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Water shortages in arid regions present challenges in administering water and requires robust water accounting. In southeast Idaho, the Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer (ESPA) supports an important agricultural sector. Due to connectivity between surface and groundwater in the ESPA, quantifying aquifer recharge is also important. Historically, leaching from excess surface irrigation supported incidental recharge to the ESPA, but more efficient irrigation techniques reduced incidental recharge. This paper outlines a deep infiltration (DI) model developed to evaluate infiltration losses from different irrigation practices and soil types. Twelve scenarios were created to simulate an alfalfa growing season under varying climatic and soil conditions. Under some scenarios, modeled infiltration losses increased by 10%–20% coincident with increased application efficiency. The concept of consumptive use efficiency (CUE) is introduced to quantify the proportion of irrigation beneficially used by crops. The model results show that CUE decreased with increasing application efficiency and suggest CUE could be improved 8%–10% for well-drained loamy soils; clay loam soils showed little opportunity for improvement. The results indicate that more efficient irrigation application techniques may increase DI loss if irrigation schedules do not explicitly include soil water storage for the entire rooting zone. These results indicate that in conditions where losses from DI can be reduced, improving water use efficiency depends on precision irrigation scheduling linked to infiltration rates. This model provides a practical method by which infiltration losses from irrigated lands can be estimated. Considering site-specific infiltration would facilitate and prioritize investments meant to improve water use efficiency. Practical Applications: Irrigation in arid regions usually entails some degree of inefficiency, partly due to water lost through deep percolation. Although some drainage loss occurs under most real-world conditions, it is difficult to measure actual loss. A lack of real information hampers precise estimates and increases uncertainty about actual conveyance and irrigation efficiency. On the other hand, soil infiltration models can utilize existing soil survey maps and guide prioritization and incentives to encourage best practices. This study demonstrates a straightforward application of a soil water drainage model combined with regional soil maps, as could be implemented by water managers. The model was calibrated using observations of crop water use, irrigation application, and soil water content from an irrigated alfalfa field. The calibrated model was then used to describe potential drainage rates from common soil types and weather conditions in southeastern Idaho. The model results indicate that efficient irrigation practices may be best suited to well drained soils, and fewer benefits were observed in poorly drained soils. Even a relatively simple application of this model highlights conditions that are best suited to particular efficiency strategies and help prioritize limited resources for developing best practices for water conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Paying attention to media requires continuously selecting and processing relevant information while filtering out numerous competing stimuli. Although the factors that drive attention toward or away from a single media task are relatively well characterized, there is a lack of understanding regarding how attention to media functions in the presence of multiple, concurrent tasks. In this manuscript, we report findings from four experiments investigating this question. Results indicate that, rather than attention being based on a strict hierarchy between "primary" and "secondary" tasks, attentional resources are distributed across concurrent media tasks based on the (relative) rewardingness and effortfulness of each task. More rewarding tasks elicited more attention, and the attention-capturing influence of rewarding "secondary" tasks was magnified when the "primary" task was more cognitively effortful. These results provide support for recent theoretical advancements in media psychology research and point to promising future directions using updated models of motivated attention to predict the allocation of attentional resources across multiple concurrent tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of multimedia and Internet technologies, understanding what visual contexts are well-received among viewers is important for message designers and visual practitioners. This study investigated the effects of valence (positive vs. negative), picture type (animated vs. still), and their interaction effect on attention, motivational intensity (sympathetic arousal), memory sensitivity and judgment. Eighty-seven participants in a mixed factorial design experiment were exposed to six pictures that were either animated or still. Results indicated that animated pictures led to greater attention and motivational intensity than still ones. Negative pictures also elicited greater motivational intensity but were less remembered than positive ones. Additionally, people exhibited greater sympathetic arousal when processing negative animated pictures than other types of pictures. Implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), a highly divergent pestivirus, has a wide geographical distribution around the world. APPV is known to cause type A‐II congenital tremors in newborn piglets. The main objective of this study is to access APPV prevalence in the US swine herds utilizing a newly developed quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR assay. Retrospective analysis of 1,785 samples revealed a 19.0% prevalence in Midwest swine herds over a period of three years (2016–2018). Among all clinical and field samples that were APPV positive, 82 samples (24.19%) were also positive for one or more swine viral pathogens. Two APPV US strains identified in this study demonstrated significant sequence diversity (~12% in full genome) compared to the first reported APPV strain from the United States in 2014. Of the two strains identified in this study, USA/023005/2016 is closer to two strains identified in Germany, and USA/047310/2017 shares more similarities with two US strains including Minnesota‐1 and ISDVDL2014016573. Partial NS5B sequences (9127–9836 nt of the polyprotein gene) obtained from 54 APPV‐positive samples revealed considerable sequence diversity, ranging from 85.8% to 100% nucleotide identity, within the US strains in samples from different geographic regions. Analysis of all US samples indicates high prevalence of APPV in Minnesota (37.35%), followed by Illinois (32.86%), Iowa (30.60%) and Kansas (21.89%). APPV was detected in 15.48% of samples assayed from 2017, slightly higher than that in 2016 (13.08%), but much lower than 2018 (28.77%). Among the various sample types tested, oral fluid samples had the highest prevalence and lowest average Ct value suggesting their suitability as a reliable diagnostic specimen for APPV detection. Overall, sequence variation among APPV strains and prevalence of the pathogen within the United States provides a basis for understanding the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of APPV in the US swine herds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-tobacco propaganda media (Television, radio, print media and internet media) messages promote knowledge regarding the ill effect of tobacco on the human body as well as increase the negative attitude towards tobacco. However, their role in maintaining tobacco abstinence is not explored much. This review summarizes the effect of anti-tobacco propaganda (media) messages on the maintenance of tobacco abstinence; the influence of different types of anti-tobacco propaganda (media) messages on tobacco users and non-users. Tobacco users and recent quitters are not benefiting from these anti-tobacco propaganda and media messages. The graphic pictorial warnings were found to have more influence over increasing knowledge, changing attitude, enhancing quit attempts, quit intentions, and motivation to quit. However, it is also noticed that these anti-tobacco propaganda media messages have a boomerang effect on tobacco users. These media propaganda messages sometimes act as a cue for tobacco users and make them relapse. Many studies in the past have shown that these media messages positively impact the quitting process but, again, remained significant to the first attempt only. Hence, these messages have not been found to be very effective in maintaining tobacco abstinence among tobacco users. The exposure and frequency of the anti-tobacco propaganda (media) messages matter. Protobacco advertisements can neutralize the effect of anti-tobacco propaganda messages. Although, anti-tobacco propaganda (media) messages play a crucial role in modifying tobacco-related behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to review the present state-of-the-art knowledge on heat transfer to the surface of and inside ash deposits formed in solid fuel-fired utility boilers, and-based on the review-to propose models for calculation of heat transfer, e.g. in deposition models. Heat transfer will control the surface temperature of the deposit, thereby influencing the physical conditions at the deposit surface, e.g. if the surface is molten. The deposit surface conditions will affect the deposit build-up rate as well as the removal/shedding of deposits: molten deposit may lead to a more efficient particle capturing, but may also flow down the heat transfer surfaces. The heat transfer parameters of prime interest are the convective heat transfer coefficient h, the effective thermal conductivity of the deposit k eff, and the surface emissivity ε of the deposit. The convective heat transfer coefficient is a function of flow characteristics, and can be calculated using different correlation equations, while the other two parameters depend on the deposit properties, and can be calculated using different structure-based models. The thermal conductivity of porous ash deposits can be modelled using different models for packed beds. These models can be divided into two major groups, depending on the way they treat the radiation heat transfer, i.e. the unit cell models and the pseudo homogeneous models. Which model will be suitable for a particular application depends primarily on the deposit structure, i.e. whether deposit is particulate, partly sintered or completely fused. Simple calculations of heat transfer resistances for deposits have been performed, showing that major resistances are in the heat transfer to the deposit (by convection), and the heat transfer through the deposit (by conduction). Very few experimental data on the thermal conductivity of ash deposits, especially at high temperatures where radiation is important, are found in the literature. Although the structure of the deposit is essential for its thermal conductivity, most of the measurements were done on crushed samples. The results obtained using different models were compared with the experimental data published in Rezaei et al. [Rezaei, Gupta, Bryant, Hart, Liu, Bailey, et al. Thermal conductivity of coal ash and slags and models used. Fuel 2000;79:1697–1710.], measured on crushed coal ash samples. Although errors of the predictions were very high in most cases, two models were proposed as suitable for heat conductivity calculations, i.e. the Yagi and Kunii model for particulate deposits, and the Hadley model for sintered and fused deposits. This literature study showed the need for a wide range of experimental data, which would help in evaluating and improving the existing thermal conductivity models. Also, it is necessary to formulate a more accurate model for the thermal conductivity of solid mixtures, in which potentially important sources of errors can be identified. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Social norms play a key role in dietary behaviors. This study tested the underlying mechanism behind social norm effects in the context of the influences of social eating cues (individual vs. group eating cues) in fast food advertisements on motivational responses. Our results indicated that food ads with group eating cues elicited stronger appetitive activation resulting in greater orbicularis oculi activation and greater skin conductivity level, indicating more positive emotional feelings and more sympathetic arousal, compared to food ads with individual eating cues. Group eating cues also led to more favorable self-reported attitudes toward the advertised food products and brands. Overall, findings from this study suggest that exposure to food ads with group eating cues yield greater appetitive responses toward these types of ads and their products, likely creating a stronger degree of perceived social support. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary mechanosensory neurons play an important role in converting mechanical forces into the sense of touch. In zebrafish, Rohon‐Beard (RB) neurons serve this role at embryonic and larval stages of development. Here we examine the morphology and physiology of RBs in larval zebrafish to better understand how mechanosensory stimuli are represented along the spinal cord. We report that the morphology of RB neurons differs along the rostrocaudal body axis. Rostral RB neurons arborize in the skin near the cell body whereas caudal cells arborize at a distance posterior to their cell body. Using a novel electrophysiological approach, we also found longitudinal differences in the mechanosensitivity and physiological properties of RB neurons. Rostral RB neurons respond to mechanical stimulations close to the soma and produce up to three spikes with increasing stimulus intensity, whereas caudal cells respond at more distal locations and can produce four or more spikes when the intensity of the mechanical stimulus increases. The mechanosensory properties of RB neurons are consistent with those of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors and can signal the onset, offset and intensity of mechanical stimulation. This is the first report of the intensity encoding properties of RB neurons, where an increase in spike number and a decrease in spike latency are observed with increasing stimulation intensity. This study reveals an unappreciated complexity of the larval zebrafish mechanosensory system and demonstrates how differences in the morphological and physiological properties of RBs related to their rostrocaudal location can influence the signals that enter the spinal cord. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sociologically explains the initial phase of Slavoj Žižek's emergence as global public intellectual. Drawing on positioning theory, the article contributes to previous works on Žižek's performativity by focusing on his contextuality. It examines how his intellectual interventions depended on the context in which they were performed, and on the relations to other intellectuals positioned in that context. The article argues that (1) Žižek's first attempt to intervene internationally was in France; (2) this attempt was a failure; and (3) his second attempt in England was a success. It also demonstrates that vouching is paramount to intellectual positioning: while Jacques-Alain Miller positioned Žižek along practico-clinical lines in the French context, Ernesto Laclau positioned Žižek along politico-philosophical lines in the English context. Consequently, the latter positioning facilitated a public resonance that would lead to Žižek's global success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tested Psychological Reactance Theory and the Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing by examining participants' (N = 155 young adult, ever-vapers) cognitive and affective responses to anti-vaping public service announcements (PSAs) featuring dogmatic or suggestive language. Ever-vapers in the dogmatic PSA condition were predicted to report greater perceived freedom threats, anger and counterarguments, and intentions to vape relative to ever-vapers in the suggestive PSA condition. This study also examined how counterarguing, as the cognitive component of psychological reactance, influences available cognitive resources and encoding of message content. The results indicated that ever-vapers in the dogmatic PSA condition reported significantly greater freedom threats and state psychological reactance but not intentions to vape relative to ever-vapers in the suggestive PSA condition. Moreover, counterarguing dogmatic anti-vaping PSAs resulted in fewer available cognitive resources for encoding as evidenced by slower Secondary Task Reaction Times (STRTs) and reduced encoding of message content. The results from this study provide considerable theoretical and practical implications while advancing the STRT measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trout and charr, members of the salmonid family, have high conservation value but are also susceptible to anthropogenic threats in part due to the specificity of their habitat requirements. Understanding historical and future threats facing these species is necessary to promote their recovery. Of freshwater trout and charr in the Canadian Rocky Mountain region, westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi), bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus; a charr species) and Athabasca rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are of conservation concern. And indeed, range contractions and declining populations are evident throughout much of their ranges. Range contraction was most evident in the southern Alberta designatable unit (DU) of westslope cutthroat trout. Diminished populations were also evident in the downstream watersheds of the Alberta bull trout range, and throughout the Athabasca rainbow trout range. We assessed historical and future threats to evaluate the relative importance of individual threats to each DU and compare their impact among species. Individual threats fall into the broad categories of angling, non‐native species and genes, habitat loss and alteration, and climate change. Severity of each threat varies by DU and reflects the interaction between species' biology and the location of the DU. Severity of threats facing each DU has changed over time, reflecting extirpation of native populations, changes in management and industry best practices, expansion of non‐native species and progressing climate change. The overall threat impact for each DU indicates a high probability of substantial and continuing declines and calls for immediate action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research demonstrates that exposure to threatening anti-tobacco messages can lead to defensive message processing which reduces message effectiveness. However, research investigating whether this effect is moderated by the smoking status of the message viewer is lacking. In this study, participants (N = 48 smokers and N = 51 non-smokers) viewed and rated secondhand smoke anti-tobacco messages depicting both smoking cues and threat content, or messages depicting neither while heart rate, skin conductance, and facial EMG were recorded. Post viewing, self-reported emotional experience, level of counterarguing, and recognition memory were measured. In support of the LC4MP, there were no differences between smokers and non-smokers' responses for non-threatening messages absent in smoking cues. However, messages that contained both smoking cues and threat content were defensively processed by smokers – but not non-smokers – as indicated by significantly faster heart rate, lower recognition memory and higher self-reported negativity, arousal, and counterarguments. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the effects of visual strategies on consumers' memory of corporate social responsibility (CSR) campaign messages. Using the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing (LC4MP), we examined how emotional CSR messages are cognitively processed—specifically, how emotional visuals in CSR messages affect two subprocesses of information processing: encoding and storage. We conducted a 2 (valence: positive vs. negative) × 2 (arousal: moderately arousing vs. highly arousing) within-subjects experiment across four different CSR issues. The results showed that recognition accuracy and sensitivity (d′) of company logos were best for moderately arousing negative images, whereas for recognition accuracy and sensitivity (d′) of company names, there were no significant differences across the emotional conditions. For cued recall of companies associated with CSR issues, the pattern was different—highly arousing negative images with aversive cues were the most effective. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the impacts of extrusion conditions on extrudate characteristics of whole beans flours is critical to find the suitable types of beans to use for making direct expanded products. Whole bean flours of four different bean types, faba, lima, pinto, and red kidney, were extruded. The influence of barrel temperature (120, 140, and 160 °C), moisture content (17%, 21%, and 25%), and screw speed (150, 200, and 250 rpm) on process and product responses was studied with a corotating twin screw extruder. The barrel temperature, moisture content, screw speed, and variety of bean had significant influence on process and product responses, back pressure (MPa), torque (N·m), specific mechanical energy (kJ/kg), expansion ratio, water absorption index (g/g), and water solubility index (%) (P < 0.05). Faba bean extrudates had a significantly higher expansion ratio compared to other beans (lima, pinto, and red kidney beans) even though faba bean contained significantly higher protein and higher crude fiber contents (P < 0.05). Practical Application: The outputs of this research will be helpful to the food industry in the production of high nutrient‐dense food products from whole beans by maintaining the expansion and texture of the products. The data should assist to choose the suitable types of whole bean flours and the optimum processing conditions for making direct expanded extruded products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tests the hypothesis that defensive message processing, like defensive behaviors in the real world, has two directions, fight-and-flight. The Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing (LC4MP) characterizes defensive message processing by increases in unpleasantness and arousal reports, and accelerated heart rate indicating either a focus on internal processing (internal thoughts) or the active withdrawal of cognitive resources from processing highly arousing and unpleasant media messages. However, the LC4MP has not included direct measures that allow discrimination between fight-and-flight responses. Psychological reactance theory (PRT) predicts defensive responses including anger and counterarguments (reactance) when media messages threaten viewers' freedom and autonomy. We hypothesized that PRT provides the LC4MP with the appropriate measures (anger and counterarguments) needed to discriminate fight-or-flight responses. Results supported this prediction. Participants (N = 49 adult-smokers) high in defensive and low in appetitive reactivity (risk-avoiders) withdrew from the message (fled: characterized by low anger and counterarguments) while those high in appetitive and low in defensive reactivity (risk-takers) experienced reactance (fought: characterized by high anger and counterarguments) in response to freedom threatening antitobacco messages that are highly arousing and unpleasant. Moreover, both reactance and message withdrawal yielded the same cognitive, emotional, and physiological responses predicted by the LC4MP as indicators of defensive message processing. Theoretical and message design recommendations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Startle behaviors are rapid, high-performance motor responses to threatening stimuli. Startle responses have been identified in a broad range of species across animal diversity. For investigations of neural circuit structure and function, these behaviors offer a number of benefits, including that they are driven by large and identifiable neurons and their neural control is simple in comparison to other behaviors. Among vertebrates, the best-known startle circuit is the Mauthner cell circuit of fishes. In recent years, genetic approaches in zebrafish have provided key tools for morphological and physiological dissection of circuits and greatly extended understanding of their architecture. Here we discuss the startle circuit of fishes, with a focus on the Mauthner cells and associated interneurons called spiral fiber neurons and we add new observations on hindbrain circuit organization. We also briefly review and compare startle circuits of several other taxa, paying particular attention to how movement direction is controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives Longitudinal studies of the role of community context in childhood obesity are lacking. The objective of this study was to examine associations of community socio economic deprivation (CSD) with trajectories of change in body mass index (BMI) in childhood and adolescence. Methods Data came from electronic health records on 163,473 children aged 3-18 residing in 1,288 communities in Pennsylvania whose weight and height were measured longitudinally. CSD at the year of birth was measured using six US Census variables and modeled in quartiles. Trajectories of BMI within CSD quartiles were estimated using random effects growth-curve models accounting for differences by age, sex, and race/ethnicity as well as correcting for non-constant residual variance across age groups. Results CSD was associated with higher BMI at average age (10.7 years) and with more rapid growth of BMI over time. Children born in communities with greater CSD had steeper increases of BMI at younger ages. Those born into the poorest communities displayed sustained accelerated BMI growth. CSD remained associated with BMI trajectories after adjustment for a measure of household socio economic deprivation. Conclusions Higher CSD may be associated with more obesogenic growth trajectories in early life. Findings suggest that individual-level interventions that ignore the effect of community context on obesity-related behaviors may be less efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]