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In a common scenario, bone fractures have a self-healing function with free-surgical intervention. However, some fractures in bone tissue are complex and leave behind remnant deformation that requires biomaterials for replacement. The aim of this study is to develop a new composite 3D scaffold for bone regeneration and replacement composed of calcium zirconate (CaZrO3), hydroxyapatite (HA) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) polymer. Different 3D scaffolds were fabricated by mixing 90, 80, 70, and 60 wt. % PMMA with HA and CaZrO3 nanoparticles in different concentrations. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were applied to characterize the 3D composite scaffold properties. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the fabricated scaffolds were investigated using Brazilian diametral fracture test. It was found that incorporating a uniform distribution of HA nanoparticles significantly increased the surface roughness of the composite scaffold. Furthermore, the fracture strength of the fabricated 3D scaffolds showed a remarkable improvement of 86% in the sample containing 90% PMMA, 7% HA, and 3% CaZrO3 compared to the sample devoid of CaZrO3. Our findings strongly indicate that integrating hybrid CaZrO3-HA nanoparticles into PMMA polymer for the production of 3D composite scaffolds holds significant promise for bone tissue applications, potentially enhancing their efficacy and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications and regenerative strategies have been used to improve the clinical practice of repairing large bone defects associated with surgical resections, congenital malformations, and trauma. The scaffolds are designed to stimulate a biological response, including cell interactions, and guide tissue regeneration by functioning as artificial biomimetic extracellular matrixes. Polymeric biomaterials are suitable for bone tissue engineering since they possess both chemical and physical properties, enabling the control of shape, morphology, and biodegradability, which makes them suitable for bone regeneration and tissue engineering applications. In vivo animal models were studied for collagen, chitosan, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and high density polyethylene (HDPE), the four most common polymers employed in bone tissue engineering. Through analysis of the results of this review, the in vivo studies can provide a large-scale evaluation of the possibility of achieving optimal bone-forming capabilities and regenerative capabilities. Furthermore, the review will serve as an essential reference for bone tissue engineering applications as well as contribute to the development of novel in vivo investigations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the domain of bone tissue engineering, the quest for suitable bone replacement materials that circumvent the limitations of metallic orthopedic implants is of paramount importance. Metallic implants, despite their wide application and success in orthopedic surgery, are often compromised by inadequate osteoconductive properties and risks of surface corrosion and infection, which can lead to tissue damage and fractures with consequent residual distortion. This study introduces novel bio-nano composite scaffolds fabricated utilizing nanosized fillers--8 mol% CaO-PSZ (partially stabilized zirconia) and TiO2 (titanium dioxide)--embedded within an HDPE (high-density polyethylene) matrix for potential orthopedic applications. The bio-nano composites were formed under varying compression pressures (29, 114 MPa) and a constant temperature of 150° for a duration of 15 minutes, resulting in disk-shaped specimens with a diameter of 14.7 mm and heights ranging from 7 to 10 mm. The aim was to determine the optimal thermal and physical properties of these hybrid composites (TiO2-CaO-PSZ/HDPE) for their use as bone substitutes. Characterization of the scaffolds was conducted via three distinct imaging modalities: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for chemical structure elucidation, atomic force microscopy (AFM) for topographical analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for thermal property assessment. The analysis confirmed that the incorporation of nanoparticle fillers into the HDPE matrix resulted in enhanced structural stability and mechanical interlocking at the atomic level. Furthermore, improvements in thermal behavior and crystallization degree were observed in direct correlation with the applied hot-press pressure and the presence of ceramic fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical size of bone defects resulting from disease or fractures is a medical problem, usually unable to repair spontaneously by the body's healing mechanisms. Bioceramics are being used for bone tissue regeneration to stimulate the growth of bone cells and guide osseous remodeling. The three most common types of bioceramics used in bone tissue engineering (hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, and tricalcium phosphate) were selected and studied in vivo animal models, exhibiting favorable bone formation with positive biocompatibility reactions for several animal models. In the study, an extensive review of research was conducted to assess the bone‐forming capabilities of scaffolds in bone defects and remodeling in vivo. This review aims to support a large‐scale assessment of the capabilities of in vivo studies to generate an optimal regenerative process based on an analysis of the results. In addition to providing an essential reference for the applications of bone tissue engineering, the review will assist in developing novel in vivo investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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