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The Dinaric Karst is a global hotspot for subterranean diversity, with two distinct peaks of species richness in the northwest and southeast, and an area of a lower species richness in the central part. In this article, we present a species list and describe the ecological conditions of the Lukina jama–Trojama cave system, located in the central part of the Dinaric Karst. This cave system is the deepest and one of the most logistically challenging cave systems sampled so far in the Dinaric Karst. Repeated sampling resulted in a list of 45 species, including 25 troglobionts, 3 troglophiles, 16 stygobionts, and 1 stygophile. Most of the recorded species are endemic to the Velebit Mountain, while three species are endemic to the Lukina jama–Trojama cave system. Within the system, species richness peaks in the deepest third of the cave, most likely reflecting the harsh ecological conditions in the upper parts, including ice, cold winds, and occasional waterfalls. Milder and more stable deeper parts of the cave contain a rich subterranean species community, part of which is associated with two very distinct aquatic habitats, the cave hygropetric and the phreatic zone. The newly recognized hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the central Dinaric Karst, which has emerged between the two known centers of biodiversity, further highlights the species richness in large cave systems, but also challenges the diversity patterns in the Dinaric Karst overall.

Monografija životinja pronađenih u Gornjoj i Donjoj Baraćevoj špilji.

Genus Pacificampa Chevrizov, 1978 Diagnosis (based on Chevrizov 1978) Thoracic macrosetae with no more than 3+3 macrosetae on pronotum, 4+4 on mesonotum (2+2 lateral posterior included), and 2+2 on metanotum (1+1 lateral posterior included). One dorsal macroseta on metathoracic femora and one or two on tibia. Subequal elbowed claws with ridges on dorsal side that look like very small lateral crests under optical microscope; without lateral processes. Urotergites V– VII with no more than 1+1 medial posterior, 1+1 lateral anterior and 2+2 lateral posterior macrosetae and on urotergite VIII with no more than 1+1 medial posterior and 3+3 lateral macrosetae. Up to 7+7 macrosetae on first urosternite, 5+5 macrosetae on second to seventh urosternites, and 1+1 macrosetae on eighth urosternite. First urosternite in males with thick appendages with large field of glandular a1 setae., Published as part of Sendra, Alberto, Komerički, Ana, Lips, Josiane, Luan, Yunxia, Selfa, Jesús & Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto, 2021, Asian cave-adapted diplurans, with the description of two new genera and four new species (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha), pp. 1-46 in European Journal of Taxonomy 731 on page 22, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1199, http://zenodo.org/record/4422557, {"references":["Chevrizov B. P. 1978. Two new genera of the Family Campodeidae from the Far East Caves. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 57 (2): 197 ‾ 205."]}

Anisuracampa ywangana Sendra & Komerički sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 511F81B5-6CB2-4A98-AB3E-11AF72205A26 Figs 1, 3–19; Tables 1–2; Supp. file 2 Etymology This species is named after the important karst region Ywangan in Myanmar, the location of Win Twin Cave (Figs 1, 3–4). Type material Holotype MYANMAR • ♀; Shan State, Ywangan, Win Twin Cave; 21º11′51.47″ N, 96º32′40.34″ E; 16 Nov. 2018; Aung Lin leg.; labelled “holotype”; MZB (MCNB) 2020-1152. Paratypes MYANMAR • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; labelled “paratype-H1”; MZB (MCNB) 2020- 0620 • 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 1 juvenile; same collection data as for holotype; 8 May 2018; labelled “paratype-H2”, “paratype-M”, “paratype-J”; MZB (MCNB) 2020-1153, MZB (MCNB) 2020-1155, MZB (MCNB) 2020-1154. Other material examined MYANMAR • 2 specs; same collection data as for the holotype; 8 May 2018; mounted on two separate aluminium stages and coated with palladium-gold; Coll. AS. Description BODY. Length is 4.3–6.0 mm (n = 4) in adults and 2.6 mm in one juvenile (Table 1). The epicuticle is smooth under optical microscope but reticulated at higher magnification, showing irregular polygonal structures of variable sizes (Fig. 11). Body with long smooth clothing setae. HEAD. Two complete and intact antennae in holotype and paratype-M with 35 antennomeres each, whereas paratype-J (juvenile) has 38 antennomeres. The antennae are similar to length of body (Table 1), with medial antennomeres 2× as long as wide but apical antennomeres 1½ × as long as wide. Cupuliform organ with up to 17 spheroidal olfactory chemoreceptors arranged in two uneven concentric circles; each chemoreceptor forms a complex structure of multi–perforated folds with one distinguishing crown of fringes a surrounding central column. Each of these structures is inside a polygonal cell (Figs 5–6). Distal and central antennomeres with three whorls of distal barbed macrosetae and 5–6 scattered whorls of smooth setae in addition to single distal whorl of up to 14 gouge sensilla of 24–28 µm length (Figs 7–8) that are more abundant on dorsal side of antennomere. Proximal antennomeres with typical trichobothria, plus small bacilliform sensillum on third antennomere in ventral position. Round protrusion of frontal process covered with one anterior macroseta and two or three posterior macrosetae (Fig. 10). Three macrosetae along each side of insertion line of antennomere and x setae with thin distal barbs; length ratios of a / i / p / x, 45/57/56/65, respectively, in paratype-H2. Labial palps large and suboval, each with bacilliform latero-external sensillum, two guard setae, up to 18 normal setae and up to 140 neuroglandular setae. THORAX. Thoracic macrosetae distribution (Figs 9, 11) have pronotum with 1+1 ma, 1+1 la, 2+2 lp 2,3 macrosetae; mesonotum with 1+1 ma, 2+2 la and 4+4 lp 1–4 macrosetae; and metanotum with 1+1 ma, 2+2 la and 3+3 lp 1–3 macrosetae. All macrosetae long and with thin barbs along basal half to twothirds of each seta; marginal setae barbed and longer than clothing setae. Legs elongated, metathoracic legs reach end of abdomen in adults or overpass it in juvenile. Tibia always longer than femur or tarsus (Table 1). Each femur III with three or, less frequently, two long dorsal macrosetae with distal barbs (0.25 mm in 0.62 mm femur of paratype-H1) (femora I–II with one to three long dorsal macrosetae). Calcars covered with thin abundant barbs all over. Tibiae I–III usually with two short, completely barbed ventral macrosetae, occasionally just one. Each tibia with two rows of ventral barbed setae almost from base and scattered throughout with thin, long setiform sensilla. Three well-barbed dorsal distal tarsal setae longer than rest of tarsal setae. Subequal claws with lateral expansion in crest; basal and ventral portion of claws covered with short to long spiniform formations. Laminar pretarsus of lateral processes sharply curved with what apparently looks like thin fringes under optical microscope, but under SEM seen as narrow laminar expansions (Figs 12–15). ABDOMEN. Distribution of macrosetae on tergites with 1+1 post 1 on I–III; 1+1 post 1 to 3+3 post 1–3 on IV, 4+4 post 1–4 and 1+1 la on V, 5+5 post 1–5 or 6+6 post 1–6 and 1+1 la on VI–VII; 7+7 post on VIII; and 8+8 or 9+9 post macrosetae on IX abdominal segment. All tergal abdominal macrosetae long and barbed along distal half to four-fifths. Urosternite I has 7+7 macrosetae (Figs 16–17); while urosternites II to VII with 5+5 macrosetae; and urosternite VIII with 1+1 macrosetae; urosternal macrosetae of medium size and barbed along distal half. Stylus with short apical seta with small barbs, and each subapical seta completely covered with barbs and with short, barbed ventromedial seta (Figs 18–19). One intact cercus 2.4 × body length and with 14 primary articles (Table 2). Article length increases from proximal to distal articles; covered with long thin macrosetae, with distal barbs, and less abundant long, thin setae. Each primary article with whorl of shorter thin plumose setae at distal position. SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERS. Female urosternite I with enlarged subcylindrical appendages, each bearing up to 60 ventral glandular a 2 setae proximally and apical field of up to 28 glandular a 1 setae (Figs 16–17). Male with similar appendages with two fields of glandular setae (19 a 2 and 27 a 1) in one appendage of male paratype. Spermatozoid fascicles small, 0.04 mm in diameter, and formed by undistinguishable filament of spermatozoids in spiral. Taxonomic affinities Anisuracampa was proposed for a soil-dwelling species, Anisuracampa suoxiensis Xie & Yang, 1990 from Hunan Province in southeastern China. As a plusiocampine genus, Anisuracampa is characterized by the laminar pretarsus but with the lateral processes with long barbs and weakly developed lateral crests (Figs 12–15) (see Xie & Yang 1991: fig. 34). In addition to this trait, Anisuracampa has two or three dorsal femoral macrosetae and 1+1 macrosetae on the eighth urosternite. All of these characters are present in A. ywangana sp. nov., a cave-adapted species from the Win Twin Cave in eastern Myanmar. Therefore, these morphological similarities together with the congruent geographical distribution in Southeast Asia are considered sufficient reason to place this new species in Anisuracampa. However, A. ywangana sp. nov. differs from A. suoxiensis in several characters besides the traits related to adaptations to cave ecosystems. Anisuracampa ywangana sp. nov. has 4+4 lateral posterior macrosetae on the mesonotum (Fig. 9) (2+ 2 in A. suoxiensis), 3+3 lateral posterior and 2+2 lateral anterior macrosetae on the metanotum (2+2 lateral posterior and no lateral anterior macrosetae in A. suoxiensis) and 5+5 posterior and 1+1 lateral anterior macrosetae on urotergites V–VII (4+4 posterior and no lateral anterior macrosetae in A. suoxiensis). Regarding the new species’ cave-adapted features, it has a larger body and longer appendages at least double the size of those of A. suoxiensis, with 30–35 antennomeres in A. ywangana sp. nov. (24 in A. suoxiensis). It is impossible to compare other useful taxonomical characteristics mentioned in the description of A. ywangana sp. nov. with A. suoxiensis as the former was described using SEM, whereas the latter was described under optical observations with a brief diagnosis and the type material of A. suoxiensis is not available for study. Remarks Anisuracampa ywangana sp. nov. was observed and collected walking on the Win Twin cave floor and boulders, approximately 300 m from the entrance, and on the wet flowstone in a vast chamber (Figs 1–3; Supp. file 2). The Win Twin cave is located within a large karst area referred to as Ywangan karst, which is situated in the western part of the Shan plateau, approximately 10 km northeast of Ywangan Township and 15 km east of the Panlaung Pyadalin Wildlife Sanctuary. The cave has only been discovered recently and is currently under tourist development by the local community. It has not been fully surveyed and approximately only the first 400 m were explored during the collection of the type material. The cave itself is large, with numerous chambers, and its entrance was enlarged by mining (Fig. 4); after approximately 300 m into the main passage, it opens into a vast chamber filled with speleothems (Fig. 3), from which it again continues further by smaller, narrow passages opening into new chambers. At the bottom of the vast chamber, the oxygen level becomes too low for further exploration during the dry season (May), while by the end of the rainy season (November) it was possible to reach two further lower chambers before the oxygen level became too low. No active water flow was observed, but sparse remains of particular organic matter are present and the air temperature recorded in May 2018 was 20.0°C, while the sediment temperature was 19.6°C (unpublished data)., Published as part of Sendra, Alberto, Komerički, Ana, Lips, Josiane, Luan, Yunxia, Selfa, Jesús & Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto, 2021, Asian cave-adapted diplurans, with the description of two new genera and four new species (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha), pp. 1-46 in European Journal of Taxonomy 731 on pages 4-9, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1199, http://zenodo.org/record/4422557, {"references":["Xie R. & Yang Y. 1991. Description of two new genera and three new species of Campodeidae in China (Diplura). Contribution Shanghai Institute of Entomology 10: 95 ‾ 102."]}

Hubeicampa aff. melissa Sendra & Lips gen. et sp. nov. Material examined CHINA • 3 ♂♂ (6.6 to 8.0 mm), 1 ♀ (9.6 mm), 1 juv. (5.5 mm); Hubei, Banqiao, Kedu Dong (Grotte des Têtards); 6 Aug. 2009; Josiane Lips leg.; Coll. AS. Remark Specimens from Kedu Dong are considered as H. aff. melissa gen. et sp. nov. due to the specimens’ bad condition which does not allow us to clearly observe any variations in the taxonomical features. Nevertheless, they have the same important traits as the new species, but there is no dorsal macrosetae on the femur, except in a juvenile. Taxonomic affinities Hubeicampa melissa Sendra & Lips gen. et sp. nov. is closely related to another cave-adapted species, Hubeicampa lipsae (Condé, 1993), which is a new combination of Plusiocampa (Dydimocampa) lipsae Condé, 1993, and thus leads us to propose Hubeicampa as a new genus for both species that live in karst regions of the Chinese province of Hubei. The new genus is distinguished by the pretarsus, which has lateral crests and a laminar lateral process covered by spiniform formations and micro-barbs, pubescent setae and macrosetae (Figs 36–39), as well as by 1+1 macrosetae on the eighth urosternite. A significant number of taxonomic characters separates H. melissa gen. et sp. nov. from H. lipsae. The most relevant differences are in the number of macrosetae on the mesonotum (Fig. 30) (with 1+1 medial anterior, 1+1 lateral anterior and 1+1 medial posterior macrosetae in H. melissa gen. et sp. nov. instead of 1+1 medial anterior and 2+2 lateral posterior macrosetae in H. lipsae), and the number of macrosetae on metanotum (with 1+1 medial anterior macrosetae and none or 1+1 medial posterior submacrosetae instead of 1+1 medial anterior and 1+1 lateral posterior in H. lipsae). Other important features are the larger lateral crests in the pretarsus of H. melissa gen. et sp. nov. (Figs 36–37) the presence of one dorsal macroseta on the metathoracic femora, and one ventral macroseta on the metathoracic tibia in H. melissa gen. et sp. nov. instead of two dorsal femora and two ventral tibia macrosetae in H. lipsae. Finally, there are 4+4 posterior macrosetae on V–VII urotergites in H. melissa gen. et sp. nov. (Fig. 40) instead of 3+ 3 in H. lipsae. Remarks Hubeicampa melissa Sendra & Lips gen. et sp. nov. lives in the “Grotte du 8 ième Ciel Baxian Dong”, a cave situated at an elevation of 1870 m in the mountain near Banqiao village in the Hubei Province. The cave is 1703 m long and 122 m deep, with a huge entrance and giant galleries, as well as narrow passages and a narrow independent entry. The holotype of Hubeicampa melissa gen. et sp. nov. was observed and collected on the cave floor at about 300 m from the huge entry and at the top of the - 40 m deep pit on clay ground above the Saltpetre passage (Lips et al. 2009) (Figs 46–48). Some paratypes were collected in the same cave in the big chamber “Grande galerie du Va-et-Vient”., Published as part of Sendra, Alberto, Komerički, Ana, Lips, Josiane, Luan, Yunxia, Selfa, Jesús & Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto, 2021, Asian cave-adapted diplurans, with the description of two new genera and four new species (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha), pp. 1-46 in European Journal of Taxonomy 731 on pages 14-18, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1199, http://zenodo.org/record/4422557, {"references":["Conde B. 1993. Premiers Campodeidae cavernicoles de China, comme exemple de l'evolution souterraine de la Famille (Diplura). Revue suisse de Zoologie 100 (4): 823 ‾ 828. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 41223963 [accessed 19 Nov. 2020].","Lips B., Faverjon M., Routhieau V., Schalk P. & Lips J. 2009. Rapport de la 8 ieme expedition speleologique en Chine, provinces de l'Hubei et du Sichuan. Aventures karstiques lointaines & Institut de technologie de Chengdu. Speleologie au pays de l'Homme sauvage 8: 1 ‾ 112."]}

Genus Hubeicampa Sendra & Lips gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3992F636-8036-4734-ACA6-A4972A157D82 Type species Hubeicampa lipsae (Condé, 1993) comb. nov. Plusiocampa (Dydimocampa) lipsae Condé, 1993: 826, figs 2a–c. Diagnosis Dense pubescence of thin micro-barbs on setae. No more than 4+4 macrosetae on pronotum, 3+3 on mesonotum and 2+2 on metanotum. One or two dorsal macrosetae on metathoracic femora and one or two on tibia. Subequal elbowed claws with lateral crests; basal and ventral portion of claws covered with very small, thin, spiniform formations that look pubescent under optical microscope. Laminar lateral processes of the pretarsus completely covered with dense micro–barbs. Urotergites V–VII with 3+3 or 4+4 posterior macrosetae and without lateral anterior macrosetae. Up to 12+12 macrosetae on first urosternite, 4+4 or 5+5 macrosetae on second to seventh urosternites and 1+1 macrosetae on eighth urosternite. First urosternite in males without glandular g 1 setae and appendages with glandular a 1 setae. Etymology The genus name refers to the Chinese province of Hubei where the first cave-adapted dipluran was described., Published as part of Sendra, Alberto, Komerički, Ana, Lips, Josiane, Luan, Yunxia, Selfa, Jesús & Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto, 2021, Asian cave-adapted diplurans, with the description of two new genera and four new species (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha), pp. 1-46 in European Journal of Taxonomy 731 on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1199, http://zenodo.org/record/4422557, {"references":["Conde B. 1993. Premiers Campodeidae cavernicoles de China, comme exemple de l'evolution souterraine de la Famille (Diplura). Revue suisse de Zoologie 100 (4): 823 ‾ 828. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 41223963 [accessed 19 Nov. 2020]."]}

Mueggejapyx Sendra & Komerički gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 924B9ABA-1630-4832-86EE-19CE73C3E7CB Type species Mueggejapyx brehieri Sendra & Komerički gen. et sp. nov. Diagnosis Large and elongated body; antennae with 36 antennomeres; trichobothria on antennomeres 4–6 in a 3/5/5 pattern; a trichobothria in distal position; 1–2 placoid sensilla on medial and distal antennomere; apical antennomere with 16–18 placoid sensilla; dorsal and ventral side of head with numerous uniformly distributed sM and sm, and several M; five laminae pectinate on maxilla; elongated thoracic segments; and cuticle with tiny micro-holes, pronotum and mesonotum each with 5+5 M, metanotum with 2+2 M; strong internal Y cuticular furcisternite structures in pro-presternites and pro-, meso- and metasternites; urotergites with at most 1+1 M (ma), 1+1 M 1, 1+1 M 2–5; urite X longer than wide, with marked carinae with subparallel margins, with 2+2 intracarinal macrosetae; acropygium rounded; lateral angles of urotergites VI and VII with weakly to moderate lobiform projection; first urosternite with multiperforated surface and rounded protrusions, with 3+3 M on prescutum and 11+11 M on scutum; median glandular organ with seta-shaped sensilla; lateral subcoxal organs with one to three rows of short glandular setae (GS), one row of sensory setae (SS), and a row of setae with large socket; sternites with abundant sm and strong M; cerci strong, elongated, rectilinear and becoming curved subapically, heavily sclerotized with external dorsal and ventral carinae. Both cerci without medial tooth, but with one short row of small round denticles on the right cercus and two rows of small round denticles on the left cercus. Etymology This genus is dedicated to the memory of the American entomologist Mark Alan Muegge (pronounced Meggy), who died young due to an unfortunate car accident in 2015. He left behind a promising career and was devoted, among other groups, to diplurans; alongside other taxa, he provided a description of the highly cave-adapted japygid from Texas, Mixojapyx reddelli Muegge, 1992., Published as part of Sendra, Alberto, Komerički, Ana, Lips, Josiane, Luan, Yunxia, Selfa, Jesús & Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto, 2021, Asian cave-adapted diplurans, with the description of two new genera and four new species (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha), pp. 1-46 in European Journal of Taxonomy 731 on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1199, http://zenodo.org/record/4422557, {"references":["Muegge M. A. 1992. New species of cavernicolous japygid (Diplura: Japygidae) from Texas. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 85 (4): 406 ‾ 412. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 85.4.406"]}

Plutocampa speophila Chevrizov, 1978 Plutocampa speophila Chevrizov, 1978: 201, fig. 2(1‾9). Material examined RUSSIA • ♀, holotype (6 mm), 1 ♀ paratype (5 mm); Far East, Primorye region, Olgisk District, Priiskovaya cave; 3 Nov. 1966; S.I. Ljovuschkin leg.; slide; ZMMU Dip0007. Redescription (based on Chevrizov 1978) Under optical microscope it has a smooth cuticle covered by thin smooth clothing setae. Antennae are apparently intact with 23 antennomeres in the paratype, medial antennomeres 1.4 × as long as wide; third antennomere with a thick sensillum in ventral position (c–d macrosetae); last antennomere with at least eight olfactory chemoreceptors. Small and pointed frontal process has one long anterior smooth macrosetae and two shorter posterior macrosetae; there are three smooth macrosetae along each side of the line of insertion of antennomere and smooth x setae with a similar length, ratios of a / i / p / x are 20/23/22/23, respectively. Labial palps are large with thick sensilla. Pronotum with 1+1 ma, 3+3 (2+ 2 paratype) la, 2+2 lp 1,3 mesonotum with 1+1 ma, 3+3 (2+ 2 paratype) la, 2+2 lp 2,3 , 1+1 (0+ 1 paratype) mp and metanotum with 1+1 ma, 2+2 lp, 1+1 mp macrosetae, long and thin notal macrosetae covered with thin barbs along their distal three-fourths; marginal setae are long and some of them are as long and barbed as the macrosetae. The metathoracic legs reach the posterior border of the VII abdominal segment; femora have two long barbed dorsal macrosetae and one ventral macrosetae. The tibia has one ventral short macrosetae, a few distal barbs, and calcars with several long barbs. The tarsus has two rows of smooth ventral setae, slightly thicker than clothing setae and on distal part: three long smooth dorsal setae and one ventral seta; the pretarsus has no lateral processes, with unequal elbowed claws, and with large lateral crests. Urotergite I with 1+1 post 1 ; urotergite II 1+2 (1+ 1 paratype) post 1,2 ; urotergite III 2+2 post 1,2 ; urotergites IV–VII 4+4 post 1–4 ; urotergite VIII 5+5 post 1–5 and abdominal segment IX 7+7 post, macrosetae long with barbs along three-fourths. Urosternite I with 5+5, urosternites II–VII 4+4, and urosternite VIII 1+1 macrosetae; urosternal macrosetae are shorter than urotergal macrosetae with long barbs; smooth stylar setae. First urosternite appendages (female) have large, short and subconical appendages, each with apical field with about fifty glandular a 1 setae., Published as part of Sendra, Alberto, Komerički, Ana, Lips, Josiane, Luan, Yunxia, Selfa, Jesús & Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto, 2021, Asian cave-adapted diplurans, with the description of two new genera and four new species (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha), pp. 1-46 in European Journal of Taxonomy 731 on page 20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1199, http://zenodo.org/record/4422557, {"references":["Chevrizov B. P. 1978. Two new genera of the Family Campodeidae from the Far East Caves. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 57 (2): 197 ‾ 205."]}

Mueggejapyx brehieri Sendra & Komerički gen. et sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8D581345-0B2E-4E5C-918C-DBF84F3B6978 Figs 2, 65–97; Tables 5–6 Etymology This species is dedicated to Franck Brehier, French biospeleologist, who has dedicated himself to exploring and studying many karst areas and caves in Southeast Asia. Type material Holotype MYANMAR • ♂; Shan State, Ywangan, Win Twin Cave; 21º11′51.47″ N, 96º32′40.34″ E, 16 Nov. 2018: Aung Lin leg.; labelled “♂4-holotype”; MZB (MCNB) 2020-1156. Paratypes MYANMAR • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; labelled “♂3-paratype” and “♀1– paratype”; MZB (MCNB) 2020-0626, MZB (MCNB) 2020-0627 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; labelled “♀2-paratype”; MZB (MCNB) 2020-1159 • 1 ♂; Shan State, Parpent Cave 1; 2 Dec. 2015; Franck Brehier leg; collected by hand; collector’s code BUR15-FB20; labelled “♂5-paratype”; MZB (MCNB) 2020-0628 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; collector’s code MY15–20.06; labelled “♂7-paratype”; MZB (MCNB) 2020-1158 • 1 ♀; Shan State, Kyauk Khaung [= Stone Cave]; 30 Nov. 2015; Franck Brehier leg.; collector’s codes: BUR15–FB17, MY15–17.03; labelled “♀6-paratype”; MZB (MCNB) 2020-1157. Other material examined MYANMAR • 2 specs; same collection data as for holotype; mounted on two separate aluminium stages and coated with palladium-gold; Coll. AS. Description BODY. Elongated (Fig. 2), length 23 mm in male holotype (19–26 mm in three paratype females, 15–23 mm in three paratype males). Greatest width at urotergite VII 2.6 mm. Epicuticle smooth under optical microscope, with numerous micropores at higher magnifications (Figs 72, 85). Cuticle unpigmented, except for slightly sclerotized areas on dorsal head, mandible tips, femoral and tibial condyles and segments VI–X (Fig. 2). HEAD. Antennae with 36 antennomeres; antennae less than ½ body length; first antennomere short, followed by three longer and larger antennomeres (2 nd to 4 th antennomeres with reinforced borders) (Figs 65–68, 70; Table 5). All antennomeres with abundant setae including sM and sm setae, which appear more abundant on ventral side of 7 th to 16 th antennomeres under light microscope; trichobothria present on antennomeres 4–6 in a 3/5/5 pattern, in which a trichobothria in distal position; 1 or 2 placoid sensilla present on latero-interior ventral side on 17 th and more distal antennomeres; apical antennomere bearing 16–18 placoid sensilla distributed in three irregular whorls (Figs 65–66). Dorsal and ventral side of head with numerous uniformly distributed sM and sm, and several M, more obvious in young specimens (♂7- paratype); on dorsal side A1–3, S2,4,6, M2,3,5, I4,5, P2 and L1–5 (Fig. 69); on ventral side, submentum with large 1+1 M in posterior position, admentum with 4+4 M, mentum at base of labial palps with 1+1 M; external lobes of mentum with abundant sM; internal lobes with 1+1 short M. Elongated, conical labial palps almost 3 × as long as wide compared with sM and sm in addition to one long, apical seta and a few shorter setiform sensilla (Figs 75–77). Lacinia falciform well sclerotized, all five laminae pectinate. THORAX. Thoracic segments elongated (Figs 71, 75). Pronotum with 5+5 M and numerous uniformly distributed sM and sm; mesonotum with 5+5 M and a few sM and sm; metanotum with 2+2 M and a few sm; both prescuta have 1+1 M and scattered sM and sm; at high magnifications tiny, uniformly distributed micropores (0.10–0.15 µm diameter) visible on cuticle surface (Fig. 72). Thoracic sternites, intersternites, and presternites well defined with sm, sM, and M setae (Figs 75, 77–79). Pro-presternites and pro-, meso- and metasternites have strong internal Y-shaped cuticular structures (furcisternites) (Barlet & Carpentier 1962), and only in pro-presternites prolongation of posterior branch named spine clearly visible on surface (Denis 1949). Pro-presternum with 1+1 short M in anterior lateral position and 1+1 sM in medial anterior; prosternum with 1+1 medial anterior M; 3+3 lateral anterior M, 1+1 medial intermediate M and 2+2 lateral posterior M; meso-poststernum with 5+5 M; meso-intersternum with 5+5 M; mesosternum with 1+1 medial anterior M, 4+4 lateral anterior M, 1 M sagittal, 1+1 medial intermediate M, 1+0 medial posterior M and 3+3 lateral posterior M; metapoststernum with 5+5 M; meta-intersternum 4+4 M; and metasternum with 1+1 medial anterior M, 3+3 lateral anterior M; 1+1 sagittal M, 1+1 medial intermediate M, 3+3 lateral posterior M (Figs 75, 77–79). Legs elongated, hind legs reaching 5 th abdominal segment. Frictional setae between trochantercoxa-femora articulations; femora-tibia-tarsus articulations with row of long M or sM setae with large sockets, plus additional 1 M in coxa, 5 M in trochanter and 7 M in femora. Tibia and tarsus with M and sM; 5 M in tibia and 2 M in tarsus. Tibia also bearing one calcar seta at ventral apex, thicker and more robust than other tibial setae, and two rows of four or five thick setae along ventral side. Pretarsus with two unequal claws and sharp medial unguiculus. ABDOMEN. Abdominal tergites with few sm and sM. Tergite I (prescutum and scutum) without M; tergite II with 0 or 1+1 M5; tergite III with 1+1 M (medial anterior macrosetae), 0 or 1+1 M1, 1+1 M4–5; tergites IV–VI with 1+1 M (ma), 0 or 1+1 M1, 1+1 M2–5; tergite VIII with 1+1 M4–5; tergite IX lacking M except (M1 present in specimens from Parpent Cave 1 (Fig. 88). Urite X (Figs 89, 92) nearly 1.5 × as long as wide, distinctly marked carinae present with subparallel margins slightly convergent towards posterior; 2+2 intracarinal D1 and D3 macrosetae and 3+3 macrosetae (L1, L3, L5) on carinae (Fig. 89); ventral side with four rows of 3+3 M, 3+3 M, 2+2 M, and 2+2 M from anterior to posterior position; acropygium rounded (Fig. 91). Tergites I–V with blunt, slightly rounded to pointed posterolateral angles; angles on tergites VI and VII more conspicuous, lobiform projection small to more prolonged and visibly sclerotized in largest specimens; tergite IX with projections (Fig. 88). Sternite I (Figs 80–85) with multiperforated surface and rounded protrusions covered by abundant sm and lesser sM and 3+3 or 3+4 M on prescutum and 11+11 M on scutum. Median glandular organ with 12 seta-shaped sensilla (Fig. 83). Lateral subcoxal organs invaginated below posterior margin or evaginated showing central opening protruding over margin of first urosternite (Figs 81–82). Each lateral subcoxal organ with one, two, or three rows of glandular setae (GS) (54–100 in males, 47–66 in females) and one row of sensory setae (SS) (11–24 in males, 13–15 in females) occupying 0.22–0.30 (males) and 0.23–0.25 (females) of interstyle width; GS/st1 (stylus of first sternite) = 0.1–0.23 (males) and 0.18–0.28 (females), SS/st1= 0.19 (male) and 0.16–0.26 (females); row of setae with large sockets anterior to glandular setae, 7–12 in males and 6–10 in females (Figs 80–85). Sternites have abundant sm and strong M; sternites II–VII with 7+7 A M, 5+5 (4+4) B M and 4+4 C M; sternite VIII with 3+3 (4+4) A M, 3+3 (2+2) B M and 3+3 C M (see Material and methods for terminology); sternite IX with 1+1 M (Figs 86–87). Cerci strong, well developed, elongated and rectilinear, becoming curved toward apex (Figs 89–92), length ranging from 2.8 mm in largest specimen (♀ 1- paratype) to 1.4 mm in the smallest (♂7- paratype); cerci always slightly longer than urite X, heavily sclerotized with external dorsal andventral carinae projecting from dorsal and ventral acetabular articulations running almost to apex ventrally and halfway dorsally. Cerci with medial tooth; right cercus with basal notch complementary in shape to round tooth at ventral side of basal portion of left cercus. Posterior to right notch and left tooth: in right cercus short row of 5 or 6 small, round denticles in line; and in left cercus two rows of small round denticles (4+4); these rows of denticles occupying 1/8 of total length of each cercus (Figs 89–95, 97). Each cercus with scattered sm, sM, and M setae and several conical sensilla throughout, more abundant distally (Figs 96–97). Dorsal side of each cercus with 6 or 7 D macrosetae, D1, D3 and D5 largest on both cerci; ventral side with 12 V-macrosetae, V3 and V8 being largest; intracarinal region with 5–7 L macrosetae, a pair of macrosetae in L1 being largest (Figs 91, 94–95). Taxonomic affinities Mueggejapyx gen. nov. is distinguished by its elongated, rectilinear, heavily sclerotized cerci curving subapically, and lacking a medial tooth but with one or two rows of basal small round denticles, its median glandular organ with seta-shaped sensilla, and short lateral subcoxal organs, each with a row of setae that have large sockets. Remarks Mueggejapyx brehieri gen. et sp. nov., was observed and collected along with A. ywangana sp. nov. in Win Twin Cave (Figs 1–4), as well as in two nearby caves: Parpent Cave 1 and Kyauk Khaung (synonyms: Sin Lae Ye Win, Stone Cave). The latter is the second longest cave so far explored in Myanmar. Kyauk Khaung Cave is over 4790 m long and also situated in the Ywangan karst area. Its entrance is located only 1240 m southeast of the entrance to Win Twin, and the cave itself extends mostly towards the northeast of the entrance. During the 2015 biological research of Kyauk Khaung, specimens of Campodeidae and Japygidae were found in the northernmost parts of the cave, which indicates the species is most likely distributed throughout the entire subterranean habitats of the Ywangan karst (unpublished data). The Ywangan karst covers 1050 ha, and at the moment hosts three other endemic troglobitic invertebrates: the carabid beetle Birmaphaenops brehieri Deuve, 2017 (Deuve 2017), the cave crab Shanphusa ywarngan Ng & Whitten, 2017 (Ng & Whitten 2017), and a woodlouse Bamaoniscus lobatus Taiti et al, 2020 as well as an endemic karst-adapted gecko, the Linn-Way bent-toed gecko Cyrtodactylus linnwayensis Grismer et al., 2017 (Grismer et al. 2017), and 17 species of bats (unpublished data). Due to its biodiversity, Ywangan karst is proposed as a karst Key Biodiversity Area and a subterranean Ramsar Site. Although cave tourism is being developed in the area, there are substantial efforts being made by the NGO sector (Fauna & Flora International Myanmar) to provide guidance for development of sustainable, low-impact tourism as well as cave and biodiversity conservation (unpublished data)., Published as part of Sendra, Alberto, Komerički, Ana, Lips, Josiane, Luan, Yunxia, Selfa, Jesús & Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto, 2021, Asian cave-adapted diplurans, with the description of two new genera and four new species (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha), pp. 1-46 in European Journal of Taxonomy 731 on pages 29-37, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1199, http://zenodo.org/record/4422557, {"references":["Barlet J. & Carpentier F. 1962. Le thorax des Japygides. Bulletin et Annales de la Societe royale d'Entomologie de Belgique 8: 95 ‾ 127.","Denis J. R. 1949. Ordre des Diploures. In: P. P. Grasse (ed.) Traite de Zoologie IX: 160 ‾ 185. Masson, Paris.","Deuve T. 2017. Decouverte du premier Carabique troglobie de Birmanie et descriptions de deux nouveaux Lanxangaphaenops du Laos (Coleoptera, Caraboidea, Trechidae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France 122 (1): 97 ‾ 104.","Ng P. K. L. & Whitten A. J. 2017. On a new species of Shanphusa Yeo & Ng, 2007 (Brachyura, Potamoidae, Potamidae), from a cave in central Myanmar. Crustaceana 90 (2) 235 ‾ 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685403 - 00003646","Taiti S. & Montesanto G. 2020. Troglobiotic terrestrial isopods from Myanmar, with descriptions of a new genus and three new species (Crustacea, Oniscidea). In: Kottelat M., Deharveng L. & Ng P. K. L. (eds) Anthony J. Whitten (1953 - 2017) Memorial Issue. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 35: 109 - 122.","Grismer L. L., Perry L., Wood Jr., Myint Kyaw T., Thaw Z., Evan S. H., Quah M. L., Murdoch M. S., Grismer A. L., Htet K. & Ngwe L. 2017. Twelve new species of Cytodactylus Gray (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from isolated limestone habitats in east-central and southern Myanmar demonstrate high localized diversity and unprecedented microendemism. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 862 ‾ 959. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 057"]}

Pacificampa caesa Chevrizov, 1978 Pacificampa caesa Chevrizov, 1978: 199, figs 1(10‾19). Material examined RUSSIA • ♂ holotype (6.8 mm); Far East, Primoriye region, Chandolaz Mountain Range, Bliznets Cave; 23 Jun. 1974; B.P. Chevrizov leg.; slide; ZMMU Dip0004. Redescription (based on Chevrizov 1978) It has a smooth cuticle under optical microscope and is covered by abundant short and smooth clothing setae. The antennae are apparently intact with 27 antennomeres, medial antennomeres are 3 × as long as wide; third antennomere has a sensillum in ventral position (c–d macrosetae). The plain frontal process has one long anterior smooth macroseta and two, almost two times shorter, posterior macrosetae; the three macrosetae with short distal barbs along each side of the insertion line of the antennomere are longer than the smooth x setae with length ratios of a / i / p / x, 7/8/4/3, respectively. Pronotum with 1+1 ma, 1+1 la, 1+1 lp, mesonotum with 1+1 ma, 1+1 la, 2+2 lp, and metanotum with 1+1 ma, 1+1 lp macrosetae; all notal macrosetae are robust with a few short distal barbs, in particular the la are longer and the lp pronotal macrosetae have more numerous short distal barbs; the marginal setae are thicker than the clothing setae with short distal barbs, the lateral posterior marginal setae are larger and have more numerous small barbs. The metathoracic legs reach the end of the abdomen; the femora have one robust dorsal macroseta with short distal barbs, whereas the tibia has one ventral short macroseta with 1–2 apical barbs and the calcars are with 3–4 long barbs; the tarsus has two rows of robust, smooth ventral setae, three long, smooth dorsal and one distal ventral setae; the pretarsus is without lateral processes, with subequal elbowed claws, and with a smooth ventral surface ridged on the dorsal side that looks like very small lateral crests under optical microscopes, but they are not. Urotergites V–VII have 1+1 ma, 1+1 la, 2+2 lp; urotergite VIII and abdominal segment IX has 1+1 mp, 3+3 lp, all macrosetae are robust and with a few short distal barbs. Urosternite I has 6+6, urosternites II–VII 5+5, and urosternite VIII 1+1 macrosetae; all urosternal macrosetae are robust and with a few long barbs; robust smooth stylar setae. First urosternite appendages have (male) subcylindrical appendages thick, each of these has a large apical field with more than one hundred glandular a 1 setae., Published as part of Sendra, Alberto, Komerički, Ana, Lips, Josiane, Luan, Yunxia, Selfa, Jesús & Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto, 2021, Asian cave-adapted diplurans, with the description of two new genera and four new species (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha), pp. 1-46 in European Journal of Taxonomy 731 on page 23, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1199, http://zenodo.org/record/4422557, {"references":["Chevrizov B. P. 1978. Two new genera of the Family Campodeidae from the Far East Caves. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 57 (2): 197 ‾ 205."]}

Pacificampa wudonghuii Sendra sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 447EE93A-F466-4C66-827A-0751A259070F Figs 51–64 Etymology This species is dedicated to Professor Wu Donghui, from the Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology (NEIGAE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun (China), for his enthusiastic contribution and support to the knowledge of Northern China soil and cave biodiversity. Type material Holotype CHINA • ♀; Liaoning Province, Benxi, Huanren, Xianren Dong; 17 May 2019, L. Deharveng, A. Bedos and Wu Donghui leg.; labelled “CHILN19-005-holotype”; NEIGA-diplura-01. Paratypes CHINA • 1 ♀, 1 juvenile, same collection data as for holotype; labelled “CHILN19-005-female paratype”; MZB (MCNB) 2020-1160 • 1 juvenile; same collection data as for preceding; labelled “CHILN19- 005-juvenile paratype”; MZB (MCNB) 2020-1161 • 1 ♀; Liaoning Province, Benxi, Huanren, Pylon cave; 17 May 2019; L. Deharveng, A. Bedos and Wu Donghui leg.; labelled “CHILN19-007-female paratype”; MZB (MCNB) 2020-1164. Other material examined CHINA • 1 ♂, same collection data as for holotype; mounted on an aluminium stage and coated with palladium-gold; Coll. AS. Description BODY. Length 6.5–6.9 mm in females; 3.9 mm in one juvenile. Epicuticle smooth under optical microscope but well reticulated under high magnifications as one can see irregular polygonal structures of variable sizes with scattered external glands either visible or covered with secretion (Figs 51, 53); body with smooth clothing setae. HEAD. Antennae broken in all specimens; central antennomeres with two whorls of distal barbed macrosetae and uneven short setae; in addition, with single distal whorl of up to 8–12 gouge sensilla of 22–29 µm long (Fig. 51) and among them one or two small coniform sensilla (5 µm long). Proximal antennomeres with typical trichobothria disposition with bacilliform sensillum (9–10 µm long) on third antennomere in ventral position, between c–d macrosetae (Fig. 52). Plain frontal process with one anterior macrosetae, longer than clothing setae. Three macrosetae along each side of insertion line of antennomere and x setae with length ratios of a / i / p / x, 42/55/42/45, respectively, in holotype (Fig. 54). Large suboval labial palps, each with enlarged coniform latero-external sensillum near two gard setae and eight normal setae on anterior portion, up to 150 neuroglandular setae in medial and posterior positions. THORAX. Thoracic macrosetae distribution: pronotum has 1+1 ma, 1+1 la, 1+1 lp macrosetae; mesonotum has 1+1 ma, 1+1 la and 2+2 lp macrosetae; and metanotum has 1+1 ma and 1+1 lp macrosetae. Long macrosetae with long barbs in distal three-fourths; marginal setae longer than clothing setae, which are barbed from distal half to three-fourths. Legs elongated, metathoracic legs reach posterior border of seventh abdominal segment. Mesothoracic and metathoracic femora have one dorsal macroseta each, barbed along distal three-fourths (Fig. 55), absent in prothoracic femora. Calcars with two or three long barbs in middle (Fig. 56). Prothoracic and mesothoracic tibia with one short ventral macrosetae with one apical barb and two in metathoracic tibia (Fig. 57). Each tarsus with two separated ventral rows of thicker and longer setae among clothing setae, and a few setiform sensilla (Fig. 58). Three long smooth dorsal tarsal and one ventral setae. Subequal elbowed claws with smooth ventral surface ridged on dorsal side that can be mistaken for lateral crests under optical microscopes, between a blunt unguiculus and without lateral processes (Figs 59–60). ABDOMEN. Distribution of abdominal macrosetae on tergites (Fig. 61 shows 1+1 ma on III in the paratype from Grotte du Pylone, but absent in Xianren Dong Cave types; 1+1 ma, 1+1 la and 2+2 lp on IV–VII; 1+1 mp and 3+3 lp on VIII and 1+1 mp and 5+5 lp on IX abdominal; ma and la macrosetae with barbs in distal half to one third and shorter than mp and lp macrosetae, which bear long barbs along distal four-fifths. Urosternite I with 7+7 macrosetae (Fig. 62); urosternites II to VII with 4+4 macrosetae (Fig. 63); urosternite VIII with 1+1 macrosetae (Fig. 64); urosternal macrosetae of varying lengths, with one apical to twenty distal long barbs. Stylus setae smooth, apical and subapical setae shorter than ventromedial seta (Fig. 63). SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERS. Female urosternite I with subcylindrical appendages, each bearing up to 40 glandular a 1 setae in apical field. Male urosternite I with thick short, and subcylindrical appendages, each with large apical field of about 220 glandular a 1 setae (Fig. 62). Taxonomic affinities Pacificampa wudonghuii sp. nov. shares with P. birsteini Chevrizov, 1978, P. caesa Chevrizov, 1978 and P. nipponica Sendra, 2018 the same distribution of notal macrosetae (1+1 medial anterior, 1+1 lateral anterior, and 1+1 lateral posterior macrosetae on pronotum; 1+1 medial anterior, 1+1 lateral anterior, and 2+2 lateral posterior macrosetae on mesonotum; and 1+1 medial anterior and 1+1 lateral anterior macrosetae on metanotum). An undescribed species mentioned by Ferguson (1997) from northeastern China also has this setal distribution. However, P. wudonghuii sp. nov. differs from other species of Pacificampa in having 1+1 medial anterior, 1+1 lateral anterior, and 2+2 lateral posterior macrosetae on the fourth urotergite (Fig. 61), a pattern distribution that begins on the fifth urotergite for the other species. In addition, the larger male appendages have more abundant glandular a 1 setae in P. wudonghuii sp. nov. (Fig. 62) than in the other species of Pacificampa., Published as part of Sendra, Alberto, Komerički, Ana, Lips, Josiane, Luan, Yunxia, Selfa, Jesús & Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto, 2021, Asian cave-adapted diplurans, with the description of two new genera and four new species (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha), pp. 1-46 in European Journal of Taxonomy 731 on pages 24-28, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1199, http://zenodo.org/record/4422557, {"references":["Chevrizov B. P. 1978. Two new genera of the Family Campodeidae from the Far East Caves. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 57 (2): 197 ‾ 205.","Sendra A., Yoshizawa K. & Ferreira R. L. 2018. New oversize troglobitic species of Campodeidae in Japan (Diplura). Subterranean Biology 27: 53 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / subtbiol. 27.28575","Ferguson L. M. 1997. A report on a new species of Pacificampa (Diplura: Campodeidae) from a cave in China and a comparison of some North America genera to Pacificampa and Plutocampa previously only known from the Far East of Russia. Proceedings of the 12 th International Congress of Speleology La Chaux-de-Fonds, Neuchatel, Switzerland, August 10 - 17, Vol. 3: 315 - 317. Societe Suisse de Speleologie, Neuchatel."]}

Pacificampa birsteini Chevrizov, 1978 Pacificampa birsteini Chevrizov, 1978: 198, fig. 1(1‾9). Material examined RUSSIA • ♀ holotype (7 mm); Far East, Primoriye region, Partizanskii Mountain Range, Belyi Dvorets Cave (White Palace Cave); 16 Aug. 1966; S.I. Ljovushkin leg.; slide; ZMMU Dip0003. Redescription (based on Chevrizov 1978) It has a smooth cuticle, under optical microscope, covered by abundant short smooth clothing setae. The antennae are apparently intact with 26 antennomeres; the medial antennomeres are 3 × as long as wide, and the last antennomere has about eight spheroidal olfactory chemoreceptors; the third antennomere has a sensillum in ventral position (c–d macrosetae). The plain frontal process has one long anterior smooth macrosetae and two, almost two times shorter, posterior macrosetae; the three macrosetae have a few thin distal barbs along each side of the insertion line of antennomere longer than the smooth x setae, with length ratios of a / i / p / x, 5/6/5/2, respectively. Pronotum with 1+1 ma, 1+1 la, 1+1 lp, mesonotum with 1+1 ma, 1+1 la, 2+2 lp, and metanotum with 1+1 ma, 1+1 lp macrosetae; all notal macrosetae are robust with a few short distal barbs; the marginal setae are thicker than the clothing setae with short distal barbs, whereas the lateral posterior marginal setae are larger with abundant small barbs. The metathoracic legs overpass the end of the abdomen; the femora have one dorsal robust macroseta with 2–3 distal barbs, the tibia has two short ventral macrosetae with 1–2 apical barbs and the calcars have 3–4 long barbs; the tarsus has two rows of smooth robust ventral setae, three long smooth dorsal and one distal ventral setae; the pretarsus is without lateral processes, with subequal elbowed claws and with a smooth ventral surface, ridged on the dorsal side, that looks like very small lateral crests under optical microscope, but they are not. Urotergite IV with 1+0 la, 0–1 lp; urotergites V–VII with 1+1 ma, 1+1 la, 2+2 lp; urotergite VIII and abdominal segment IX with 1+1 mp, 3+3 lp, all macrosetae are robust with a few short distal barbs. Urosternite I with 6+6, urosternites II–VII with 5+5, and urosternite VIII with 1+1 macrosetae; all urosternal macrosetae are robust with a few long barbs; robust smooth stylar setae. First urosternite appendages (female) are subcylindrical and long with an apical field of a 1 glandular setae. Cercal articles have whorls of long macrosetae with a few distal barbs., Published as part of Sendra, Alberto, Komerički, Ana, Lips, Josiane, Luan, Yunxia, Selfa, Jesús & Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto, 2021, Asian cave-adapted diplurans, with the description of two new genera and four new species (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha), pp. 1-46 in European Journal of Taxonomy 731 on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1199, http://zenodo.org/record/4422557, {"references":["Chevrizov B. P. 1978. Two new genera of the Family Campodeidae from the Far East Caves. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 57 (2): 197 ‾ 205."]}

Plutocampa paurochaeta Chevrizov, 1978 Plutocampa paurochaeta Chevrizov, 1978: 204, fig. 3(11‾19). Material examined RUSSIA • ♀ holotype (6.7 mm); Far East, Primoriye region, Chandolaz Mt. Range, Solyanik Cave; 25 Jun. 1974; P.B. Chevrizov leg.; slide; ZMMU Dip0005. Redescription (based on Chevrizov 1978) Under optical microscope, one can see a smooth cuticle covered by thin smooth clothing setae. Antennae, apparently intact, have 28 antennomeres, the central antennomere is 1.6 × as long as wide, the apical antennomere has about eight olfactory chemoreceptors; the third antennomere has a large sensillum in ventral position. The head has a small and pointed frontal process with one long anterior smooth macroseta and two shorter posterior macrosetae; three smooth macrosetae along each side of the insertion line of the antennomere and smooth x setae with similar length, ratios of a / i / p / x are 6/5/8/7, respectively. Pronotum with 1+1 ma, 2+2 la, 2+2 lp 1,3 , mesonotum with 1+1 ma, 2+1 la, 2+2 lp 2,3 , and metanotum with 1+1 ma, 2+2 lp macrosetae, notal macrosetae are long and thin with thin barbs on three-fourths of distal barbs; marginal setae are long and smooth. Metathoracic legs overpass the end of the abdomen; femora have two long barbed dorsal macrosetae and one ventral macroseta, and the tibia has one ventral short macroseta and calcars with several long barbs. The tarsus has two rows of ventral smooth setae slightly thicker than the clothing setae, three long and smooth dorsal subapical setae and one ventral subapical seta; the pretarsus is without lateral processes, with unequal elbowed claws, and with large lateral crests. Urotergite IV with 1+1 post 1 , urotergites V–VII with 4+4 post 1–4 , urotegite VIII with 5+5 post1–5, macrosetae are long, with barbs along their three-fourths. Urosternite I with 6+6, urosternites II–VII with 4+4, and urosternite VIII with 1+1 macrosetae; urosternal macrosetae are shorter than urotergal macrosetae with long barbs; smooth stylar setae. First urosternite appendages (female) have large, short subconical glandular a 1 setae with a smaller apical field. The cerci have eight articles plus a basal one covered with whorls of smooth setae and whorls of macrosetae barbed with thin barbs at the proximal articles to smooth in medial and distal articles., Published as part of Sendra, Alberto, Komerički, Ana, Lips, Josiane, Luan, Yunxia, Selfa, Jesús & Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto, 2021, Asian cave-adapted diplurans, with the description of two new genera and four new species (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha), pp. 1-46 in European Journal of Taxonomy 731 on page 22, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1199, http://zenodo.org/record/4422557, {"references":["Chevrizov B. P. 1978. Two new genera of the Family Campodeidae from the Far East Caves. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 57 (2): 197 ‾ 205."]}

Genus Anisuracampa Xie & Yang, 1991 Diagnosis (modified and improved from original diagnosis by Xie & Yang 1991) Mesonotum and metanotum with 1+1 medial anterior, no or 2+2 lateral anterior, and 2+2 to 4+4 lateral posterior macrosetae. Two to three dorsal macrosetae on metathoracic legs. Elbowed claws ventrally with long spiniform formations with apparently lateral crests. Laminar pretarsus lateral processes with long, broad barbs. Urotergites with 4+4–5+5 posterior macrosetae on urotergites V–VII. Eighth urosternite with 1+1 macrosetae. First urosternite with non–glandular setae bearing coniform or subtrapezoidal appendages., Published as part of Sendra, Alberto, Komerički, Ana, Lips, Josiane, Luan, Yunxia, Selfa, Jesús & Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto, 2021, Asian cave-adapted diplurans, with the description of two new genera and four new species (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha), pp. 1-46 in European Journal of Taxonomy 731 on page 3, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1199, http://zenodo.org/record/4422557, {"references":["Xie R. & Yang Y. 1991. Description of two new genera and three new species of Campodeidae in China (Diplura). Contribution Shanghai Institute of Entomology 10: 95 ‾ 102."]}

Monografija u kojoj su opisani izabrani i istraženi speleološki objekti na otoku Mljetu.

This presentation highlights the need to develop a set of minimum standards for monitoring. This would ensure a meaningful comparison of the Article 17 reporting results between EU member states.

A two-year research projects in the Krka National Park and Paklenica National Park were conducted aiming to test different methods for cave habitats and fauna monitoring in order to develop monitoring protocols for different species, show caves and cave habitats. Altogether, we investigated 16 caves and 28 target species from the following taxa: Serpulidae, Araneae, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Decapoda, Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Collembola, Diplura and Coleoptera. Here, we will present the results from the monitoring of fauna in three caves from the Krka National Park (Stara jametina, Miljacka II and show cave Oziđana špilja), and the show cave Manita peć in Paklenica National Park. We used two different methods: (1) invertebrate census of the whole cave (in Oziđana špilja), and (2) invertebrate census on plots (in Stara jametina and Miljacka II). The first method is suitable for small caves. For this method, it is best to divide the cave into 3-5 zones and conduct a “minimum- time census”, with a predefined number of people and the amount of time per zone. The second method is applicable for large caves. Again, it is necessary to define the number of people and the amount of counting time per plot. In Manita peć, we combined these two methods: the cave was divided into three zones and plots per zone (in triplicates) were established. With this approach, we were able to collect quantitative data sets and estimate the total abundance of the fauna as well as the abundance of individual taxa. Furthermore, this monitoring scheme is replicative and suitable for long-term monitoring of both fauna and cave habitats. A detailed species inventory of the investigated cave and the trained researchers that can identify species on sight, without collecting them, are crucial prerequisites for the successful implementation of the abovementioned methods.

Croatian Biospeleological Society made a proposal for monitoring targeted species of cave invertebrates and habitat types, based on two years research project carried out in 15 caves in Šibenik – Knin County including the Krka National Park in Croatia. Species were selected based on national level legislation (i.e. strictly protected) and different ecological classification. Habitats were selected based on EU legislation, i.e. habitat types 8310 Caves not open to public and 8330 Submerged or partially submerged sea caves of the Habitats Directive. Selected caves also differ in size, diversity of terrestrial and aquatic habitats (including anchialine), disturbance degree caused by human activity, and encompasses oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic (bat colonies) habitats. We have tested the hypothesis that cave habitat can be monitored through the fauna composition (qualitative) and species abundances (quantitative) monitoring. Besides habitat monitoring, our results were supplemented with monitoring the species of different biology, with affinities for different habitat types. Microclimatic parameters were measured in selected caves using data loggers. During research we have tested and applied different methodologies: biodiversity census of the entire cave (for small caves only) ; census of the 1 m2 plots (in large caves) ; abundance assessment of targeted terrestrial and aquatic species (observed from the coastal line and during cave diving) ; mark-recapture method ; pitfall traps (without fixative) ; aquatic traps (without killing) and photographing of sessile aquatic fauna. Altogether 28 species of Serpulidae, Araneae, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Decapoda, Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Collembola, Diplura and Coleoptera were studied. Numerous new findings on ecology, affinities and behavior of studied species were collected. Although monitoring proposals were tested on a relatively small number of species, we believe that they can be applied to several hundred taxonomically close and/or ecologically similar taxa. Monitoring proposals were submitted to the Croatian Agency for Environment and Nature.

Intenzivna speleološka istraživanja Jamskog sustava Kita Gaćešina – Draženova puhaljka nisu bila popraćena sustavnim i intenzivnim biospeleološkim istraživanjima. Usprkos povremenom prikupljanju biološkog materijala, do sada je za Kitu Gaćešinu utvrđeno 16 svojti iz slijedećih skupina:  grinje (Acarina: Gen. sp.),  lažipauci (Opiliones: Hadzinia sp.),  lažištipavci (Pseudoscorpiones: Neobisium sp.),  rakovi (Crustacea: Niphargus sp., Alpioniscus sp. nov.),  stonoge (Myrapoda: Hassia stenopodium, Polydesmida Gen. nov. sp.nov.),  skokuni (Collembola: Tritomurus sp. nov., Disparrhopalites sp. nov., Pseudosinella heteromurina, Onychiuridae sp. 1, Onychiuridae sp. 2, Isotomidae Gen. nov. sp. nov.)  kornjaši (Coleoptera: Astagobius angustatus, Parapropus sericeus augustae, Velebitodromus ozrenlukici). Sve utvrđene svojte su visokospecijalizirani, pravi podzemni organizmi – troglobionti. Faunistički su najzanimljiviji nalazi novih rodova i vrsta jednakonožnih rakova, stonoga i skokuna. Kada sagledamo Jamski sustav Kita Gaćešina – Draženova puhaljka u kontekstu Crnopca, možemo zaključiti kako je Kita Gaćešina izrazito biospeleološki zanimljiva. Naime, dosadašnjim istraživanjima šireg područja Crnopca utvrđeno je ukupno 32 troglobiontne svojte, a od toga polovica je zabilježena i za Kitu Gaćešinu! Nadalje, veći dio faune Kite Gaćešine je utvrđen i u drugim velikim objektima Crnopca, poput Munižabe, Muda Labudovih i Burinke, što ukazuje na povezanost cjelokupnog špiljskog sustava u jedan zajednički podzemni prostor. Područje masiva Crnopca nije samo speleološki i hidrološki značajno za Hrvatsku nego je i izrazito bogato endemičnom podzemnom faunom te je potrebno poduzeti brojne korake u zaštiti i znanstvenom istraživanju ovog posebno vrijednog dijela hrvatske baštine.

Svezak 2 predstavlja nadogradnju i nadopunu prvog sveska Atlasa špiljskih tipskih lokaliteta faune Republike Hrvatske (Jalžić et al., 2010). Špiljski tipski lokalitet jest speleološki objekt ili više njih (špilje ili jame) u kojima je prvi put pronađena, i na temelju uzorkovanih primjeraka opisana, nova svojta za znanost. Zbog iznimne vrijednosti takvih lokaliteta Hrvatsko biospeleološko društvo (HBSD) 2000. godine započinje projekt pod nazivom Izradom biospeleološkog katastra, edukacijom i popularizacijom do zaštite živog svijeta podzemlja Hrvatske u suradnji s tadašnjim Ministarstvom zaštite okoliša i prostornog uređenja, koji s prekidima traje do 2006. godine, a potom se do 2011. godine projekt provodi u suradnji s Državnim zavodom za zaštitu prirode. Velik dio posla dobrovoljno obavljaju članovi HBSD-a sudjelujući na drugim projektima Društva, ali i speleološkim istraživanjima i ekspedicijama brojnih speleoloških udruga Hrvatske. Najvažniji su rezultati projekta dvije publikacije, Katalog špiljskih tipskih lokaliteta faune Hrvatske (Bedek et al., 2006) objavljen kao poseban broj znanstvenog časopisa Natura Croatica i prvi svezak Atlasa špiljskih tipskih lokaliteta faune Republike Hrvatske (Jalžić et al., 2010) te baza podataka Biospeologica Dinarica (www.biospeologica-dinarica.org). U Katalogu su popisani svi tada poznati špiljski tipski lokaliteti s područja Hrvatske (bez krških izvora) te su za njih navedene sve opisane svojte. Tadašnji broj od 206 špiljskih tipskih lokaliteta i 338 životinjskih svojti istaknuo je Hrvatsku kao područje velike biološke raznolikosti podzemne faune – važno na svjetskoj razini. Opisane su svojte većinom endemi Dinarida (330), a znatan broj svojti endemi su Hrvatske (298). Intenzivna istraživanja članova HBSD-a, suradnja s brojnim istraživačima i speleološkim udrugama te domaćim i stranim znanstvenicima izvan Društva rezultiraju stalnim povećanjem broja novih svojti i tipskih lokaliteta. U prvom svesku Atlasa objavljen je popis od 254 tipska lokaliteta i 399 opisanih svojti, od kojih su 102 lokaliteta i 133 svojte detaljno predstavljeni. Proširenje područja rada s Hrvatske na cijele Dinaride ostvareno je pokretanjem i izradom javno dostupne internetske baze podataka Biospeologica Dinarica čiji je glavni cilj prikupljanje podataka o špiljskim tipskim lokalitetima faune čitavih Dinarida. U bazi su trenutačno prikazani podaci za sve špiljske tipske lokalitete Hrvatske i 50 lokaliteta s područja Dinarida izvan granica Hrvatske, što uključuje 684 opisane svojte, oko polovice ukupnog broja do sada opisanih svojti s Dinarida. Katalog i Atlas prve su publikacije ove vrste u Svijetu.

Kratki opis špilja i jama na području NP Krka, te pregled špiljske faune. Knjiga uključuje i pregled geografskih, geoloških i hidrogeoloških obilježja područja NP Krka.

Javna ustanova Nacionalnog parka Krka objavila je knjigu monografskog tipa Tajne podzemlja. Osnovu knjige čine speleološki i biospeleološki aspekti špilja i jama područja Parka i bliže okolice. Osim toga, dan je pregled geografskih, geoloških i hidrogeoloških obilježja područja, povijesti istraživanja te pregled arheozooloških i arheoloških nalaza iz dvije špilje. Veći dio teksta i fotografija rezultat je desetljeća terenskih istraživanja brojnih speleoloških društava, prvenstveno SO HPK Sv. Mihovila što se tiče speleologije te HBSD-a što se tiče biospeleologije. Speleološki objekti i špiljska fauna predstavljeni su osnovnim tekstualnim podacima i fotografijama, a objavljeni su i nacrti svih 80 obrađenih objekata.

First biological research of deep pits in the Northern Velebit area started in 1992 with discovery of the cave system Lukina jama – Trojama. It is the deepest pit of the Dinaric Karst (-1421 m), situated in the Northern Velebit National Park. From its entrance zone to the 320 m of depth it is filled with ice and snow and therefore not suitable for the majority of cave- dwelling fauna. The temperature range (measured in 2010) gradually increases from bellow 0°C (entrance) to 4, 9°C (depth of 1381 m). Deepest part of the pit reaches phreatic zone which is explored up to 40 m in depth. During high water stands water can rise more than 100 m. Altogether 29 taxa are recorded in Lukina jama – Trojama cave system, 20 troglobionts (Gastropoda 1 ; Palpigrada 1 ; Acari 2 ; Opiliones 2 ; Pseudoscorpiones 1 ; Isopoda 2 ; Chilopoda 1 ; Diplopoda 1 ; Collembola 5 ; Diplura 1 ; Coleoptera 3) ; 7 stygobionts (Porifera 1 ; Bivalvia 1 ; Hirudinea 1 ; Polychaeta 1 ; Amphipoda 2 ; Decapoda 1) ; 1 tentative troglophile (Diptera) and 1 trogloxene (Chiroptera). Almost total absence of troglophiles can be explained with low temperatures in the entrance parts of the pit. The number of collected specimens of most taxa is extremely low considering the collection effort. In total 16 troglobionts and 2 stygobionts found in the cave system are endemic for Velebit Mt. and Lika region. However, several troglobionts recorded in deep pits only few kilometers away from Lukina jama – Trojama have not been found (Hirudinea 1 ; Araneae 2 ; Pseudoscorpiones 1 ; Isopoda 1 ; Collembola 1 ; Coleoptera 1). Along with a species of Coleoptera adapted to hygropetric habitat, extremely troglomorphic representatives of Collembola and Isopoda terrestria were found. In comparison to the world's deepest subterranean community from Krubera – Voronja cave (Western Caucasus), Lukina jama - Trojama has higher species richness (29 vs. 16 taxa) probably as a result of more frequent collection effort but also biogeographical position. The vertical distribution of species richness is different where the highest number of collected taxa in Voronja-Krubera is in the entrance zone (60 m deep) and in Lukina jama – Trojama in a chamber at 1000 m depth. About half of the taxa collected in Lukina jama – Trojama are still undescribed, including several new genera, but more specimens are needed for the taxonomical studies.

Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi kako brzina rasta prikazana dnevnim prirastom ovisi o dobi odnosno proizvodnim razdobljima te o spolu tovljenika (nazimice, muški kastrati) u konvencionalnom tovu svinja do dobi od šest mjeseci. Tovljenici su vagani na početku tova u dobi od 58 dana, na sredini tova u dobi 120 dana i na kraju tova sa šest mjeseci. Oba promatrana utjecaja (dob, spol) imali su značajan utjecaj (P

Ulazi u duboke jame Hrvatske nalaze se na visokim nadmorskim visinama od preko 1000 m. Prosječne godišnje temperature tih područja vrlo su niske, jednako kao i temperature u gornjim dijelovima speleoloških objekata, a sami objekti često su puni snijega i leda. Takvi uvjeti staništa ne odgovaraju većini podzemnih vrsta. Temperatura uglavnom raste s povećanjem dubine, kao i količina vode, pa je stoga najzanimljivija fauna pronađena na većim dubinama. Prilikom biospeleoloških istraživanja sifona na dnu Lukina jama-Trojama sustava pronađena je izuzetno interesantna populacija spužvi (Porifera). U sifonu je primijećena špiljska kozica (Decapoda), koja najvjerojatnije pripada rodu Troglocaris, a pronađena je i populacija dinarskog špiljskog školjkaša Congeria kusceri (Bivalvia). U dubokim jamama Hrvatske, prema preliminarnim DNA analizama, osim velebitske pijavice Croatobranchus mestrovi žive i druge vrste pijavica (Hirudinea). U Lubuškoj jami 2009. godine iz jezera s dna (-508m) sakupljeno je par primjerka te se najvjerojatnije radi o novoj vrsti. Ulaz u Lubušku jamu nalazi se svega 500-tinjak metara zračne linije od ulaza Lukine jame što znači da na vrlo malom području najvjerojatnije žive dvije vrste podzemnih pijavica. Od grinja (Acari) u jamskom sustavu Velebita utvrđeni su troglomorfni predstavnici rodova Rhagidia i Nicoletiella, vjerojatno nove svojte za znanost. Od lažipauka (Opiliones), u jamskom sustavu Lukina jama-Trojama te jamskom sustavu Velebita nađene su nove svojte špiljskih kapljičavaca iz roda Cyphophthalmus, i lažipauci iz roda Hadzinia, srodni vrsti H. karamani. Od pauka (Araneae), najzanimljiviji su nalazi iz porodice šesterookaca (Dysderidae), za jamu Meduzu i jamski sustav Velebita koji predstavljaju najvjerojatnije novi špiljski rod, a u Slovačkoj jami proneđena je ženka iz roda Stalita. Od lažištipavaca (Pseudoscorpiones), u Slovačkoj jami nađena je vrsta Neobisium svetovidi, dok je u jami Olimp uz ovu, nađena i vrsta N. stygium. Od kopnenih jednakonožnih rakova (Isopoda) učestala je nova vrsta roda Alpioniscus, poznata iz desetak jama na sjevernom Velebitu. Najznačajniji je nalaz iz Lukine jame - Trojame te je riječ o novom rodu iz porodice Trichoniscidae. Dvojenoge (Diplopoda) dubokih jama Velebita uglavnom su zastupljene s troglobiontnom i endemičnom vrstom Haasia stenopodium. Od faune striga (Chilopoda) zabilježen je samo jedan nalaz, u jamskom sustavu Lukina jama – Trojama. Radi se o juvenilnom pripadniku reda Geophilomorpha kod koje je izražena troglomorfnost, te je vjerojatno nova svojta. Iz skupine skokuna (Collembola) pronađene su čak četiri nove svojti za znanost: Disparrhopalites sp. nov., Parisotoma sp. nov Tritomurus sp. nov. te novi rod iz porodice Isotomidae. Posebni značaj dubokih jama je pojava zone higropetrika kao staništa. U tom miljeu obitavaju vrste špiljskih kornjaša iz porodice Cholevidae koji imaju posebno prilagođenim usnim aparatom za traženje hrane u tankom filmu vode i vlažnim dijelovima jamskih zidova. Na Sj. Velebitu zastupljeni s vrstom Velebitodromus smidai, opisana iz Slovačke jame, a nađena još i u Lukinoj jami i jami Velebita. Druga vrsta špiljskog higropetrika je Croatodirus casalei, koja je jedino do sada nađena u Slovačkoj jami. Od faune šišmiša (Chiroptera) u Lukinoj jami – Trojami je na dubini od 980 m sa očuvanog cijelog kostura sakupljena čitava lubanja oštrouhog šišmiša, Myotis bylthii. Ista vrsta zabilježena je i u Slovačkoj jami u kojoj je potvrđena i prisutnost velikog šišmiša Myotis myotis. Veliki broj novih svojti za znanost ukazuje na gotovo potpunu neistraženost staništa dubokih jama. Taksonomske analize i opisi pojedinih svojti su u tijeku, često u suradnji s inozemnim stručnjacima.

The Dinarides are home to the only stygobitic bivalve in the world, a endemic tertiary relic, Congeria kusceri Bole 1962. Although the genus was widespread during Tertiary, the species now lives only in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Hercegovina. During the research in 2010, funded by State Institute for Nature Protection and Ministry of Culture, the search for new localities and investigation of known populations continued. Six new localities of living populations were found ; the first living population for Slovenia in a cave Izvir jamske skolke u kanjonu Krupe, two new localities in Croatia, cave Jasena ponor and in a deepest cave in Croatia, Lukina jama – Trojama sustav, and three in Bosnia and Hercegovina. That increased the total number of known living populations of C. kusceri to 14. Altogether 32 localities in all three states have been confirmed, of which most of them included only empty shells, while in 14 of them living populations have been detected. The population in the cave Jama u Predolcu was counted and analyzed, and the estimated number of living C. kusceri in the cave is around 72.000, which is probably not even close to actual numbers. The locality is threatened by construction of a detour for a nearby city, and could be completely devastated. As well as another Croatian locality, cave Markov ponor, which is threatened by construction of Hydroelectric Powerplant Kosinj, which would completely change the hydrodynamics of groundwater’s in the wider area, and consequently endanger the population. In addition to being strictly protected by the Croatian law, the species is listed in the Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and in the Red list of Croatian cave fauna in the IUCN category CR.

Špiljska je fauna jedna od najvećih i najzanimljivijih posebnosti Hrvatske. Zbog iznimno velike površine pod kršem, Hrvatska obiluje speleološkim objektima koji su, nažalost, većinom neistraženi. Iz poznatih je speleoloških objekata u Hrvatskoj utvrđeno 469 pravih špiljskih svojti (Gottstein i sur., 2002), od čega je čak 338 svojti opisano iz 206 naših speleoloških objekata (Bedek i sur., 2006). Te su brojke danas sigurno veće, budući da su u međuvremenu otkrivene nove špilje i jame sa svojim posebnostima, ili su već poznati objekti bolje istraženi, a opisano je i nekoliko novih špiljskih vrsta. Budući da krški dio Hrvatske pripada Dinarskom kršu, čija je odlika najveća raznolikost špiljske faune na svijetu (Vandel, 1964 ; Culver i Sket, 2000), i špiljska je fauna Hrvatske, uz veliki broj endemičnih i reliktnih svojti, iznimno bogata u europskim i svjetskim razmjerima. Unatoč ovoj neizmjernoj vrijednosti špiljskih staništa Hrvatske, mnogi još nisu prepoznali važnost njihova očuvanja te se ta staništa neprestano uništavaju, a njihova se jedinstvena fauna nepovratno gubi. Glavni su razlozi ugroženosti špiljske faune Hrvatske fizičko uništavanje špiljskih staništa zbog izgradnje prometnica, kamenoloma, zatrpavanja špiljskih objekata otpadom, zatim zagađenja bilo odlaganjem komunalnog otpada ili povećanjem količina teških metala, detergenata, pesticida ili drugih otrova u podzemnim vodama, zbog neprikladnog turističkog uređenja i korištenja špilja te naposljetku ilegalno sakupljanje špiljskih životinja i globalne promjene klime. Crvena knjiga špiljske faune Hrvatske nova je u nizu crvenih knjiga, projekta pokrenutog 2000. godine, te je, među ostalim, i druga crvena knjiga, nakon Crvene knjige vretenaca, koja sadrži podatke o ugroženim beskralješnjacima Hrvatske. U ovoj je knjizi obrađena fauna špiljskih staništa, odnosno uključene su samo svojte koje primarno obitavaju u špiljskim staništima, tj. takozvani troglobionti i stigobionti. Prethodni je Crveni popis podzemne faune (Tvrtković i sur., 2004) obuhvaćao 41 svojtu, dok je nakon isključivanja nekih svojti i dodavanja novih Crvena knjiga špiljske faune dosegla broj od 186 ugroženih svojti. Kategorije ugroženosti svih svojti u Crvenoj knjizi određene su prema kategorizaciji i kriterijima Međunarodne unije za zaštitu prirode (International Union for Conservation of Nature- IUCN), prema kojima su predložene i odgovarajuće mjere očuvanja.Kao što smo već spomenuli, špiljska fauna Hrvatske još je uvijek relativno slabo istražena, ali svake se godine otkrivaju nove špilje i jame s jedinstvenom faunom, dok veliki broj već utvrđenih svojti tek čeka da bude znanstveno opisan te će mnoštvo novih podataka omogućiti reviziju i nadopunu ovog dinamičnog materijala. Na kraju valja napomenuti da je ova knjiga, izrađena u suradnji s Hrvatskim biospeleološkim društvom, prva crvena knjiga špiljske faune u svijetu, što nas čini iznimno ponosnima, te se nadamo da ćemo njome, uz promidžbu prirodnih osobitosti Hrvatske u svijetu, uspjeti podići svijest javnosti o ovoj posebnosti Hrvatske te pridonijeti očuvanju vrlo ugroženih špiljskih staništa i prateće faune.