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1. GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment

Author

Rietveld, C.A. (Niels), Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Derringer, J., Yang, J. (Joanna), Esko, T. (Tõnu), Martin, N.W. (Nicolas), Westra, H.J. (Harm-Jan), Shakhbazov, K. (Konstantin), Abdellaoui, A. (Abdel), Agrawal, A. (Arpana), Albrecht, E. (Eva), Alizadeh, B.Z. (Behrooz), Amin, N. (Najaf), Barnard, J. (John), Baumeister, S.E. (Sebastian), Benke, P.J. (Paul), Bielak, L.F. (Lawrence F.), Boatman, J.A. (Jeffrey), Boyle, P.A. (Patricia), Davies, G. (Gail), Leeuw, C. (Christiaan) de, Eklund, N. (Niina), Evans, D.S. (Daniel), Ferhmann, R. (Rudolf), Fischer, K. (Krista), Gieger, C. (Christian), Gjessing, H.K. (Håkon), Hägg, S. (Sara), Harris, J.R. (Jennifer), Hayward, C. (Caroline), Holzapfel, C. (Christina), Ibrahim-Verbaas, C.A. (Carla), Ingelsson, E. (Erik), Jacobsson, B. (Bo), Joshi, P.K. (Peter), Juqessur, A. (Astanand), Kaakinen, M. (Marika), Kanoni, S. (Stavroula), Karjalainen, J. (Juha), Kolcic, I. (Ivana), Kristiansson, K. (Kati), Kutalik, Z. (Zoltán), Lahti, J. (Jari), Lee, S.H. (Sang Hong), Lin, P. (Peng), Lind, P.A. (Penelope), Liu, Y. (YongMei), Lohman, K. (Kurt), Loitfelder, M. (Marisa), Mcmahon, G. (George), Marques-Vidal, P. (Pedro), Meirelles, O., Milani, L. (Lili), Myhre, R. (Ronny), Nuotio, M.-L. (Marja-Liisa), Oldmeadow, C. (Christopher), Petrovic, K. (Katja), Peyrot, W.J. (Wouter ), Polasek, O. (Ozren), Quaye, L. (Lydia), Reinmaa, E. (Eva), Rice, J.P. (John), Rizzi, T.S. (Thais), Schmidt, H. (Helena), Schmidt, R. (Reinhold), Smith, A.V. (Davey), Smith, J.A. (Jennifer A), Tanaka, T. (Toshiko), Terracciano, A., Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Vitart, V. (Veronique), Völzke, H. (Henry), Wellmann, J. (Jürgen), Yu, L. (Lei), Zhao, W. (Wei), Allik, J., Attia, J. (John), Bandinelli, S. (Stefania), Bastardot, F. (Francois), Beauchamp, J.P. (Jonathan), Bennett, D.A. (David), Berger, K. (Klaus), Bierut, L.J. (Laura), Boomsma, D.I. (Dorret), Bültmann, U. (Ute), Campbell, H. (Harry), Chabris, C.F. (Christopher F.), Cherkas, L. (Lynn), Chung, M.K. (Mina), Cucca, F. (Francesco), Andrade, M. (Mariza) de, Jager, P.L. (Philip) de, Neve, J.E. (Jan-Emmanuel) de, Deary, I.J. (Ian), Dedoussis, G.V. (George), Deloukas, P. (Panagiotis), Dimitriou, M. (Maria), Eiríksdóttir, G. (Guoný), Elderson, M.F. (Martin), Eriksson, J.G. (Johan), Evans, D.M. (David), Faul, J.D. (Jessica), Ferrucci, L. (Luigi), Garcia, M. (Melissa), Grönberg, H. (Henrik), Guonason, V. (Vilmundur), Hall, P. (Per), Harris, J.M. (Juliette), Harris, T.B. (Tamara), Hastie, N. (Nick), Heath, A.C. (Andrew), Hernandez, D.G. (Dena), Hoffmann, W. (Wolfgang), Holle, R. (Rolf), Holliday, E.G. (Elizabeth), Hottenga, J.J. (Jouke Jan), Iacono, W.G. (William), Illig, T. (Thomas), Jarvelin, M.-R. (Marjo-Riitta), Kähönen, M. (Mika), Kaprio, J. (Jaakko), Kirkpatrick, R.M. (Robert), Kowgier, M. (Matthew), Latvala, A. (Antti), Launer, L.J. (Lenore), Lawlor, D.A. (Debbie), Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Li, J. (Jingmei), Lichtenstein, P. (Paul), Lichtner, P. (Peter), Liewald, D.C.M. (David), Madden, P.A. (Pamela), Magnusson, P.K. (Patrik), Mäkinen, T. (Tuukka), Masala, G. (Giovanna), McGue, M. (Matt), Metspalu, A. (Andres), Mielck, A. (Andreas), Miller, M. (Michael), Montgomery, G.W. (Grant), Mukherjee, S. (Sutapa), Nyholt, D.R. (Dale), Oostra, B.A. (Ben), Palmer, C. (Cameron), Palotie, A. (Aarno), Penninx, B.W.J.H. (Brenda), Perola, M. (Markus), Peyser, P.A. (Patricia A.), Preisig, M. (Martin), Räikkönen, K. (Katri), Raitakari, O. (Olli), Realo, A. (Anu), Ring, S.M. (Susan), Ripatti, S. (Samuli), Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando), Rudan, I. (Igor), Rustichini, A. (Aldo), Salomaa, V. (Veikko), Sarin, A.-P., Schlessinger, D., Scott, R.J. (Rodney), Snieder, H. (Harold), St Pourcain, B. (Beate), Starr, J.M. (John), Sul, J.H. (Jae Hoon), Surakka, I. (Ida), Svento, R. (Rauli), Teumer, A. (Alexander), Tiemeier, H.W. (Henning), Rooij, F.J.A. (Frank) van, Wagoner, D.R. (David) van, Vartiainen, E. (Erkki), Viikari, J. (Jorma), Vollenweider, P. (Peter), Vonk, J.M. (Judith), Waeber, G. (Gérard), Weir, D.R. (David), Wichmann, H.E. (Heinz Erich), Widen, E. (Elisabeth), Willemsen, G.A.H.M. (Gonneke), Wilson, J.F. (James), Wright, A.F. (Alan), Conley, D. (Dalton), Davey-Smith, G. (George), Franke, L. (Lude), Groenen, P.J.F. (Patrick), Hofman, A. (Albert), Johannesson, M. (Magnus), Kardia, S.L.R. (Sharon), Krueger, R.F., Laibson, D. (David), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), Meyer, M.N. (Michelle), Posthuma, D. (Danielle), Thurik, A.R. (Roy), Timpson, N.J. (Nicholas), Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Visscher, P.M. (Peter), Benjamin, D.J. (Daniel J.), Cesarini, D. (David), Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Rietveld, C.A. (Niels), Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Derringer, J., Yang, J. (Joanna), Esko, T. (Tõnu), Martin, N.W. (Nicolas), Westra, H.J. (Harm-Jan), Shakhbazov, K. (Konstantin), Abdellaoui, A. (Abdel), Agrawal, A. (Arpana), Albrecht, E. (Eva), Alizadeh, B.Z. (Behrooz), Amin, N. (Najaf), Barnard, J. (John), Baumeister, S.E. (Sebastian), Benke, P.J. (Paul), Bielak, L.F. (Lawrence F.), Boatman, J.A. (Jeffrey), Boyle, P.A. (Patricia), Davies, G. (Gail), Leeuw, C. (Christiaan) de, Eklund, N. (Niina), Evans, D.S. (Daniel), Ferhmann, R. (Rudolf), Fischer, K. (Krista), Gieger, C. (Christian), Gjessing, H.K. (Håkon), Hägg, S. (Sara), Harris, J.R. (Jennifer), Hayward, C. (Caroline), Holzapfel, C. (Christina), Ibrahim-Verbaas, C.A. (Carla), Ingelsson, E. (Erik), Jacobsson, B. (Bo), Joshi, P.K. (Peter), Juqessur, A. (Astanand), Kaakinen, M. (Marika), Kanoni, S. (Stavroula), Karjalainen, J. (Juha), Kolcic, I. (Ivana), Kristiansson, K. (Kati), Kutalik, Z. (Zoltán), Lahti, J. (Jari), Lee, S.H. (Sang Hong), Lin, P. (Peng), Lind, P.A. (Penelope), Liu, Y. (YongMei), Lohman, K. (Kurt), Loitfelder, M. (Marisa), Mcmahon, G. (George), Marques-Vidal, P. (Pedro), Meirelles, O., Milani, L. (Lili), Myhre, R. (Ronny), Nuotio, M.-L. (Marja-Liisa), Oldmeadow, C. (Christopher), Petrovic, K. (Katja), Peyrot, W.J. (Wouter ), Polasek, O. (Ozren), Quaye, L. (Lydia), Reinmaa, E. (Eva), Rice, J.P. (John), Rizzi, T.S. (Thais), Schmidt, H. (Helena), Schmidt, R. (Reinhold), Smith, A.V. (Davey), Smith, J.A. (Jennifer A), Tanaka, T. (Toshiko), Terracciano, A., Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Vitart, V. (Veronique), Völzke, H. (Henry), Wellmann, J. (Jürgen), Yu, L. (Lei), Zhao, W. (Wei), Allik, J., Attia, J. (John), Bandinelli, S. (Stefania), Bastardot, F. (Francois), Beauchamp, J.P. (Jonathan), Bennett, D.A. (David), Berger, K. (Klaus), Bierut, L.J. (Laura), Boomsma, D.I. (Dorret), Bültmann, U. (Ute), Campbell, H. (Harry), Chabris, C.F. (Christopher F.), Cherkas, L. (Lynn), Chung, M.K. (Mina), Cucca, F. (Francesco), Andrade, M. (Mariza) de, Jager, P.L. (Philip) de, Neve, J.E. (Jan-Emmanuel) de, Deary, I.J. (Ian), Dedoussis, G.V. (George), Deloukas, P. (Panagiotis), Dimitriou, M. (Maria), Eiríksdóttir, G. (Guoný), Elderson, M.F. (Martin), Eriksson, J.G. (Johan), Evans, D.M. (David), Faul, J.D. (Jessica), Ferrucci, L. (Luigi), Garcia, M. (Melissa), Grönberg, H. (Henrik), Guonason, V. (Vilmundur), Hall, P. (Per), Harris, J.M. (Juliette), Harris, T.B. (Tamara), Hastie, N. (Nick), Heath, A.C. (Andrew), Hernandez, D.G. (Dena), Hoffmann, W. (Wolfgang), Holle, R. (Rolf), Holliday, E.G. (Elizabeth), Hottenga, J.J. (Jouke Jan), Iacono, W.G. (William), Illig, T. (Thomas), Jarvelin, M.-R. (Marjo-Riitta), Kähönen, M. (Mika), Kaprio, J. (Jaakko), Kirkpatrick, R.M. (Robert), Kowgier, M. (Matthew), Latvala, A. (Antti), Launer, L.J. (Lenore), Lawlor, D.A. (Debbie), Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Li, J. (Jingmei), Lichtenstein, P. (Paul), Lichtner, P. (Peter), Liewald, D.C.M. (David), Madden, P.A. (Pamela), Magnusson, P.K. (Patrik), Mäkinen, T. (Tuukka), Masala, G. (Giovanna), McGue, M. (Matt), Metspalu, A. (Andres), Mielck, A. (Andreas), Miller, M. (Michael), Montgomery, G.W. (Grant), Mukherjee, S. (Sutapa), Nyholt, D.R. (Dale), Oostra, B.A. (Ben), Palmer, C. (Cameron), Palotie, A. (Aarno), Penninx, B.W.J.H. (Brenda), Perola, M. (Markus), Peyser, P.A. (Patricia A.), Preisig, M. (Martin), Räikkönen, K. (Katri), Raitakari, O. (Olli), Realo, A. (Anu), Ring, S.M. (Susan), Ripatti, S. (Samuli), Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando), Rudan, I. (Igor), Rustichini, A. (Aldo), Salomaa, V. (Veikko), Sarin, A.-P., Schlessinger, D., Scott, R.J. (Rodney), Snieder, H. (Harold), St Pourcain, B. (Beate), Starr, J.M. (John), Sul, J.H. (Jae Hoon), Surakka, I. (Ida), Svento, R. (Rauli), Teumer, A. (Alexander), Tiemeier, H.W. (Henning), Rooij, F.J.A. (Frank) van, Wagoner, D.R. (David) van, Vartiainen, E. (Erkki), Viikari, J. (Jorma), Vollenweider, P. (Peter), Vonk, J.M. (Judith), Waeber, G. (Gérard), Weir, D.R. (David), Wichmann, H.E. (Heinz Erich), Widen, E. (Elisabeth), Willemsen, G.A.H.M. (Gonneke), Wilson, J.F. (James), Wright, A.F. (Alan), Conley, D. (Dalton), Davey-Smith, G. (George), Franke, L. (Lude), Groenen, P.J.F. (Patrick), Hofman, A. (Albert), Johannesson, M. (Magnus), Kardia, S.L.R. (Sharon), Krueger, R.F., Laibson, D. (David), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), Meyer, M.N. (Michelle), Posthuma, D. (Danielle), Thurik, A.R. (Roy), Timpson, N.J. (Nicholas), Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Visscher, P.M. (Peter), Benjamin, D.J. (Daniel J.), Cesarini, D. (David), and Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp)

Published
2013
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2. Molecular Genetics and Hormones: New Frontiers in Entrepreneurship Research

Author

Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der and Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der

Abstract

Recent studies suggest that entrepreneurship is partly heritable, but are unable to pinpoint the specific genes involved. This thesis presents results from novel research aiming to identify genes associated with entrepreneurship using genetic data on the molecular level. In addition, the relationship between testosterone and entrepreneurship is examined since genes may exert their influence through this hormone. The thesis starts by reviewing candidate gene studies that test a pre-specified set of genes for association, but which often fail to replicate. An example within the setting of entrepreneurship research is provided to illustrate this last point. Next, the genome-wide association study (GWAS) design is presented that scans the entire genome for associations. However, due to multiple testing, GWAS requires very large sample sizes to establish robust associations and we perform a simulation study to estimate the minimum sample size needed for a GWAS on entrepreneurship. The following part reports evidence that entrepreneurship is partly heritable and around half of the heritability is accounted for by actual molecular genetic data. However, a GWAS on entrepreneurship does not identify robustly associated genes and prediction exercises show that it is currently impossible to predict entrepreneurship solely from molecular genetic data. In the final part, we show that, in contrast to earlier findings, testosterone is not associated with entrepreneurship. Taken as a whole, the results suggest that entrepreneurship is likely to be influenced by hundreds if not thousands of genes with a very small effect size each, implying that very large sample sizes will be needed in future research to discover associated genes. Most importantly, this thesis may serve as a practical guide for studying the molecular genetics of other economic variables. In conclusion, this thesis helps to build the foundations for a novel research field that integrates molecular genetics into econ

Published
2013

3. The genetic architecture of economic and political preferences

Author

Benjamin, D.J. (Daniel J.), Cesarini, D. (David), Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Dawes, C.T. (Christopher T.), Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Magnusson, P.K. (Patrik), Chabris, C.F. (Christopher F.), Conley, D. (Dalton), Laibson, D. (David), Johannesson, M. (Magnus), Visscher, P.M. (Peter), Benjamin, D.J. (Daniel J.), Cesarini, D. (David), Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Dawes, C.T. (Christopher T.), Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Magnusson, P.K. (Patrik), Chabris, C.F. (Christopher F.), Conley, D. (Dalton), Laibson, D. (David), Johannesson, M. (Magnus), and Visscher, P.M. (Peter)

Abstract

Preferences are fundamental building blocks in all models of economic and political behavior. We study a new sample of comprehensively genotyped subjects with data on economic and political preferences and educational attainment. We use dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to estimate the proportion of variation in these traits explained by common SNPs and to conduct genome-wide association study (GWAS) and prediction analyses. The pattern of results is consistent with findings for other complex traits. First, the estimated fraction of phenotypic variation that could, in principle, be explained by dense SNP arrays is around one-half of the narrow heritability estimated using twin and family samples. The molecular-genetic-based heritability estimates, therefore, partially corroborate evidence of significant heritability from behavior genetic studies. Second, our analyses suggest that these traits have a polygenic architecture, with the heritable variation explained by many genes with small effects. Our results suggest that most published genetic association studies with economic and political traits are dramatically underpowered, which implies a high false discovery rate. These results convey a cautionary message for whether, how, and how soon molecular genetic data can contribute to, and potentially transform, research in social science. We propose some constructive responses to the inferential challenges posed by the small explanatory power of individual SNPs.

Published
2012
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4. De genetica van ondernemerschap

Author

Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Groenen, P.J.F. (Patrick), Hofman, A. (Albert), Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando), Rooij, F.J.A. (Frank) van, Thurik, A.R. (Roy), Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Groenen, P.J.F. (Patrick), Hofman, A. (Albert), Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando), Rooij, F.J.A. (Frank) van, Thurik, A.R. (Roy), and Uitterlinden, A.G. (André)

Abstract

genetiGenoombreed associatieonderzoek is een moderne onderzoeksmethode die het mogelijk maakt genen te vinden die geassocieerd zijn met allerlei ziekten en menselijke eigenschappen. Een samenwerkingsverband tussen de Erasmus School of Economics en het Erasmus Medisch Centrum probeert deze veelbelovende methode toe te passen op de keuze voor ondernemerschap.

Published
2011

5. Molecular genetics and economics

Author

Beauchamp, J.P. (Jonathan), Cesarini, D. (David), Johannesson, M. (Magnus), Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Groenen, P.J.F. (Patrick), Fowler, J.H., Rosenquist, J.N., Thurik, A.R. (Roy), Christakis, N.A. (Nicholas), Beauchamp, J.P. (Jonathan), Cesarini, D. (David), Johannesson, M. (Magnus), Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Groenen, P.J.F. (Patrick), Fowler, J.H., Rosenquist, J.N., Thurik, A.R. (Roy), and Christakis, N.A. (Nicholas)

Published
2011
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6. Candidate gene studies and the quest for the entrepreneurial gene

Author

Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Groenen, P.J.F. (Patrick), Rietveld, C.A. (Niels), Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando), Rooij, F.J.A. (Frank) van, Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), Hofman, A. (Albert), Thurik, A.R. (Roy), Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Groenen, P.J.F. (Patrick), Rietveld, C.A. (Niels), Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando), Rooij, F.J.A. (Frank) van, Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), Hofman, A. (Albert), and Thurik, A.R. (Roy)

Abstract

Candidate gene studies of human behavior are gaining interest in economics and entrepreneurship research. Performing and interpreting these studies is not straightforward because the selection of candidates influences the interpretation of the results. As an example, Nicolaou et al. (Small Bus Econ 36:151-155, 2011) report a significant association be

Published
2011
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7. Genome-wide association studies in economics and entrepreneurship research: Promises and limitations

Author

Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Groenen, P.J.F. (Patrick), Thurik, A.R. (Roy), Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando), Rooij, F.J.A. (Frank) van, Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), Hofman, A. (Albert), Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Groenen, P.J.F. (Patrick), Thurik, A.R. (Roy), Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando), Rooij, F.J.A. (Frank) van, Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), and Hofman, A. (Albert)

Abstract

The recently developed genome-wide association study (GWAS) design enables the identification of genes specifically associated with economic outcomes such as occupational and other choices. This is a promising new approach for economics research which we aim to apply to the choice for entrepreneurship. However, due to multiple testing issues, very large sample sizes are needed to differentiate between true and false positives. For a GWAS on entrepreneurship, we expect that a sample size of at least 30,000 observations is required.

Published
2010
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8. Genome-wide Association Studies and the Genetics of Entrepreneurship

Author

Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Groenen, P.J.F. (Patrick), Thurik, A.R. (Roy), Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Groenen, P.J.F. (Patrick), and Thurik, A.R. (Roy)

Abstract

We are currently investigating genetic influences on self-employment in an international research consortium using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). By meta-analysing results from numerous independent samples we address identification issues arising from multiple testing. To our knowledge, this is the earliest attempt to apply GWAS to an economic outcome of a relatively general nature. Our study will reveal potentials and limitations of this approach for economic research.

Published
2010

10. Genome-wide association studies in economics and entrepreneurship research: promises and limitations

Author

Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Groenen, P.J.F. (Patrick), Thurik, A.R. (Roy), Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando), Rooij, F.J.A. (Frank) van, Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Groenen, P.J.F. (Patrick), Thurik, A.R. (Roy), Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando), and Rooij, F.J.A. (Frank) van

Abstract

The recently developed genome-wide association study (GWAS) design enables the identification of genes specifically associated with economic outcomes such as occupational and other choices. This is a promising new approach for economics research which we aim to apply to the choice for entrepreneurship. However, due to multiple testing issues, very large sample sizes are needed to differentiate between true and false positives. For a GWAS on entrepreneurship, we expect that a sample size of at least 30,000 observations is required.

Published
2010

11. Including Item Characteristics in the Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis Model for Collaborative Filtering

Author

Kagie, M. (Martijn), Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, Wezel, M.C. (Michiel) van, Kagie, M. (Martijn), Loos, M.J.H.M. (Matthijs) van der, and Wezel, M.C. (Michiel) van

Abstract

We propose a new hybrid recommender system that combines some advantages of collaborative and content-based recommender systems. While it uses ratings data of all users, as do collaborative recommender systems, it is also able to recommend new items and provide an explanation of its recommendations, as do content-based systems. Our approach is based on the idea that there are communities of users that find the same characteristics important to like or dislike a product. This model is an extension of the probabilistic latent semantic model for collaborative filtering with ideas based on clusterwise linear regression. On a movie data set, we show that the model is competitive to other recommenders and can be used to explain the recommendations to the users.

Published
2008

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