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The need for abundant, sustainable, and clean energy is becoming increasingly important in the modern world due to continuous population growth and industrial expansion. Hydrogen (H2) has been identified as a potential energy carrier due to its high gravimetric energy density. Because H2 is not frequently found in its molecular form, it has to be obtained through various methods such as steam methane reforming, coal gasification, fossil fuels, and electrochemical techniques. H2 produced via PEMWE has proved to be an efficient method compared to other electrolysers. The limiting factor of a PEM electrolyser system is the OER catalyst. Commercially, IrO2 and RuO2 are used; however, both these metals are rare and expensive. Current research reports the use of binary metal oxides as an alternative OER catalyst to decrease the overall CAPEX costs. Various synthesis methods are available, with the Adams' fusion method being the simplest. Characterisation techniques used to evaluate the performance of these catalysts include cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear scan voltammetry (LSV), XRD, XRF, SEM/EDS, and chronopotentiometry. Hydrogen as a clean fuel has a broad potential for use across all sectors, including transportation, residential, and industrial. In recent years, extensive research has been done on all aspects of hydrogen production, storage, and transportation. This review paper aims to study other bimetallic metals to reduce the Ir content used as an oxidative evolution reaction to reduce the capital cost of the PEM electrolyser. To produce green hydrogen that could reduce the carbon footprint in several industrial processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been an upsurge in the number of civilian resistance movements (CRMs) within states to counter government repression and coups d'états through which civilians are on the frontlines of state brutality and mass atrocities. This article considers the implications of CRMs for atrocity prevention and the associated responsibility to protect norm by asking, Should the international community support CRMs as part of its wider commitment to ending mass atrocities? In this article, we evaluate both military and nonmilitary support to CRMs. We argue that in the context of coups and government repression, providing lethal military support to CRMs will often make things worse in terms of atrocity prevention. We however explain that the provision by the international community of nonlethal and nonmilitary support through political recognition, technical assistance, and accountability can yield positive results. We illustrate this argument with the case of Myanmar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panel j was inadvertently labelled as panel k in the caption to Fig. 4. Similarly, 'Fig. 4k' should have been 'Fig. 4j' in the sentence beginning 'TNF-α-deficient gBT-I cells were...'. In addition, the surname of author Umaimainthan Palendira was misspelled 'Palendria'. These errors have been corrected online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Optimal oxygen targets in patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest are uncertain. The primary aim of this study was to describe the values of partial pressure of oxygen values (PaO2) and the episodes of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia occurring within the first 72 h of mechanical ventilation in out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. The secondary aim was to evaluate the association of PaO2 with patients' outcome.Methods: Preplanned secondary analysis of the targeted hypothermia versus targeted normothermia after OHCA (TTM2) trial. Arterial blood gases values were collected from randomization every 4 h for the first 32 h, and then, every 8 h until day 3. Hypoxemia was defined as PaO2 < 60 mmHg and severe hyperoxemia as PaO2 > 300 mmHg. Mortality and poor neurological outcome (defined according to modified Rankin scale) were collected at 6 months.Results: 1418 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 64 ± 14 years, and 292 patients (20.6%) were female. 24.9% of patients had at least one episode of hypoxemia, and 7.6% of patients had at least one episode of severe hyperoxemia. Both hypoxemia and hyperoxemia were independently associated with 6-month mortality, but not with poor neurological outcome. The best cutoff point associated with 6-month mortality for hypoxemia was 69 mmHg (Risk Ratio, RR = 1.009, 95% CI 0.93-1.09), and for hyperoxemia was 195 mmHg (RR = 1.006, 95% CI 0.95-1.06). The time exposure, i.e., the area under the curve (PaO2-AUC), for hyperoxemia was significantly associated with mortality (p = 0.003).Conclusions: In OHCA patients, both hypoxemia and hyperoxemia are associated with 6-months mortality, with an effect mediated by the timing exposure to high values of oxygen. Precise titration of oxygen levels should be considered in this group of patients.Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov NCT02908308 , Registered September 20, 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The optimal ventilatory settings in patients after cardiac arrest and their association with outcome remain unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the ventilatory settings applied in the first 72 h of mechanical ventilation in patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and their association with 6-month outcomes. Methods: Preplanned sub-analysis of the Target Temperature Management-2 trial. Clinical outcomes were mortality and functional status (assessed by the Modified Rankin Scale) 6 months after randomization. Results: A total of 1848 patients were included (mean age 64 [Standard Deviation, SD = 14] years). At 6 months, 950 (51%) patients were alive and 898 (49%) were dead. Median tidal volume (VT) was 7 (Interquartile range, IQR = 6.2–8.5) mL per Predicted Body Weight (PBW), positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) was 7 (IQR = 5–9) cmH20, plateau pressure was 20 cmH20 (IQR = 17–23), driving pressure was 12 cmH20 (IQR = 10–15), mechanical power 16.2 J/min (IQR = 12.1–21.8), ventilatory ratio was 1.27 (IQR = 1.04–1.6), and respiratory rate was 17 breaths/minute (IQR = 14–20). Median partial pressure of oxygen was 87 mmHg (IQR = 75–105), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide was 40.5 mmHg (IQR = 36–45.7). Respiratory rate, driving pressure, and mechanical power were independently associated with 6-month mortality (omnibus p-values for their non-linear trajectories: p < 0.0001, p = 0.026, and p = 0.029, respectively). Respiratory rate and driving pressure were also independently associated with poor neurological outcome (odds ratio, OR = 1.035, 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.003–1.068, p = 0.030, and OR = 1.005, 95% CI = 1.001–1.036, p = 0.048). A composite formula calculated as [(4*driving pressure) + respiratory rate] was independently associated with mortality and poor neurological outcome. Conclusions: Protective ventilation strategies are commonly applied in patients after cardiac arrest. Ventilator settings in the first 72 h after hospital admission, in particular driving pressure and respiratory rate, may influence 6-month outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Older people have been reported to be at higher risk of COVID-19 mortality. This study explored the factors mediating this association and whether older age was associated with increased mortality risk in the absence of other risk factors. Methods: In UK Biobank, a population cohort study, baseline data were linked to COVID-19 deaths. Poisson regression was used to study the association between current age and COVID-19 mortality. Results: Among eligible participants, 438 (0.09%) died of COVID-19. Current age was associated exponentially with COVID-19 mortality. Overall, participants aged ≥75 years were at 13-fold (95% CI 9.13–17.85) mortality risk compared with those <65 years. Low forced expiratory volume in 1 second, high systolic blood pressure, low handgrip strength, and multiple long-term conditions were significant mediators, and collectively explained 39.3% of their excess risk. The associations between these risk factors and COVID-19 mortality were stronger among older participants. Participants aged ≥75 without additional risk factors were at 4-fold risk (95% CI 1.57–9.96, P = 0.004) compared with all participants aged <65 years. Conclusions: Higher COVID-19 mortality among older adults was partially explained by other risk factors. 'Healthy' older adults were at much lower risk. Nonetheless, older age was an independent risk factor for COVID-19 mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a list of members and the initiation schedules of different fraternities at universities and colleges in the U.S. in 2004. Appalachian State University's Omicron Phi; Iota Gamma of Arizona State University; Augustana College's Zeta Chi; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania's Mu Psi; Theta Alpha of Boston College.

Byline: Kieran O'Doherty, Sally Rao Hill, Marisa Maio Mackay, Jason McPherson Understanding mobile phone users' behaviour and sentiment is essential for the commercial success of mobile content and information services. This paper aims to enhance this understanding through analysing data gathered from a consumer survey. We report on a broad survey of over 6000 Australian mobile phone users, covering respondents' behaviour and preferences on a range of variables relevant to the consumption of mobile content and information services. Findings from this research inform application developers, content aggregators, content owners, mobile telecommunication companies, handset manufacturers, analysts and other industry partners and may also help to establish guidelines for telecommunication carriers and government policy makers.

NOTE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 869 I. NARROWING ACCESS TO THE COURTS: THE ANTI-LITIGATION TREND AND THE IMPOTENCE OF STATES AFTER CONCEPCION 873 II. CHOICE OF FORUM AND ITS IMPLICATIONS 876 A. [...], Choice-of-forum clauses can pose a significant obstacle to individuals hoping to bring claims against corporations. By limiting claims to particular geographic locations, choice of forum is part of a larger trend of constricted access to the courts. Compared to other restrictions, however, the Supreme Court&apos;s inconclusive stance on choice of forum means that this is one area where states have room to legislate to protect individual plaintiffs. This Note catalogs the surprising breadth of existing state anti-choice-of-forum statutes and argues that states can and should continue legislating in this area, particularly for contractual relationships most commonly defined by resource and power disparities.