized according to different of analysis involve antimicrobial activity testing, dyestuff analysis, and color measurement. Dyestuff analysis was performed by HPLC-DAD and color measurement was done using CIELAB spectrophotometer. Antimicrobial activity test was carried out against gram-positive and gram-negative using Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) as Gram-positive bacterium and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) as Gram-negative bacterium. Gall oak containing dyeings performed better in antimicrobial activity tests and selected silk fabric was subjected to durability test. It was laundered five times under same conditions and after each laundering procedure, a large piece of fabric in a certain size was cut for durability test. These silk fabrics retained nearly 100% activity up to five launderings against S.aureus and E.coli.

Abstract In the present work, the composite cross-linked were used to consolidate the dyed paper manuscripts. Nanocomposites of mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MPSNP)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/PVA, which have never been used before, have been evaluated for the consolidation process of the dyed paper manuscripts with madder extract. Three concentrations 1%, 3%, and 5% have been prepared. Analysis and investigation methods like scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS), X-Ray diffraction Analysis (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and total color difference (ΔE) by spectrophotometer have been used in order to characterize the prepared nano-sized composites and evaluate the treated dyed paper samples before and after the aging process. The results of surface morphology by SEM revealed the effectiveness of MPSNP/PVA core–shell nanocomposite at 5% in the consolidation process, where the improvement of properties of the aged dyed paper samples. The fibers of the treated paper became strong and appeared clearly. The result of ΔE measurements showed that the treated sample with MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite at 5% gave the lowest ΔE (5.22), while, the treated sample with CNF/PVA nanocomposite at 5% gave the highest ΔE value (11.66). Mechanical measurements (tensile strength and elongation) revealed the efficiency of MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite at 5% in the treatment of the aged dyed paper samples. The treated sample with the mentioned material gave tensile strength and elongation values of 84.8 N/nm2 and 1.736%, respectively. In contrast, the treated sample with CNF/PVA nanocomposite at 1% gave the lowest tensile strength and elongation values 38.2 N/nm2, and 1.166%, respectively. FTIR analysis revealed an increase was noticed in the CH2 stretching band (refers to the crystallinity of cellulose), where the intensity of the treated sample with MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite was at a 5% increase compared to the control sample. The FTIR results supported the results of mechanical measurements. The intensity of the CH2 stretching band, which refers to the crystallinity index of cellulose, was increased with the use of MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite at 3% and 5%, which explains the improvement in mechanical properties. This may be due to the nano-mineral particles, which improve the mechanical properties. Additionally, they reduce the effect of accelerated thermal aging on the cellulosic fibers and give them stability. The detailed analysis of analytical methods used for evaluation revealed the novelty of MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite, especially at 5%. It has a potential role in strengthening and improving different properties of the dyed paper manuscripts with madder extract.